Adhesion to pharyngeal epithelium and modulation of immune response: Lactobacillus salivarius AR809, a potential probiotic strain isolated from the human oral cavity.

Microbiome modulators such as probiotics are known to modulate oral diseases. Very few probiotics are commercially available for use in the oral cavity. In this context, we selected human-origin Lactobacillus salivarius AR809 as a promising oropharyngeal probiotic and characterized its functional and immunomodulatory properties. Results demonstrated that AR809 could efficiently adhere to pharyngeal epithelial FaDu cells, antagonize Staphylococcus aureus, adapt to the oral environment, and modulate host innate immunity by inducing potentially protective effects. Particularly, AR809 diminished proinflammatory activity by enhancing the production of IL10 and inhibiting the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL1B, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and RELA. Finally, we observed that AR809 grew efficiently when cultured in milk, suggesting that the preparation of a fermented milk product containing AR809 could be a practical way to administer this probiotic to humans. In conclusion, AR809 has high potential to adhere to the pharyngeal mucosa and could be applied in novel milk-based probiotic fermented food products.

Meta-analysis of differentially expressed genes in autism based on gene expression data.

The purpose of this study was to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes and biological processes associated with changes in gene expression in autism. We performed a meta-analysis using new publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets of autism. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and pathway analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Ten GEO datasets, including 364 cases and 248 controls, were available for the meta-analysis. We identified 3105 genes that were consistently DE in autism (1425 upregulated and 1680 downregulated genes). We also found that 7 genes were associated with phospholipase A2 (PLA2), including LYPLA2P1, PLA2G4D, PNPLA2, LYPLA2, PLA2G6, PLA2G7, and PLA2G5. We found GO terms for molecular functions significantly enriched in structural constituent of ribosome (GO: 0003735, P = 1.87-E06) and transcription regulator activity (GO: 0030528, P = 8.86E-04), while for biological processes, the enriched GO terms were involved in translational elongation (GO: 0006414, P = 1.74E-12) and the response to cytokine stimuli (GO: 0034097, P = 2.76E-05). The most significant pathway in our KEGG analysis was the ribosome pathway (P = 7.90E-12). Our meta-analysis identified genes that were consistently DE and biological pathways associated with gene expression changes in autism.