Borderline epithelial ovarian tumors: a single center experience.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of the patients treated for borderline ovarian tumor (BOT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, records of the patients between November 2001 and December 2012 who underwent surgery and whose final pathological diagnosis were BOT were retrieved. RESULTS: During the study period, 78 patients were diagnosed as BOT. The patho- logical diagnoses of the tumors were serous in 26 (33.3%) and mucinous in 52 patients (66.6 %), respectively. Accuracy of frozen section diagnosis was observed in 63 of 89 patients (70.7%). Sixty-eight women (87.1%) underwent complete staging procedure. According to final pathological diagnoses, Stage IA, IB, and IC were found in 52 (67%), five (6.5%), and seven (9%) patients, respectively. FIGO Stages IIC and IIIC were found in one case in each (1.25%). Remaining 12 patients were classified as unstaged (15%). The median follow-up time was 63 months. The authors observed only one recurrence (1.3%) and that patient died of disease. CONCLUSION: The survival rate in patients with BOTs confined to the ovary is excellent. Surgical staging procedure can be omitted in the patients with grossly apparent Stage I mucinous tumors.

The prediction of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of endometrium.

The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with para-aortic lymph node metastasis in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. The data of 157 patients with endometrioid adenocancer, who underwent staging surgery, was reviewed retrospectively. A total of 23 patients (14.6%) had pelvic and 19 patients (12.1%) had para-aortic lymph node metastasis; 21% (4/19) of the patients with para-aortic lymph node involvement did not have pelvic lymph node metastasis. Para-aortic lymph node involvement was significantly more common in the presence of LVSI and pelvic lymph node metastasis, and pelvic lymph node metastasis was the only independent risk factor for para-aortic lymph node involvement. The sensitivity and NPV of positive pelvic lymph node in the prediction of para-aortic lymph node metastasis were found to be 78.9% and 97%, respectively. The corresponding rates for obturator and/or external iliac lymph node were 63.1% and 95%, respectively. In conclusion, although pelvic lymph node metastasis is the only independent risk factor for para-aortic lymph node involvement, negative pelvic lymph node is not enough to omit para-aortic lymph node dissection. On the other hand, intraoperative frozen section examination of obturator and/or external iliac lymph node to omit para-aortic lymphadenectomy might be a good option for the patients who have high medical risks for surgery.

Analyses of atypical glandular cells re-defined by the 2006 Bethesda System: histologic outcomes and clinical implication of follow-up management.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the histopathology and the long-term follow-up outcome of women who had atypical glandular cells on Pap smears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All women with atypical glandular cells (AGC) who underwent colposcopic and histopathologic evaluation between January 2005 and October 2010 were reviewed. Patient data were examined up to October 2012, allowing for at least two years of follow-up for all patients. RESULTS: Forty-four women with AGC Pap test underwent histologic follow-up during the study period. Overall, upon reclassification of smears, 35 (79.5%) cases were diagnosed with AGC "not otherwise specified" (NOS) and nine (20.5%) with AGC "favour neoplasia". Seven out of nine patients (77.7%) with AGC "favour neoplasia" had significant pathology. On the other hand, only 11 out of 35 cases (31.4%) with AGC "NOS" had significant pathology. Significant correlation was found between AGC "favour neoplasia" smears and a significant pathology (p: 0.01). Of the 44 patients, 18 (40.9%) had significant pathology. Eight patients (18.2%) had low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1), four (9%) had high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2/3), one (2.2%) had microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix, one (2.2%) had cervical adenocarcinoma in situ, one (2.2%) had cervical adenocarcinoma, one (2.2%) had endometrial adenocarcinoma, and two (4.5%) had endometrial hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: Reporting AGC in the population is clinically significant due to the high prevalence of underlying preinvasive and invasive diseases (40.9%). The subtypes of the AGC category are significant predictor of such lesions.

Characteristics and prognosis of ovarian metastatic tumors: review of a single-institution experience.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinico-pathological characteristics and role of surgery in patients with ovarian metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical data from 51 patients with pathologically confirmed ovarian metastasis were reviewed. RESULTS: Ovarian metastasis accounted for 14% of all malignant ovarian neoplasms (51/364). Of the 51 metastatic ovarian tumor cases, 24 originated from gynecologic malignancies, while 27 originated from non-gynecologic malignancies. Optimal cytoreduction was performed in 88% and 37% of patients with metastases of gynecologic and non-gynecologic origin, respectively. Patients with ovarian metastasis had a two-year survival rate in 82% of the gynecologic group and 70% of the non-gynecologic group (p = 0.35). The five-year survival rate of patients with non-gynecologic tumor origin (29%) was significantly worse (p = 0.04) than the survival rates of those with tumors of gynecologic origin (61%). In the non-gynecologic group, the five-year survival rates were significantly different between patients who were performed optimal cytoreductive surgery vs those without this procedure (42% and 20%, respectively; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Although complete surgical resection is not achievable in approximately two-thirds of patients with metastases of non-gynecological origin, optimal tumor cytoreduction appears to improve survival, which is statistically significant in all patients with ovarian metastatic tumors.

Exaggerated placental site reaction detected during caesarean delivery: a case report.

