Conservative treatment of uncomplicated right-sided diverticulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Right-sided diverticulitis has different epidemiologic features compared to left-sided diverticulitis. However, data on the appropriate treatment of right-sided diverticulitis are lacking. This systematic review aimed to examine the outcomes of conservative treatment for uncomplicated right-sided diverticulitis. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles published from January 1, 1990, to May 31, 2020. A total of 21 studies were included in the systematic review. We calculated proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the outcomes of individual studies and pooled the results using a random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 2811 patients (59.1% men; mean and median age, 37-54 years) with right-sided diverticulitis were included. The pooled rate of treatment failure was 2.5% (95% CI 1.2-4.3%; p <0.01; I2 = 64.0%). The recurrence rate ranged from 0 to 26.9%, and the pooled recurrence rate was 10.9% (95% CI 8.1-14.1%; p <0.01; I2 = 78.2%). The pooled rate of complicated diverticulitis at recurrence was 4.4% (95% CI 1.4-9.0%; p = 0.84; I2 = 0%). The pooled rate of emergency surgery at recurrence was 9.0% (95% CI 4.6-14.7%; p = 0.12; I2 = 30.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Conservative treatment of uncomplicated right-sided diverticulitis results in a low rate of recurrence and complicated diverticulitis at recurrence. Based on these results, unnecessary surgery may be avoided and a new treatment paradigm for uncomplicated right-sided diverticulitis may be introduced.

Mechanical bowel preparation combined with oral antibiotics in colorectal cancer surgery: a nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The guidelines for reducing surgical site infection in colorectal surgery recommend mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics; however, this recommendation remains controversial. This study aimed to reveal the effect of oral antibiotics combined with mechanical bowel preparation in colorectal surgery. METHODS: This study was a nationwide population-based retrospective study. Data between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018, from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database were analyzed. Patients who underwent elective colorectal cancer surgery were included. RESULTS: A total of 20,740 patients were finally included, comprising 14,554 (70.2%) who underwent mechanical bowel preparation alone and 6186 (29.8%) who underwent mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics. The mechanical bowel preparation alone group was older than the mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics group (65.7 ± 11.9 vs. 64.7 ± 11.8 years, p < 0.001). Rectal cancer patients and patients who underwent open surgery were more likely to receive mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics. Patients who underwent mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics demonstrated lower surgical-site infection rate (2.9% vs. 9.4%, p < 0.001), shorter hospital stay (11.7 ± 5.5 vs. 13.5 ± 7.3 days, p < 0.001), and lower medical cost (US$7414 ± 2762 vs. US$7791 ± 3235, p < 0.001) than those who underwent mechanical bowel preparation alone. The 30-day readmission rates and mortality were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The use of mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics reduces surgical site infection, hospital stay, and medical cost in colorectal cancer surgery.

The usefulness of the status of extranodal tumor extension as a factor that can predict the recurrence of stage III colorectal cancer.

Background: Extranodal tumor extension (ENTE) is considered a poor prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for recurrence according to ENTE status in stage III CRC. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 169 consecutive stage III CRC patients. All patients underwent a curative resection between 2005 and 2010. The presence or absence of ENTE was assessed in the resected lymph nodes. Results: ENTE was observed in 65 (38.5%). Recurrence occurred in 38 patients (22.5%) and was more frequent (p = .041) in the ENTE (+) group. Disease-free survival (p = .016) was significantly shorter in the ENTE (+) group than in the ENTE (-) group. In a univariable analysis, recurrence was associated with vascular invasion (p = .006), perforation (p = .024) in the ENTE (-) group and perforation (p = .048) in the ENTE (+) group. In a Cox's regression test, vascular invasion (p = .014) and the higher ratio of metastatic lymph nodes/total removed lymph nodes (MLN/TLN) (0.009) in the ENTE (-) group and perforation (p = .025) in the ENTE (+) group were independent risk factors of recurrence. Conclusions: Vascular invasion and the higher ratio of MLN/TLN in ENTE (-) patients and perforation in ENTE (+) patients were independent risk factors of recurrence.

Higher visceral fat area/subcutaneous fat area ratio measured by computed tomography is associated with recurrence and poor survival in patients with mid and low rectal cancers.

