Acute ischemic stroke in a trauma cohort: Incidence and diagnostic challenges.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke is critical for acute intervention. Its diagnosis may be obscured in trauma patients due to confounding injuries. We report its incidence in trauma patients following their presentation at our institution. METHODS: Electronic charts of all acute trauma patients presenting to a designated level 1 trauma center emergency department between September 2012-November 2015 were screened and included in the study if they had a discharge diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. Patient data were reviewed to identify the presence of neurologic deficit on initial triage, imaging type obtained (intracranial or extracranial) and time to diagnosis of stroke. RESULTS: Of 192 trauma patients screened, 11 were found to have acute ischemic stroke (5.7%). Patients were generally young (median age, 49 years) and predominantly males (n = 8). Presentation after vehicular crash was most frequent (n = 8 or 73%). Patients had predominantly skeletal injuries (n = 8 or 73%). Initial workup involved vascular imaging below the neck (n = 9), while only one had intracranial vascular imaging. When patients underwent cervicocranial vascular imaging, 64% (n = 7) had findings explaining the etiology of their stroke. None of the patients was diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke on admission. Its diagnosis was delayed by an average 1.8 days following presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Acute ischemic stroke in trauma patients was a frequent diagnosis albeit with delay. Routine craniocervical vascular imaging at the time of presentation could potentially facilitate early diagnosis. A prospective study with routine craniocervical vascular imaging in trauma patients will be needed to further explore this hypothesis.

Management of refractory bacterial meningitis-associated cerebral vasospasm: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral vasospasm is an alarming complication of acute bacterial meningitis with potentially devastating consequences. It is essential for providers to recognize and treat it appropriately. Unfortunately, there is no well-established approach to the management of postinfectious vasospasm, which makes it especially challenging to treat these patients. More research is needed to address this gap in care. OBSERVATIONS: Here, the authors describe a patient with postmeningitis vasospasm that was refractory to induced hypertension, steroids, and verapamil. He eventually responded to a combination of intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial (IA) milrinone followed by angioplasty. LESSONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of successfully using milrinone as vasodilator therapy in a patient with postbacterial meningitis-associated vasospasm. This case supports the use of this intervention. In future cases of vasospasm after bacterial meningitis, IV and IA milrinone should be trialed earlier with consideration of angioplasty.

The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) Device for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: Ten Years of Lessons Learned and Adjustments in Practice from the WorldWideWEB Consortium.

Several studies have shown promising outcomes of the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device for the treatment of wide-necked intracranial bifurcation aneurysms. This is a multicenter study attempts to explore the changes in trends and treatment outcomes over time for WEB embolization of intracranial aneurysms. The WorldWideWEB consortium is a retrospective multicenter collaboration of data from international centers spanning from January 2011 and June 2021, with no limitations on aneurysm location or rupture status. Both bifurcation and sidewall aneurysms were included. These patients were stratified based on treatment year into five treatment intervals: 2011-2015 (N = 66), 2016-2017 (N = 77), 2018 (N = 66), 2019 (N = 300), and 2020-2021 (N = 173). Patient characteristics and angiographic and clinical outcomes were compared between these time intervals. This study comprised 671 patients (median age 61.4 years; 71.2% female) with 682 intracranial aneurysms. Over time, we observed an increasing tendency to treat patients presenting with ruptured aneurysms and aneurysms with smaller neck, diameter, and dome widths. Furthermore, we observed a trend towards more off-label use of the WEB for sidewall aneurysms and increased adoption of transradial access for WEB deployment. Moreover, the proportion of patients with adequate WEB occlusion immediately and at last follow-up was significantly higher in more recent year cohorts, as well as lower rates of compaction and retreatment. Mortality and complications did not differ over time. This learning curve study suggests improved experience using the WEB for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms and has yielded higher rates of adequate occlusion over time.

