Out-of-plane beam shaping with UV-written tilted Bragg gratings for beam delivery on quantum chips.

We theoretically and numerically investigate the performance of tilted Bragg gratings in planar waveguides, fabricated by direct UV writing in photosensitive silica, to couple light out of a chip. An analytic expression is derived for the coupling efficiency and validated numerically by finite element simulations. Using the analytic result, we can design gratings to generate output beams in free space of any specific shape and calculate their overall power coupling efficiency. Our simulations indicate that for currently achievable grating index contrasts devices of millimeter length are most suitable for this technology.

213 nm laser written waveguides in Ge-doped planar silica without hydrogen loading.

In this paper we present the first example of waveguides fabricated by UV writing in non-hydrogen loaded Ge-doped planar silica with 213 nm light. Single mode waveguides were fabricated and the numerical apertures and mode field diameters were measured for a range of writing fluences. A peak index change of 5.3 x 10-3 was inferred for the waveguide written with 70 kJ cm-2. The refractive index change is sufficient to match the index structure of standard optical fiber. Uniformity of the written structures was measured and a propagation loss of 0.39 ± 0.03 dB cm-1 was determined through cutback measurements.

Prognostic value of tissue-based biomarker signature in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To improve risk stratification for recurrence prognostication in patients with localised clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 367 patients with non-metastatic ccRCC were included. The cohort was divided into a training and validation set. Using tissue microarrays, immunostaining was performed for 24 biomarkers representative of key pathways in ccRCC. Using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression, we identified several markers that were used to construct a risk classifier for risk of disease recurrence. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 63.5 (24.0-85.3) months. Five out of 24 markers were selected by LASSO Cox regression for the risk classifier: N-cadherin, E-cadherin, Ki67, cyclin D1 and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 (p-4EBP1). Patients were classified as either low, intermediate or high risk of disease recurrence by tertiles of risk score. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 93.8%, 87.7% and 70% for patients with low-, intermediate- and high-risk scores, respectively (P < 0.001). Patients with a high marker score had worse RFS on multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, race and the Mayo Clinic Stage, Size, Grade, and Necrosis (SSIGN) score (hazard ratio 3.66, 95% confidence interval 1.58-8.49, P = 0.003 for high vs low marker score in the overall cohort). The five-marker classifier increased the concordance index of the clinical model in both the training and validation sets. CONCLUSION: We developed a five-marker-based prognostic tool that can effectively classify patients with ccRCC according to risk of disease recurrence after surgery. This tool, if prospectively validated, could provide individualised risk estimation for patients with ccRCC.

Anti-inflammatory use may not negatively impact oncologic outcomes following intravesical BCG for high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether anti-inflammatory agents affect outcomes in patients receiving intravesical BCG therapy for high-grade (HG) non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS: We reviewed the records of 203 patients in a prospective database of HG NMIBC from 2006 to 2012 at a single institution. Patients who had muscle-invasive disease (n = 32), low-grade pathology (n = 4), underwent early cystectomy within 3 months (n = 25), had <3 months of follow-up (n = 11), or did not receive an induction course of intravesical BCG (n = 32) were excluded. Clinicopathologic data were tabulated including demographics, comorbidities, pathologic stage and grades, intravesical therapy, and concomitant use of aspirin, NSAIDs, COX inhibitors, and statins. Multivariate Cox regression analysis explored predictive factors for recurrence, progression (stage progression or progression to cystectomy), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients with HG NMIBC who received at least one induction course of intravesical BCG were identified, with median follow-up of 31.4 months. There were 20 (20.2 %) deaths, including 6 (6.1 %) patients with bladder cancer-related mortality. 13 % patients experienced tumor progression and 27 % underwent cystectomy following failure of intravesical therapy. Anti-inflammatory use included statins (65 %), aspirin (63 %), or non-aspirin NSAIDs/COX inhibitors (26 %). Anti-inflammatory use was not significantly predictive of recurrence, progression, or mortality outcomes on Cox regression. CIS stage was associated with higher progression, while age, BMI, and Charlson score were independent predictors of overall mortality. CONCLUSION: Despite speculation of inhibitory effects on BCG immunomodulation there was no evidence that anti-inflammatory agents impacted oncologic outcomes in patients receiving BCG for HG NMIBC.

Molecular profile of urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: are pelvicalyceal and ureteral tumors different?