PURPOSE: Obesity is thought to influence postoperative complications and recurrence of mid and low rectal cancer (MLRC) because of intraoperative technical difficulties. However, few reports have described the relationship between obesity indices and the clinical outcomes of MLRC. This study aimed to investigate the association between visceral obesity on computed tomography (CT) and oncolofical outcomes after surgery for MLRC and identify the obesity index that most accurately reflects clinical outcomes. METHODS: We investigated 125 patients who underwent curative resection for MLRC between 2004 and 2010. Visceral fat area (VFA) was defined as the umbilicus-level intra-abdominal adipose tissue area measured by CT. Body mass index (BMI), total fat area, VFA, subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and VFA/SFA ratio (V/S ratio) were analysed. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 60.3 months (range, 38.2-122.6 months). Recurrence was detected in 28 (22.4%) patients. Among the various obesity indices, recurrence was significantly associated with V/S ratio only (1.02 ± 0.45 versus 0.86 ± 0.34; P = 0.046). Stage, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level, V/S ratio, lymphatic invasion and perineural invasion were significantly associated with recurrence on univariate analysis, while only V/S ratio (P = 0.019; 95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 9.09) was significantly associated with recurrence on multivariate analysis. Disease-free and overall survival of the obese group (V/S ratio > 1.0) were shorter than those of the non-obese group. CONCLUSIONS: V/S ratio is the optimal obesity index for predicting stage I-III MLRC recurrence.

Loss of APAF-1 expression is associated with early recurrence in stage I, II, and III colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (APAF-1) is a key regulator in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and an important diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker. Loss of APAF-1 expression has been observed in various tumors including colorectal cancer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between loss of APAF-1 expression and early recurrence of stage I-III colorectal cancer. METHODS: We investigated 165 out of 492 patients who had undergone curative resection for colorectal cancer between 1991 and 2001. Sixty-one patients (37.0 %) had early recurrence within 1 year after surgery. Tissue microarrays were used for immunohistochemical detection of APAF-1. RESULTS: The mean age of patients with recurrence was 58 years (range, 24-85); 88 (53.3 %, 88/165) were male. APAF-1 was expressed in 32 (19.4 %, 32/165) cases and was not expressed in 133 (80.6 %, 133/165). In univariate analysis, early recurrence significantly correlated with loss of APAF-1 expression (p = 0.017), tumor stage (p = 0.005), N category (p = 0.001), and lymphatic invasion (p = 0.008). In a logistic regression model, loss of APAF-1 expression (p = 0.015, 95 % CI = 1.280-10.063) and N category (p = 0.001, 95 % CI = 0.004-0.739) proved to be independent risk factors associated with early recurrence. In patients with lymph node metastasis, early recurrence was more frequent in the APAF-1-negative group than in the APAF-1-positive group (46.2 % (54/117) vs. 22.2 % (6/27), p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Loss of APAF-1 expression is associated with early recurrence in stage I-III colorectal cancer, suggesting that APAF-1 may have clinical value as a predictive marker of early recurrence.

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy-like neuropathy as an initial presentation of Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare complication of Crohn's disease (CD), and it is uncertain whether it is associated with CD itself or with its treatment. We describe a case of CIDP-like neuropathy as an initial symptom of CD. The neurologic symptoms of the patient which responded partially to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) recovered after resection of the appendiceal CD. CASE PRESENTATION: A 17-year-old male had experienced three separate attacks of motor weakness and paresthesia of all four extremities over a period of 7 months. The electrophysiologic findings revealed a demyelinating sensory-motor polyneuropathy which was compatible with CIDP. However, repeated intravenous IVIG (2 g/kg) treatment gave only a partial response. Four days after the last discharge, he was diagnosed as appendiceal CD after surgical resection of a periappendiceal abscess. His neurologic symptoms and electrophysiologic findings recovered without any maintenance therapy. CONCLUSIONS: CIDP-like neuropathy can be an initial presentation of CD, and recovery of the CIDP symptoms may result from resection of the CD. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of CD in patients with intractable CIDP symptoms.

What is the optimal time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in gallbladder empyema?

PURPOSE: With the accumulating experience in laparoscopic surgery, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is increasingly offered for acute cholecystitis. However, early LC without percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) for gallbladder empyema is still believed to be unsafe. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal time for LC in gallbladder empyema. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out of patients who underwent LC without PTGBD for gallbladder empyema between August 2007 and December 2010. All cases were confirmed by biopsy. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of a cutoff of 72 h. RESULTS: LC for gallbladder empyema was performed without PTGBD in 61 patients during the study period. The overall conversion rate was 6.6 %. Based on the 72 h cutoff, there were 33 patients in the early group and 28 in the delayed group. There were no significant differences between early and late patients with respect to operation duration (75.5 vs. 71.4 min, p = 0.537), postoperative hospital stay (4.2 vs. 3.3 days, p = 0.109), conversion rate (12.1 vs. 0 %, p = 0.118), and complication rate (12.1 vs. 3.6 %, p = 0.363). However, the early group had a significantly shorter total hospital stay (5.3 vs. 8.7 days, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early LC without PTGBD is safe and feasible for gallbladder empyema and is associated with a low conversion rate. Delayed LC for gallbladder empyema has no advantages and results in longer total hospital stays. LC should be performed as soon as possible within 72 h after admission to decrease length of hospital stay.