Intrasaccular flow disruption for ruptured aneurysms: an international multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is a novel intrasaccular flow disruptor tailored for bifurcation aneurysms. We aim to describe the degree of aneurysm occlusion at the latest follow-up, and the rate of complications of aneurysms treated with the WEB device stratified according to rupture status. METHODS: Our data were taken from the WorldWideWeb Consortium, an international multicenter cohort including patients treated with the WEB device. Aneurysms were classified into two groups: ruptured and unruptured. We compared clinical and radiologic outcomes of both groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) was done to match according to age, gender, bifurcation, location, prior treatment, neck, height, dome width, daughter sac, incorporated branch, pretreatment antiplatelets, and last imaging follow-up. RESULTS: The study included 676 patients with 691 intracranial aneurysms (529 unruptured and 162 ruptured) treated with the WEB device. The PSM analysis had 55 pairs. In both the unmatched (85.8% vs 84.3%, p=0.692) and matched (94.4% vs 83.3%, p=0.066) cohorts there was no significant difference in the adequate occlusion rate at the last follow-up. Likewise, there were no significant differences in both ischemic and hemorrhagic complications between the two groups. There was no documented aneurysm rebleeding after WEB device implantation. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in both the radiologic outcomes and complications between unruptured and ruptured aneurysms. Our findings support the feasibility of treatment of ruptured aneurysms with the WEB device.

A genome-led study on the pathogenesis of Fusobacterium necrophorum infections.

Fusobacterium necrophorum causes a range of mild to life threatening infections and there is uncertainty in terms of diagnosis and treatment due to the lack of knowledge on their pathogenic mechanisms. This study characterised genomes of F. necrophorum to compare their virulence factors and investigate potential infection markers. 27 isolates of F. necrophorum from patients with pharyngotonsillitis were subjected to whole genome sequencing and compared with 42 genomes published in the NCBI database. Phylogenomics, pangemome, pan-GWAS and virulome were analysed to study strain variations with reference to virulence factors. Core genome based phylogenomic tree exhibited three clades of which Clade A belonged to F. necrophorum subsp necrophorum, clades B and C were F. necrophorum subsp funduliforme. Pan-GWAS and Pan-Virulome suggest some marker genes associated with clinical sources of isolation that needs further validation. Our study highlights some interesting features of the pathogenesis of F. necrophorum infections. Although the animal isolate genomes had some marker genes, the genomes of human isolates did not exhibit clear correlation to their clinical sources of isolation. This prompts to think of other mechanisms such as co-infections or host factors that can be involved in the pathogenesis.

Artery of Percheron occlusion with first-pass recanalisation of the first segment of posterior cerebral artery.

This is an elderly patient who was found unconscious at home. CT of the head without contrast was unremarkable, while CT angiography of the head and neck revealed a subocclusive thrombus on the precommunicating (P1) segment of the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA). MRI brain revealed bilateral regions of diffusion restriction in the paramedian thalami and bilateral medial mesencephalon. Initial angiography confirmed the presence of a subocclusive thrombus in the P1 segment of the left PCA. Thrombectomy was performed achieving recanalisation of the left PCA and reperfusion of bilateral thalami via a visualised artery of Percheron. Postoperatively, the patient was kept on a daily dose of 325 mg of aspirin. The patient did not improve neurologically. A follow-up MRI brain showed diffusion restriction in the left occipital lobe and petechial haemorrhages in the bilateral thalami. The family eventually opted for palliative measures, and the patient expired on day 14 of admission due to acute respiratory failure from palliative extubating.

Management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children utilizing venous sinus stenting.

BACKGROUND: Venous sinus stenting (VSS) is an accepted and minimally invasive treatment for adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) associated with lateral sinus stenosis (LSS). The efficacy and safety of venous sinus stenting (VSS) in children with IIH has not been established. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of IIH patients 18 years of age or younger with LSS treated with VSS at our institution. Included patients have fulminant disease course or are refractory or intolerant to medical management. RESULTS: Eight patients were identified; 4 males and 4 females. Mean age is 13.4 years (range 4-18). All patients had severe headaches, 5 had blurred vision, 3 had diplopia and 3 had pulsatile tinnitus. Papilledema was present in 4 patients. Three patients had prior surgical procedures. Four patients were intolerant to medical management, 3 were refractory and 1 had fulminant course. Cerebral venography demonstrated severe stenosis of the dominant sinus in 6 patients and of bilateral co-dominant sinuses in 2 patients. Six patients had intrinsic stenosis and 2 had extrinsic stenosis. Venous sinus stenting (VSS) resulted in improvement of symptoms, papilledema and normalization of CSF opening pressure in 7 patients. No immediate complications were observed. Mean follow-up period is 21 months (range 6-42). Two patients required re-stenting; one responded well and the other had persistent symptoms and underwent subsequent surgical procedures of CSF diversion, suboccipital decompression and duraplasty which were also ineffective. CONCLUSION: VSS may provide a viable option for pediatric IIH patients who are intolerant to medication, have failed conservative management or prior surgical interventions, or present with fulminant disease.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension with stenosis of a solitary occipital venous sinus treated with stenting.

