Ureteral triplication and contralateral duplication with vesicoureteral reflux.

Ureteral triplication is a rare congenital anomaly of the urinary tract. Since the first description by Warny in 1870, approximately 100 known cases have been reported in the literature, often accompanied by a variety of associated anomalies in contralateral kidney. This report presents a case of ureteral triplication with contralateral duplication and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) of the upper moiety on the triplicate side. The patient was a 10 year old male who presented with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and right loin pain. ACT urogram was performed which showed a triplicate right ureter with gross hydroureter of the upper moiety. There was a duplex system present on the left side. The patient underwent right upper pole heminephroureterectomy.

SPHERE-based assessment of knowledge and preventive measures related to malaria among the displaced population of Jalozai, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the level of awareness regarding malaria, the availability of preventive material and its use in a camp for the internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Pakistan, using SPHERE standards and indicators. METHODS: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Jalozai from March to Novemeber 2010. Systematic random sampling was done with a sample size of 116 families (10% of Phase II). A structured questionnaire was distributed to the heads of the families and among healthcare providers. RESULTS: More than two-fifth (42%, n = 49) of the study population was unaware of malaria, while more than three-fifth (70%, n = 76) was ignorant of the preventive strategies. The study found that the surveyed population (55%, n = 64) had access to health education on diseases cased by mosquitoes but less than half of them (44%, n = 28) reported that health education included preventive strategies against malaria. Health education was done at community (40%) and household levels (60%). Simple Bed Nets were given to 68% (n = 78), while 26 (32%) families reported that the nets providers were not in a useable state. No education on the proper usage of bed nets was available, and replacement of the nets was not noticed. CONCLUSION: Health education programmes should include preventive methods. Provision of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) to the displaced population, guidance by health awareness teams, and the replacement of old nets should be ensured to control malaria effectively.