One layer end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy using reinforcing suture on the pancreatic stump.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with a high incidence of postoperative morbidity, and pancreatic fistulas are the most important complication. We therefore designed a modified method of pancreaticojejunostomy using reinforcing suture on the pancreatic stump. METHODOLOGY: The procedure is performed as follow: first, insert a soft rubber catheter into the pancreatic duct, then make reinforcing sutures with 3-0 vicryl. These sutures are parallel to the cut edge of the pancreatic stump, and 5mm from the cut edge. The whole layer of jejunum is sewed to the pancreas including the reinforcing sutures. RESULTS: Between July 2002 and November 2011, 52 consecutive cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy were performed using this method. We used The International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) severity grading for postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and delayed gastric emptying (DGE). There was 1 grade A fistula (1.9%), 16 grade B fistulas (30.8%), and 2 grade C fistulas (3.8%). CONCLUSIONS: This method of one layer anastomosis is straightforward and practicable; hence it saves operative time, and is not much affected by lack of familiarity with the surgical technique. Even if it does not actually prevent pancreatic fistula formation, it does prevent the life-threatening complete breakdown of the pancreaticojejunostomy.

Low MTUS1 Protein Expression Is Associated with Poor Survival in Patients with Colorectal Adenocarcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Microtubule-associated tumor suppressor 1 (MTUS1) is a novel tumor suppressor protein involved in cell proliferation, migration, and tumor growth. MTUS1 is thought to be downregulated in various human cancers and associated with poor prognosis. We evaluated the clinicopathologic significance and prognostic value of MTUS1 in colorectal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for MTUS1 was performed on tissue microarrays of 393 colorectal adenocarcinoma cases, and MTUS1 staining was classified into high- and low-expression groups. Then, we investigated the correlations between MTUS1 protein expression and various clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. RESULTS: MTUS1 protein was expressed at various grade levels in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, which showed loss or decreased expression of MTUS1. A total of 253 cases (64.4%) were classified into the low MTUS1 protein expression group and 140 cases (35.6%) into the high MTUS1 expression group. A low level of MTUS1 protein significantly correlated with tumor size (p = 0.047), histological grade (p < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001), perineural invasion (p = 0.047), and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001). Survival analyses showed that patients with low MTUS1 protein expression had worse overall survival (p = 0.007, log-rank test) and worse recurrence-free survival (p = 0.019, log-rank test) than those with high MTUS1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Low MTUS1 protein expression is associated with adverse clinicopathological characteristics and poor survival outcomes in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. These results suggest that MTUS1 functions as a tumor suppressor in colorectal adenocarcinoma and could be a potential prognostic biomarker.

Socio-demographic factors and lifestyle associated with symptomatic hemorrhoids: Big data analysis using the National Health insurance Service-National Health screening cohort (NHIS-HEALS) database in Korea.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of hemorrhoids has been reported to be 7-14%. However, there have been no large-scale studies. This study aims to investigate the incidence of hemorrhoids in Korea by analyzing big data and to find the associated risk factors. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis using the Health Insurance Cohort database of the National Health Insurance Corporation of Korea in 2002-2015. The study was divided into two models: the diagnostic (DM) and surgical model (SM). Socio-demographic and lifestyle behavioral characteristics were analyzed as risk factors. RESULTS: Overall, 467,567 participants were included. The incidence density of hemorrhoids was 13.9 and 5.7 per 1000 person-years in the DM and SM, respectively. Hemorrhoids occurred more frequently in men and metropolitan areas in both models. The incidence was highest in the 40s. The incidence rates were highest in the high income, smoking, alcohol and the exercise group of 1-4 times a week in both models. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was higher in men and decreased with increasing age. It was higher in the metropolitan area. The high-income level and alcohol consumption were risk factors in the DM and SM, respectively. The HR of the exercise group was higher than that of the non-exercise group in both models. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic and surgical incidence density was 13.9 and 5.7 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Hemorrhoids occurred most frequently in men in their 40s. The metropolitan area, high income level and alcohol consumption were associated with an increased frequency of hemorrhoids.