A 47-year-old live kidney-donor woman presented with headaches and blurred vision. Neuro-ophthalmological examination demonstrated papilledema and right eye inferior nasal defect. Brain MRV showed no sinus thrombosis but solitary right venous sinus draining the torcular Herophili to right jugular bulb. Lumbar puncture revealed elevated CSF opening pressure of 40 cm H2O with normal composition. She was diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). She did not tolerate medical management and declined CSF diversion surgery. Cerebral angiography and venography showed venous outflow drainage from torcular Herophili through a solitary occipital sinus which has distal severe stenosis and pressure gradient of 10 mmHg. Balloon angioplasty and stenting of the occipital sinus were performed. Post-stenting, the stenosis and pressure gradient resolved. At 3-months follow-up, her symptoms and papilledema had resolved and CSF opening pressure was normal at 15 cm H2O. Aberrant cerebral venous anatomy may cause IIH and can be treatable with neuroendovascular techniques.

Clinical and Laboratory Profiles of Idiopathic Small Fiber Neuropathy in Children: Case Series.

The role of autoimmune mechanisms in idiopathic small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is not completely understood. Serum IgM binding to trisulfated disaccharide IdoA2S-GlcNS-6S (TS-HDS) and IgG to fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 were associated with sensory motor polyneuropathies and sensory neuronopathy among others. In this retrospective case review, we describe the clinical and laboratory findings of idiopathic SFN in a small cohort of pediatric patients. Eight children were diagnosed with SFN clinically and confirmed by reduced epidermal nerve fiber density. No involvement of large fibers was confirmed by clinical examination and electrophysiological tests. Possible triggering factors were infectious mononucleosis in 4 patients and human papilloma virus vaccination in 1 patient. Tilt table test was positive in 1 patient, and clinical autonomic dysfunctions were noted in 6 patients. Five patients had positive IgM against TS-HDS, 3 of whom had lower extremity predominant paresthesia. In conclusion, a high proportion of patients with idiopathic SFN in our cohort had a positive IgM TS-HDS antibody.

Bilateral Ophthalmic Artery Dissecting Aneurysms Presenting with Recurrent Epistaxis.

We present a rare case of bilateral expanding traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the ophthalmic arteries, due to a gunshot. The aneurysms presented with epistaxis. After a failure of conservative management, coil embolization of the aneurysms resulted in complete occlusion, with preservation of flow in the parent vessels.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Analysis of Four Cases.

BACKGROUND: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease that almost always results in death in under a year from onset of symptoms. Here, we report four cases of CJD with different clinical presentations diagnosed at our institution over a 2-year period. CASES: The first patient is an 82-year-old woman who presented with depression, cognitive decline, and word-finding difficulty over 4 weeks. The patient deteriorated neurologically to akinetic mutism and death within 6 weeks of presentation. The second patient is a 54-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis who presented with confusion, ataxia, and multiple falls over 4 weeks. She was treated initially for hepatic encephalopathy but continued to progress to mutism, startle myoclonus, and obtundation. Death occurred within 4 weeks of presentation. The third patient is a 58-year-old woman who presented with an 8-week history of confusion, urinary incontinence, Parkinsonism, ataxia, and myoclonus. Death occurred within 2 months from presentation. The fourth patient is a 67-year-old man who presented with a 6-week history of headache, blurred vision, ataxia, and personality change and progressed to confusion, myoclonus, akinetic mutism, and obtundation. Death occurred within 3 weeks from presentation. CONCLUSION: These four cases highlight the varied possible clinical presentations of CJD and demonstrate the importance of considering CJD in patients with atypical presentations of rapidly progressive cognitive decline. To diagnose CJD, brain biopsy remains the gold standard. However, the presence of CSF protein 14-3-3, typical MRI findings and suggestive EEG abnormalities, all support the diagnosis.