PURPOSE: To assess the potential biologic impact of tumor location on oncological outcomes for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), we used prospectively collected molecular signatures of high-grade UTUC. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for p21, p27, p53, cyclin E, and Ki-67 was prospectively performed on 96 UTUC specimens of patients with non-metastatic high-grade UTUC treated with extirpative surgery. Patients were grouped according to primary tumor location (pelvicalyceal vs. ureteral) where primary tumor was defined as the highest tumor stage and diameter. Primary outcome was assessment of differences in marker expression between groups. Secondary outcome was difference in survival according to marker status. RESULTS: Pelvicalyceal and ureteral tumors were found in 52.1 and 47.9 %, respectively, and 42.7 % of patients had non-organ-confined disease. Over a median follow-up of 22.0 months, 31.2 and 20.8 % of patients experienced disease recurrence and died of UTUC, respectively. The total number of altered markers stained for was 0-2 in 67.7 and 3-5 in 32.3 % of patients. The number of altered markers and alteration status of markers were not significantly different between patients with primary pelvicalyceal versus ureteral tumors when stratified by tumor stage and nodal status. There were no significant differences in survival outcomes between both groups when stratified by number of altered markers (0-2 and 3-5). CONCLUSIONS: The prospective assessment of selected cell cycle and proliferative markers suggests no molecular difference between UTUC of the pelvicalyceal system and that of the ureter. Our study is limited by its size and definition of location.

Fertility, mortality, milk output, and body thermoregulation of growing Hy-Plus rabbits fed on diets supplemented with multi-enzymes preparation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fertility status, milk output, mortality, and body thermoregulation of rabbit does as affected by different levels of multi-enzyme extracts (EZ) in their diets. A total of 120 Hy-Plus rabbit does were divided into four comparable experimental groups (n = 30 does per group). Animals of each group were divided in six pens (five animals per pen), and each pen was used as an experimental unit. The first group was kept untreated and fed a commercial diet alone without enzyme extracts (EZ0), while the other groups were fed the same diet but supplemented with 1 (EZ1), 3 (EZ3), and 5 (EZ5) kg/ton of enzyme extracts, respectively. Feeding EZ additive increased (P < 0.05) conception and kindling rates, litter size and weight at birth, and litter size and bunny weight at weaning, with decreasing (P < 0.05) abortion rate. Moreover, total milk yield increased (P < 0.05) with increasing level of enzyme supplementation. Pre-weaning mortality decreased (P < 0.05) with EZ inclusion. Signs of vitality (rectal temperature, skin temperature, earlobe temperature, respiration rate, and pulse rate) were improved with EZ inclusion. For all results, 5 kg EZ/ton of feed was more effective than 1 and 3 kg EZ/ton feed. It can be concluded that supplementation of EZ in rabbit diet decreased mortality rate and enhanced fertility status and milk output.

Validation of mammalian target of rapamycin biomarker panel in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: This was an external validation of the prognostic benefit of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) marker panel in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry for 5 mTOR pathway markers was performed on tissue microarrays of patients with nonmetastatic ccRCC treated surgically at 4 centers. The markers employed were phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated-mTOR (p-mTOR), phosphorylated-S6 (p-S6), and phosphorylated 4E-binding protein-1 (p-4EBP1). Cox regression was used to correlate marker status and oncologic outcomes. Discrimination of the models was determined using area under the curve and net reclassification improvement. RESULTS: Five hundred twenty-eight patients with a median follow-up of 56.5 months were included. Expression of PI3K, PTEN, p-mTOR, p-4EBP1, and p-S6 was altered in 52%, 78%, 25%, 86%, and 30% of patients, respectively. The number of altered biomarkers predicted recurrence-free survival (RFS) in multivariate analysis adjusted for stage, grade, and lymph node status (HR, 3.20; P = .02 for patients with 4-5 altered biomarkers compared with 0-1 altered markers). A biomarker panel consisting of only 2 markers (p-S6 and p-4EBP1) independently predicted for worse RFS (HR, 4.38; P = .003 for patients with 2 altered markers compared to patients with 0 altered markers). The biomarker score increased predictive accuracy when added to the clinical Cox regression model. CONCLUSIONS: m-TOR pathway biomarkers add prognostic information in addition to standard clinicopathologic variables in ccRCC patients and may identify patients who could benefit from additional treatments or closer postoperative surveillance.