Smad4 may help to identify a subset of colorectal cancer patients with early recurrence after curative therapy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Loss of Smad4 function is associated with the acquisition of advanced colorectal cancer phenotypes. We investigated the role of Smad4 as a prognostic marker after curative therapy. METHODOLOGY: Four hundred and twenty nine consecutive colorectal cancers were analyzed by tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS: Smad4 protein was expressed in 61.5% (24/39), 53.1% (77/145), 41.3% (78/189) and 34.8% (16/46) of stage I, II, III and IV cancers, respectively. Lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis were strongly correlated with the loss of Smad4 expression (p<0.0001 and p=0.002, respectively). Disease-free survival did not differ between Smad4-positive and Smad4-negative cancers. In stage III disease, time to recurrence after curative therapy was shorter in the Smad4-negative than in the Smad4- positive cancers (20.1±15.1 vs. 34.6 ± 34.1 months, p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Smad4 protein is of no value in predicting recurrence after curative therapy in colorectal cancer, but it may be helpful in identifying a subset of patients with early recurrence after curative therapy.

Comprehensive analysis of microbial dynamics linked with the reduction of odorous compounds in a full-scale swine manure pit recharge system with recirculation of aerobically treated liquid fertilizer.

It is believed that the generation of odorous materials in manure-slurry pits during the storage can be reduced by recirculating aerobically treated liquid fertilizer (ATLF) to a manure-pit recharge system (PRS). However, the biological mechanisms for reduction of those problematic compounds remain poorly understood. In this study, the links between microbial evolution and changes in chemical composition and odorous compounds were analyzed where swine-manure slurry was stored in a full-scale PRS. Some beneficial microorganisms were successfully established in the PRS. This resulted in the accumulation of fewer undesirable chemical components and lower amounts of odorous compounds compared to those in a conventional swine-manure slurry pit (the control). Decrease in the volatile fatty acids (1387-8478 mg/L â†’ 306-1258 mg/L) and NH3 (3387-4300 mg/L â†’ 85-200 mg/L) in the PRS was mainly due to the development of a key community that included a mix of aerobic, anaerobic fermentative, nitrifying (0.1-0.6%) and denitrifying (1.7-3.5%), and methanogenic microorganisms (2.1-4.2%). Meanwhile, the generation of greater amounts of H2S (12-290 mg/L â†’ 61-1754 mg/L) was found in the PRS, which condition was supported by the increased proportion of sulfate-reducing bacteria (0.5-3%). To the authors' best knowledge this is the first study comprehensively analyzing microbial dynamics linked with the reduction of odorous compounds in the full-scale PRS in response to recirculation of ATLF.

Complications Following the Use of Biologic Mesh in Ileostomy Closure: A Retrospective, Comparative Study.

Prophylactic placement of mesh in the abdominal wall during ileostomy closure can decrease the rate of hernia formation. However, few studies have evaluated the safety of biologic mesh in ileostomy closure. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the safety of biologic mesh in ileostomy closure, specifically the need to remove the mesh due to infection. The rate of surgical site infection (SSI), incisional hernia, surgical site occurrence ([SSO] including seroma and hematoma), and wound pain between primary closure and mesh closure groups also were investigated. METHODS: Using a retrospective study design, data from all consecutive patients who underwent ileostomy closure from January 2015 to June 2016 at the Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea, were analyzed. Patients with stage IV colorectal cancer, who were older than 85 years, or who experienced intestinal perforation during the procedure were excluded. Demographic (age, sex, body mass index [BMI], underlying disease) and clinical characteristics as well as SSI, SSO, length of hospital stay, use of additional analgesics, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores (noted on days 1, 3, 5, and 14) were abstracted and compared. Clinical and surgical variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, the χ2-test, or Fisher's exact test, depending on the nature of the data. RESULTS: Of the 38 patients who underwent ileostomy closure, 33 (18 [54.5%] who received primary closure and 15 [45.5%] who received mesh closure) were included for analysis. Patient, surgical, and clinical characteristics were not significantly different, but the mean age of the primary closure group was significantly higher than that of the mesh closure group (71 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 10 years old; P = .014). The median follow-up duration was 25 months (interquartile range 18.0-31.5 months). Six (6) complications were observed in 5 patients in the primary closure group, and 8 complications in 5 patients were noted in the mesh closure group (27.8% vs. 33.3%; P = 1.000). None of the cases required removal of the biologic mesh due to mesh-related infectious complication. Two (2) SSIs occurred in the primary closure group (11.1% vs. 0%; P = .489). Three (3) patients experienced a postoperative incisional hernia (9.1%) - 1 in the primary closure group and 2 in the mesh closure group (5.6% vs. 13.3%; P = .579). No statistically significant differences in pain or length of hospitalization were noted. CONCLUSION: No mesh-related infectious complications required biologic mesh removal, and no significant differences were noted in SSI, incisional hernia, and wound pain between the primary closure and mesh closure groups. Although not significantly different, the higher rates of hernia and SSOs in the mesh group require further study.

