Effects on blood coagulation of adjuvant CNF (cyclophosphamide, novantrone, 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy in stage II breast cancer patients.

We prospectively studied the alterations of coagulation during adjuvant CNF (Cyclophosphamide, Novantrone--Mitoxantrone, 5-Fluorouracil) chemotherapy in patients with stage II breast cancer. In 50 consecutive stage II breast cancer patients (pre-peri-postmenopausal), and 50 controls, serial coagulation parameters including prothrombin time (P.T.), partial thromboplastin time (P.T.T.), fibrinogen, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (F.D.P.), protein C, protein S, antithrombin III (AT-III) and platelet count were performed. Blood samples for coagulation tests were collected at pretherapy, midtherapy (before the 3rd course), before the 6th course of chemotherapy, and 2 months after the cessation of therapy (post-therapy) of 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy (Cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, Novantrone 10 mg/m2, 5-Fluorouracil 500 mg/m2). Chemotherapy was repeated every 3 weeks. None of our stage II breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant CNF chemotherapy developed thromboembolic complications. Before any treatment all the tested coagulation parameters were within the normal limits as compared to controls. No statistically significant changes of FDP were noted throughout the study. Fibrinogen, plasma protein C, protein S and AT-III were significantly decreased during chemotherapy. This decline was more evident at midtherapy. Their levels returned to the pretherapy values 2 months after the completion of chemotherapy. The P.T. was statistically shortened, while the P.T.T. showed a statistically significant prolongation during chemotherapy. In conclusion, it appears that monitoring stage II breast cancer with sophisticated coagulation tests during adjuvant CNF chemotherapy can not identify patients at high risk for thromboembolic events. These serially performed coagulation tests, could be considered as a cost-intensive monitoring and not justifiable as a screening for breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. However, the increasing number of reports of life-threatening and sometimes fatal thromboembolic events following chemotherapy or hormonochemotherapy are of great concern. Our results suggest caution when using chemotherapeutic agents in patients with other thrombosis risk factors, since a significant decrease of protein C and protein S was observed in all patients. Additional studies are required to determine the exact association between chemotherapy and/or hormonochemotherapy and thrombotic events.

Influence of jejunal morphology changes on exocrine pancreatic function in celiac disease.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent exocrine pancreatic dysfunction may be one of the factors implicated in malabsorption in untreated celiac disease, as shown by studies on bicarbonate and pancreatic enzyme secretion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate exocrine pancreatic function in relation to jejunal morphology in celiac disease. METHODS: Thirty-six patients fulfilling the ESPGHAN criteria for celiac disease, aged 3 to 18 years and 36 control subjects matched for age and sex were investigated. The design of the study included measurement of serum pancreatic isoamylase by a chromogenic method after selective inhibition of sialic isoamylase in the untreated phase in patients consuming a gluten-containing diet and after gluten elimination for a period of 1 year; fecal human elastase activity determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients consuming a gluten-free diet and again after gluten challenge for 6 months; correlation of serum pancreatic isoamylase and fecal elastase to the jejunal morphology, classified by criteria described by Marsch; the enzymes in the control group; and ultrasonography of the pancreas in both groups. RESULTS: Enzyme values obtained from celiac disease patients with normal mucosa were significantly higher than those obtained from patients with villous atrophy (p < 0.001) and comparable to those obtained from the control group. Serum pancreatic isoamylase activity increased to normal after gluten elimination, and human elastase activity decreased to values below 200 microg/g of stool after gluten challenge. Enzyme activity was related inversely to the degree of intestinal damage. The echogenicity of the pancreas was normal, regardless of enzyme activity or gut morphology. CONCLUSIONS: Exocrine pancreatic function is abnormal in celiac disease when mucosal atrophy is present. Exocrine pancreatic function parameters are associated with the changes of intestinal mucosal morphology in three consecutive phases of the disease.