RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: intestinal parasitic infection has been reported as a cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) due to interruption in treatment of the defaulting HIV patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and possible causes of intestinal parasites among HIV patients on ART. METHODS: a survey involving 375 adult HIV/AIDS patients selected using a systematic random sampling technique was conducted in a Jos University Teaching hospital, Plateau State, Nigeria. Socio-demographic and clinical data was collected using semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire and electronic dataset review. Fresh stool samples were collected from all participants for laboratory identification of intestinal parasites using formol-ether sedimentation and modified Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Descriptive statistics, odds ratio and logistic regression model were computed at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: the mean age of the study participants was 41.6±9.3years. Majority 294 (78.4%) were females, 141 (37.6%) lived in the rural area, 50 (13.3%) respondents did not have toilets in their homes. Most 275 (73.3%) had ART adherence level of 95% and above. Prevalence of intestinal parasites was 28.5%. Females (aOR = 2.14, 95% CI=1.12 - 3.89) and participants with no toilet facilities (aOR = 2.0, 95% CI=1.03 - 3.94) were significantly more likely to have intestinal parasites. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of intestinal parasites was high among HIV patients. Gender and unavailability of toilet in homes were found to be predictors of having parasites. We recommend that HIV patients should be periodically screened for IPs during the follow-up clinic visits.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Banheiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In 2012/13, the Federal government of Nigeria approved the surveillance of salmonellae in commercial poultry farms with the aim of generating baseline data for the development of a control programme. That baseline provided an opportunity to investigate potential risk factors in commercial layer farms. METHODS: Five hundred and twenty-three farms were evaluated for the presence of Salmonella. Each farmer was interviewed through a structured questionnaire. Univariate analysis identified 26 variables potentially associated with Salmonella presence on the farms, with different levels of significance. To simultaneously evaluate the effect of these variables, a multivariable logistic regression model was implemented. RESULTS: Farmers that are member of the Poultry Association of Nigeria (PAN) emerged as a risk factor, as well as being farmer as exclusive occupation. The risk of Salmonella increased in farms with a combined housing system as compared to farms with a single housing system. Moreover, in terms of farm management the use of plastic egg crates had a higher risk of Salmonella presence compared to paper crates. Higher risk of contamination was also identified in farms having regular contact with animal health workers, since this could be indicative of animal health problems requiring continuous assistance. Farms with no previous outbreak of salmonellosis were associated with an increase risk, since most of the farms in this category were newly established. With regard to feeding, the use of coccidiostats and commercial feeds were associated with the spread of Salmonella. Unexpectedly, the presence of other farms at distances further than 1â¯km away was associated with an increase in Salmonella presence as compared to farms which were in closer proximity. Close proximity among farms could favour the application of stricter biosecurity measures. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the survey can be considered a baseline for implementing effective measures aimed at reducing the Salmonella prevalence in Nigerian laying hen farms.