Prognostic value of B-cell linker protein in colorectal cancer.

This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic impact of B-cell linker (BLNK) protein expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) as its function in CRC remains unexplored. We performed immunohistochemical staining for BLNK using tissue microarrays of 418 consecutive CRC samples; of these 10 were excluded due to inappropriate staining. The expression intensity and staining level was scored as 0-3 and 0-4, respectively, based on the percentage of positive cells. The immunoreactivity score (IRS) was calculated by multiplying these two scores. BLNK expression was observed in 222 patients (54.4 %). Lymph node metastasis (p = 0.031), right colon cancer (p = 0.026), mucinous adenocarcinoma (p < 0.001), and perineural invasion (p = 0.049) were more frequently observed in the IRS 4-12 group than in the IRS 0-3 group. At the same cutoff point, the 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of the patients with stage III was significantly lower than that observed in IRS 4-12 group (74.8 % ± 4.2 % vs. 54.2 % ± 8.5 %, p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed IRS 4-12 to be an independent risk factor for recurrence (Hazard ratio 2.346, 95 % confidence interval 1.348-4.085, p = 0.003). In conclusion, overexpression of BLNK protein is an independent risk factor for CRC recurrence.

Comprehensive Analysis of Somatic Mutations in Colorectal Cancer With Peritoneal Metastasis.

BACKGROUND: To analyze for genetic mutations which may presage peritoneal metastasis by using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumor specimens were obtained from 10 patients with small obstructing colorectal cancer and peritoneal metastasis (group A) and five with large non-obstructing colorectal cancer and no recurrence (group B). DNA was extracted for the sequencing of 409 cancer genes. The distribution of genetic mutations was compared between the two groups to find genetic mutations related to peritoneal metastasis. RESULTS: When the samples were sorted based on similarity of gene expression by hierarchical clustering analysis, the samples were well divided between the two study groups. Mutations in AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1), ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5 (UBR5), paired box 5 (PAX5), tumor protein p53 (TP53), additional sex combs like 1 (ASXL1) and androgen receptor (AR) genes were detected more frequently in group A. CONCLUSION: A number of somatic mutations presumed to be relevant to colorectal cancer with peritoneal metastasis were identified in our study by NGS.

Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Is a Predictive Marker for Late Recurrence in Colorectal Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is elevated in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, data about the relation between COX-2 expression and the impact on the biologic behavior of recurrent disease are inconclusive as yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the status of COX-2 expression in the primary CRC and the characteristics of recurrence after curative resection of stage I to III CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight patients with recurrence in 376 CRC patients, who underwent curative surgery between January 1991 and August 2001, were retrospectively assessed. Immunohistochemical staining, performed for the presence of COX-2 on tissue microarrays, was analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-six patients showed elevated COX-2 expression, and 52 patients did not. The mean time to recurrence was significantly longer in the positive group than in the negative group (34.1 months ± 30.0 versus 21.9 months ± 17.4; P = 0.019). Positive COX-2 expression was correlated with late recurrence (>3 years after surgery) [43.5% versus 13.5%; P = 0.001]. In multivariate analysis, COX-2 expression was an independent factor associated with late recurrence (OR 4.656; 95% CI, 1.696 to 12.779; P = 0.003). Recurrence pattern and postrecurrence survival were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated COX-2 expression in itself is not a prognostic factor, but COX-2 expression in tumor tissue may be an independent predictive marker of late recurrence for patients with stage I to III CRC.

Loss of Wnt7a expression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma.