Exaggerated placental site (EPS) reaction is an exuberant physiologic process in which intermediate trophoblasts infiltrate the underlying endometrium and myometrium at the implantation site. During a caesarean section, we noted a polypoid well shaped smooth lesion, about 3 cm in diameter on the anterior wall of the uterus apart from the placenta. The histopathologic examination revealed an exuberant proliferation of trophoblastic cells in the placental site, a low Ki-67 labelling index and the absence of mitotic activity. Distinguishing EPS reaction from the other intermediate trophoblastic tumours is critical, as the latter may likely involve surgical intervention and/or chemotherapy, although no specific treatment and follow-up is required for EPS reaction. It is necessary to be aware of this pathology and take biopsies from suspicious lesions in the placental site for pathologic examination.

Does sarcopenia predict perioperative mortality in patients with advanced ovarian cancer?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess prognostic value of frailty for the prediction of surgical complications and mortality in women with end-stage ovarian cancer subjected to curative oncological surgery and its value for long-term follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 75 advanced-stage consecutive ovarian cancer patients who underwent elective surgery were investigated. The demographic data and clinical information related to the oncologic treatment were collected in the electronic and physical case records and included the following: age, ethnic group, comorbidities, staging of cancer, surgical procedure details, lymphadenectomy, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) grade, anesthetic technique, operative blood loss, operative time, and residual disease. A radiologist, who was blinded to patient outcomes, performed quantitative assessment of psoas muscle areas using the available computed tomography scan images at the caudal end of the third lumbar vertebra. RESULTS: The mean age was 61.2 ± 18.2 years, and the percentage of patients over 65 years was 78%. Comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency) were seen in 37 patients (49%). Histological types were adenocarcinoma in all patients (0) mostly serous adenocarcinoma (62%) and stage 3 (58%). According to psoas muscle measurement, 55 patients (73%) were nonsarcopenic and 20 patients (26%) were sarcopenic. Debulking procedures were performed on all patients. Also, bowel resection was applied in 40% of patients. Preoperative anesthetic examinations had shown that they were mostly ASA score 2 (44 patients). Moreover, 26 patients were ASA score 3. Generally, total operative time was between 121-240 minutes, and total blood loss was generally under 500 ml. Postoperative complications were seen in 26% of the patients. Non-surgical complications were observed in 14% of the patients, while non-surgical complications were observed in 12%. Length of the hospital stay >10 days was seen in 10 patients. Mortality was seen in 1 patient 30 days after operation. Nonsurgical complications (pneumonia, urinary tract infections, cardiac complications) were significantly higher in comparison to nonsarcopenic patients. However surgical complications were comparable between each group. Mortality after hospitalization and length of hospital stay were significantly higher in sarcopenic patients in comparison with the nonsarcopenic group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the value of the psoas muscle region is considered to be a method to predict the in-hospital mortality when there is an available abdominal CT scan that has already been performed for ovarian cancer patients with a significant comparable clinical and laboratory background. According to the findings, patients had worse surgical outcomes and higher postoperative nonsurgical complication rate when sarcopenic patients were compared to nonsarcopenic patients. Moreover, postoperative mortality and length of hospital stay were significantly higher in sarcopenic patients in comparison to non-sarcopenic group.

The risk of malignancy index in discrimination of adnexal masses.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of the risk of malignancy index (RMI) based on a serum CA125 level, ultrasound findings and menopausal status, to discriminate benign from malignant adnexal masses. METHOD: Between September 2002 and November 2004, 296 women with adnexal masses were enrolled. The sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of the CA125 serum level, ultrasound findings and menopausal status in prediction of ovarian cancer were calculated and compared individually or combined into the RMI. RESULTS: The RMI identified malignant cases more accurately than any individual criterion in diagnosing ovarian cancer. Using a cut-off level of 153 to indicate malignancy, the RMI showed a sensitivity of 76.4%, a specificity of 77.9%, a PPV of 65.9%, a NPV of 85.5% with 79.4% correct diagnosis rate. CONCLUSION: The RMI is an appropriate method in diagnosing adnexal masses with high risk of malignancy and forwarding to gynecological oncology centers for suitable surgical operations.

Novel NLRP7 mutations in familial recurrent hydatidiform mole: are NLRP7 mutations a risk for recurrent reproductive wastage?

OBJECTIVE: Familial recurrent hydatidiform mole is an exceedingly rare clinical condition. Affected women are predisposed to molar pregnancies of diploid, biparental origin rather than androgenetic origin. At present, NLRP7 and KHDC3L (C6orf221) are the only genes known to be associated with familial recurrent hydatidiform mole. This study investigated the genetic dispositions in two large Turkish families with recurring molar conceptuses. STUDY DESIGN: Copy number variation analysis was performed followed by NLRP7 gene sequencing. The finding of a mono-allelic condition in one family led to investigation of the adjacent NLRP2 gene and recently associated KHDC3L gene. Sampled molar tissues were genotyped using microsatellite markers. RESULTS: In one family, a homozygous single nucleotide insertion that caused a frameshift leading to an early stop codon, c.2940_2941insC (p.Glu981ArgfsX13), was identified in the affected sisters. In the other family, a heterozygous 60-kb deletion eliminating substantial portions of the NLRP2 and NLRP7 genes on one allele was found. Screening of NLRP2 and KHDC3L genes revealed no alterations that were considered to be pathological. Genotyping of six independent molar conceptions revealed that five were of diploid, biparental origin and one was of diandric, triploid origin. CONCLUSIONS: Two novel protein-truncating mutations in the NLRP7 gene were found to be associated with familial recurrent hydatidiform mole. Mutations in the NLRP7 gene causing recurrent biparental hydatidiform mole may also be associated with other forms of recurrent reproductive wastage.