Multi-institutional validation of the predictive value of Ki-67 in patients with high grade urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

PURPOSE: We validate the independent predictive value of Ki-67 in patients with high grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 475 patients from the international Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration who underwent extirpative surgery for high grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma were included in this study. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 was performed on tissue microarray formed from this patient cohort. Ki-67 expression was assessed in a semiquantitative fashion and considered over expressed at a cutoff of 20%. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess independent predictors of oncologic outcomes and Harrell's C indices were calculated for predictive models. RESULTS: The median age of the cohort was 69.7 years and 55.2% of patients were male. Ki-67 was over expressed in 25.9% of patients. Ki-67 over expression was significantly associated with ureteral tumor location, higher pT-stage, lymphovascular invasion, sessile tumor architecture, tumor necrosis, concomitant carcinoma in situ and regional lymph node metastases. On Kaplan-Meier analyses over expressed Ki-67 was associated with worse recurrence-free survival (HR 12.6, p <0.001) and cancer specific survival (HR 15.8, p <0.001). On multivariate analysis Ki-67 was an independent predictor of recurrence-free survival (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.07-2.30, p=0.021) and cancer specific survival (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.29-2.90, p=0.001). Ki-67 improved Harrell's C index from 0.66 to 0.70 (p <0.0001) for recurrence-free survival as well as cancer specific survival in our preoperative model, and from 0.81 to 0.82 (p=0.0018) for recurrence-free survival and 0.81 to 0.83 (p=0.005) for cancer specific survival in our postoperative model. CONCLUSIONS: Ki-67 was validated as an independent predictor of recurrence-free survival and cancer specific survival in patients treated with extirpative surgery for high grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma in a large, multi-institutional cohort.

A 42-year-old man with huge abdominal mass.

Patients presenting with abdominal lump is a common clinical finding in our medical practice. Most of the cases can be diagnosed without much difficulty. But sometimes it can be difficult to diagnose the cause of the lump. Here we are presenting a 42-year-old man who visited his physician in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University with huge abdominal lump. Initially it was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Later it turned out to be case of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Problems related to diagnosis and management is also discussed.

Gastrointestinal manifestations as initial presenting features in a 40 years old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These symptoms can be due to primary GI disorders like peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis or intestinal obstruction. But they can be due to SLE itself or complications of treatment of SLE. In this case report, we describe a 40 years old woman who presented initially with GI complaints. Later she was diagnosed as a case of SLE with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO). The problems related to diagnosis and management is also discussed.

Development of stroke-induced quadriplegia after endovascular repair of blunt aortic injury pseudoaneurysm.

Endovascular repair of blunt aortic injury is now a first-line approach in management. This can warrant coverage of the left subclavian artery (LSA), which could lead to posterior strokes. In this case report, we present a severe complication of endovascular repair of a traumatic aortic aneurysm. A 53-year-old man presented with blunt aortic injury, endovascular repair was carried out where the left subclavian artery was covered. The intervention had a 100% technical success. Twelve hours later, he was discovered to have quadriplegia, a CT scan showed a large left cerebellar infarction extending to the medulla oblongata and proximal spinal cord. Strokes complicate 3% of thoracic endovascular aortic repairs, 80% of those strokes occur in patients who had their LSA`s covered. Most patients however, tolerate the coverage. Although our patient had a dominant right vertebral artery, and lacked risks for these strokes, he developed an extensive stroke that left him quadriplegic.

Dysregulation of ß-catenin is an independent predictor of oncologic outcomes in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is thought to have a crucial role in cancer progression and metastatic egress. We evaluated the association of ß-catenin, an important mediator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, with pathological parameters and oncologic outcomes in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining was performed for ß-catenin on tissue microarrays of patients with nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Membranous and cytoplasmic expression patterns were assessed separately. ß-Catenin was considered dysregulated if membranous as well as cytoplasmic expression was abnormal. Groups were compared based on normal vs dysregulated ß-catenin. Survival probabilities were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify predictors of oncologic outcomes. RESULTS: Included in the study were 406 patients with a median followup of 58 months. Of the patients 52 (12.8%) and 25 (6.2%) experienced recurrence and died of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, respectively. ß-Catenin was dysregulated in 70 patients (17.2%). Dysregulation was uniformly associated with adverse pathological features, including advanced T stage, larger tumor diameter, nodal positivity, higher Fuhrman grade, tumor thrombus, sarcomatoid features, necrosis and lymphovascular invasion (each p<0.001). Patients with dysregulated ß-catenin had inferior recurrence-free and cancer specific survival (each p<0.001). On multivariate analysis adjusting for tumor stage, nodal status and grade dysregulation was an independent predictor of recurrence-free and cancer specific survival (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-3.9, p=0.008 and HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.6, p=0.044, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Dysregulation of ß-catenin may be an important phenomenon in clear cell renal cell carcinoma carcinogenesis. These findings support further study of ß-catenin, and systematic assessment of ß-catenin and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Oncologic outcomes following surgical resection of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus extending above the hepatic veins: a contemporary multicenter cohort.