Wnt7a is a known tumor suppressor gene in non-small cell lung cancer that regulates normal cellular proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic significance of Wnt7a expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Wnt7a expression was immunohistochemically examined in 46 normal colorectal tissues, 47 tubular adenomas, 393 adenocarcinomas, and 93 lymph node metastases. Wnt7a was expressed in the cytoplasm. Loss of Wnt7a expression was more frequent in adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis compared to that in normal and tubular adenoma (P < 0.001). Wnt7a expression was inversely correlated with tumor size (P = 0.026), gross type (P = 0.008), differentiation (P = 0.009), vascular invasion (P = 0.038), tumor deposit (P = 0.007), tumor invasion (T category) (P = 0.003), lymph node metastasis (N category) (P < 0.001), and AJCC stage (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between loss of Wnt7a expression and overall survival and disease-free survival (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) on univariable analysis. On multivariable analysis, loss of Wnt7a expression was an independent prognostic factor for both overall and disease-free survival (P = 0.002 and P = 0.047, respectively). Loss of Wnt7a expression may contribute to the carcinogenesis and tumor progression of colorectal adenocarcinoma and may be a new prognostic marker of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Correlation of Endoscopic Findings of Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma with Recurrence after Complete Remission.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, the clinical significance of various endoscopic findings has not yet been determined. This study aimed to compare the time to complete remission (CR) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in gastric MALT lymphoma based on endoscopic findings. METHODS: In this single-center retrospective cohort study, the medical records of 122 consecutive adult patients with gastric MALT lymphoma were collected over a period of 12 years. CR was defined by the absence of macroscopic or microscopic features of lymphoma on two subsequent follow-ups. Relapse was clinically defined by a positive endoscopic biopsy after CR. RESULTS: The median time to CR did not differ significantly between treatment methods. However, it was significantly longer in the group with polypoid endoscopic appearance than in the groups with diffuse infiltration or ulceration (7.83, 3.43, and 3.10 months, respectively; p=0.003). Six patients relapsed after CR. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that RFS differed significantly between groups based on Ann Arbor staging, treatment methods, and initial endoscopic findings. CONCLUSIONS: In gastric MALT lymphoma, the endoscopically defined polypoid type was characterized by a longer duration to CR, with a higher likelihood of recurrence, compared to the endoscopically defined diffuse infiltration or ulceration types.

Protective Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitor for Survival in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is high in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). GERD may cause chronic microaspiration that leads to repeated subclinical lung injury, which leads to pulmonary fibrosis. Although some studies have suggested that proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were associated with a good prognosis in IPF, their effects remain unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 786 consecutive adult patients with IPF at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between April 2003 and March 2015. RESULTS: Mean duration of follow-up was 2.6 ± 2.8 years. Of the 786 patients with IPF, 107 (13.6%) were given diagnoses of GERD, and 103 (13.1%) died due to IPF-related pneumonia or respiratory failure. The prevalence of GERD and the cumulative incidence of de novo GERD increased depending on the period of follow-up in patients with IPF. Patients administered PPI for more than four months had a lower IPF-related mortality rate than patients on PPI less than 4 months (Log-rank P -value = 0.024 in Kaplan-Meier curve). In a univariate and multivariate Cox regression hazard model, younger age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.10; P = 0.001), higher initial forced vital capacity (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99; P = 0.004), and longer duration of PPI use (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-1.00; P = 0.022), but not a diagnosis of GERD, were significantly associated with lower IPF-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In Korean patients with IPF, the prevalence of GERD was lower than in other countries. PPI use for at least 4 months may have a protective effect against IPF-related mortality.

Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis is effective enough in colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that prevention of surgical site infection (SSI) is equally effective when patients receive single-dose (SD) or three-dose antibiotic prophylaxis with second-generation cephalosporin and metronidazole in elective colorectal surgery. METHODS: Ninety-three patients were enrolled from May 2009 to November 2010. The SD group received only one preoperative prophylactic intravenous dose and the three-dose or multiple-dose (MD) group received one preoperative prophylactic and two additional post-operative doses of second-generation cephalosporin and metronidazole. The incidence of infectious complications (SSI of the incision site and organ/space) was compared in the two groups. RESULTS: The overall post-operative infection rate did not differ between the two groups (16.7% in the SD versus 13.3% in the MD, P = 0.653). The incidence of SSI of the incision site and organ/space also did not differ between the groups (6.3% (3/48) versus 4.4% (2/45), P = 0.700; 4.2% versus 6.7%, P = 0.593, respectively). The number of antibiotics administered was not an independent risk factor for SSIs in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: SD antibiotic prophylaxis with second-generation cephalosporin and metronidazole is equivalent to a three-dose prophylaxis for preventing SSI in elective colorectal surgery. But further study would be needed to clarify this because of the small number of participants.