PURPOSE: Suprahepatic inferior vena caval tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma cases has historically portended a poor prognosis. With advances in perioperative treatment of patients with high level thrombus contemporary outcomes are hypothesized to be improved. We evaluated long-term oncologic outcomes of contemporary surgical treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma in whom level III-IV inferior vena caval thrombus was managed at high volume centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined clinical and pathological data on patients with renal cell carcinoma and level III-IV thrombus treated with surgery from January 2000 to June 2013 at 4 tertiary referral centers. Survival outcomes and associated prognostic variables were assessed by Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: We identified 166 patients, including 69 with level III and 97 with level IV thrombus. Median postoperative followup was 27.8 months. Patients with no evidence of nodal or distant metastasis (pN0/X, M0) had 5-year 49.0% cancer specific survival and 42.2% overall survival. There was no difference in survival based on tumor thrombus level or pathological tumor stage. Variables associated with an increased risk of death from kidney cancer on multivariate analysis were regional nodal metastases (HR 3.94, p <0.0001), systemic metastases (HR 2.39, p = 0.01), tumor grade 4 (HR 2.25, p = 0.02), histological tissue necrosis (HR 3.11, p = 0.004) and increased preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase (HR 2.30, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Contemporary surgical management achieves almost 50% 5-year survival in patients without metastasis who have renal cell carcinoma thrombus above the hepatic veins. Factors associated with increased mortality included nodal/distant metastases, advanced grade, histological necrosis and increased preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase. These findings support an aggressive surgical approach to the treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma who have advanced tumor thrombus.

Endometrial cancer in morbidly obese women: do racial disparities affect surgical or survival outcomes?

OBJECTIVE: Endometrial cancer mortality disproportionately affects black women and whether greater prevalence of obesity plays a role in this disparity is unknown. We examine the effect of race on post-surgical complications, length of stay, and mortality specifically in a morbidly obese population. METHODS: Black and white women with endometrial cancer diagnosed from 1996 to 2012 were identified from the University Pathology Group database in Detroit, Michigan, and records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain clinicopathological, demographic, and surgical information. Analysis was limited to those with a body mass index of 40kg/m(2) or greater. Differences in the distribution of variables by race were assessed by chi-squared tests and t-tests. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to examine factors associated with mortality. RESULTS: 97 white and 89 black morbidly obese women were included in this analysis. Black women were more likely to have type II tumors (33.7% versus 15.5% of white women, p-value=0.003). Hypertension was more prevalent in black women (76.4% versus 58.8%, p-value=0.009), and they had longer hospital stays after surgery despite similar rates of open vs minimally invasive procedures and lymph node dissection (mean days=5.4) compared to whites (mean days=3.5, p-value=0.036). Wound infection was the most common complication (16.5% in whites and 14.4% in blacks, p-value=0.888). Blacks were more likely to suffer other complications, but overall the proportions did not differ by race. In univariate analyses, black women had higher risk of endometrial cancer-related death (p-value=0.090). No racial differences were noted in adjusted survival analyses. CONCLUSION: A more complete investigation, incorporating socio-demographic factors, is warranted to understand the effects of morbid obesity and race on endometrial cancer.

Surgical management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the era of targeted therapies.

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) has been considered standard management for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) for over a decade. This practice, based on evidence from the immunotherapy era, has now come into question with the dramatic shift in management of mRCC patients due to the development and approval of several targeted molecular therapies (TMT). METHODS: A comprehensive English language literature review was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed to identify articles and guidelines pertinent to CN in mRCC. RESULTS: Retrospective studies have demonstrated improved survival for patients who underwent CN compared to those that did not; however, these studies suffer from heavy selection bias. Furthermore, the optimal timing of TMT, before or after surgery is not known. Pre-surgical TMT has the advantage of early treatment of metastases, downsizing of the primary, and may be an effective 'litmus test' for the selection of patients for CN based on response to TMT. The results of two ongoing phase III trials (CARMENA and SURTIME) will address much of the controversy on the role of CN and the timing of systemic therapy in the TMT era. In this review, we aim to present the evidence that lead to adoption of CN in the era of immunotherapies as well as the available data about the oncologic benefit of CN in patients with mRCC who receive TMT as their primary systemic therapy. CONCLUSION: There seems to be an important role for CN in the era of TMT, mostly in patients with favorable risk and where a high percentage of tumor burden can be removed by cytoreductive surgery.

Hepatitis C virus infection in vitro triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress and downregulates insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 through upregulation of cytokine signaling suppressor 3.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent worldwide and most of HCV infections enter into chronic phase subsequently leading to insulin resistance (IR) and clinical complications. Although the clinics of chronic HCV infection is well described, there is need to better understand the molecular mechanisms of HCV-induced IR. Therefore this study was aimed to unveil the role of host genes involved in the development of HCV-induced IR. For this purpose the expression of selected genes in HCV-infected and non-infected Huh-7 cells at various time post infection (p.i.) was assayed by real-time PCR. HCV infection was found to trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response as demonstrated by an increase in the expression of calreticulin (Cal) gene but no change in the expression of Gadd153 gene. The infection also enhanced the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3), responsible for the degradation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS). Moreover, it led to a decreased expression of key signaling molecules IRS-1 and IRS-2, unchanged expression of SOCS-7 and increased expression of downstream signaling molecule Akt. Altogether these findings indicate that the HCV infection induces ER stress and IR in Huh-7 cells in vitro.

An Innovative Educational Intervention for Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Faculty to Meet Social Justice Curriculum Standards.

The association between adverse childhood experiences and negative health outcomes is a public health concern, particularly affecting disadvantaged groups and contributing to health disparities. Pediatric nurse practitioners are well-positioned to address this issue, emphasizing the importance of incorporating social justice concepts into nursing education to develop a pediatric workforce with the necessary skills to curb health disparities. However, evidence-based approaches to incorporating these concepts into pediatric nursing education are limited. To address this gap, we describe an innovative educational intervention that harnesses the power of narratives to empower future pediatric nurse practitioners as champions of social justice and health equity.

Circadian variation and soccer performance: implications for training and match-play during Ramadan.

Ramadan results in a number of behavioural alterations in individuals when compared to their normal habits outside of this holy month. These changes in behaviour could impact upon the effectiveness of the activity of an elite athlete who has high daily activity levels and energy expenditures. Understanding the true impact of Ramadan on human physiology will also require an awareness of the key aspects of circadian rhythms. This article will present theoretical background content on circadian rhythms along with data on the potential influence of circadian variation on soccer performance. It will also attempt to provide an insight into the problems of partial sleep deprivation and travel for the elite player. The contents will suggest that there is a basis for the within-day variation in physiological and psychological function to impact soccer performance if games are played early in the day or very late at night. As competitive fixtures are uncommon at these times these influences may be more relevant to the timing and organisation of training sessions. It is also likely that a lack of sleep and excessive travel will provide conditions that are not conducive to optimal performance. This would indicate that teams should think carefully about their preparation strategies for important tournaments and games.

Spinal Cord Ischemia After Lower Extremity Surgery in Pediatric Osteogenesis Imperfecta With Thoracic Kyphoscoliosis: Tertiary Care Center Experience in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare genetic disorder of type 1 collagen which primarily affects children and leads to recurrent bone fractures. In addition, spinal abnormalities can also occur. We report a case of a 13-year-old male with osteogenesis imperfecta type III, associated with severe femur deformity and thoracic kyphoscoliosis, who developed neurological injury after lower extremity surgery. The patient was in a supine position when general anesthesia was administered. The operation lasted for approximately 250 minutes, and anesthesia for 310 minutes, with an estimated blood loss of 600 cc. Apart from a low mean arterial pressure value (45 mm Hg) intraoperatively, the procedure was uneventful. Early postoperatively, he developed spinal paralysis at the level of T4-T7, and an MRI of the spine demonstrated high signal intensity within the spinal cord from level T3 to T7. Subsequently, he was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for further assessment and management. Follow-up revealed recovery of paralysis after 12 months.

Clinico-pathological assessment of virulent Newcastle Disease Virus in ducks.

Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and are resistant against different strains of NDV. Current study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in domestic ducks through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serum biochemical changes. For this purpose, eighty ducks were reared for 42 days and divided in two groups A and B. Ducks in group A were challenged with (NDV) at rate of 0.1 ml of ELD50 (virus titer 107.32/100µl) on second week of age, whereas Group B was control negative. Splenomegaly, atrophy of thymus and necrotic lesion in kidney were observed on 9th day of post infection. Hepatic degeneration and mononuclear cell infiltration were noticed in proventriculus and intestine in challenged ducks. Viral antigen detected in lungs, intestine, proventriculus and lymphoid organs of infected ducks through IHC. Albumin and total protein values were significantly low in infected groups A as compared to control group B. ALT, AST, and ALP values were significantly high in infected group A. On 5th and 7th day of post infection oropharyngeal swabs were negative for NDV and cloacal swabs were positive for NDV through Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that ducks are susceptible to NDV and virulent strain of NDV caused disease in ducks.