RESUMO
To determine antimicrobial drug resistance patterns, we characterized nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica strains isolated in Liverpool, UK, January 2003 through December 2009. Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was found in 103 (20.9%) of 492 isolates. The lower susceptibility was associated with ciprofloxacin treatment failures and with particular serovars and phage types often acquired during foreign travel.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Viagem , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ácido Nalidíxico/farmacologia , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enteritidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Reino UnidoRESUMO
A highly invasive form of non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease has recently been documented in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The most common Salmonella enterica serovar causing this disease is Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium). We applied whole-genome sequence-based phylogenetic methods to define the population structure of sub-Saharan African invasive Salmonella Typhimurium isolates and compared these to global Salmonella Typhimurium populations. Notably, the vast majority of sub-Saharan invasive Salmonella Typhimurium isolates fell within two closely related, highly clustered phylogenetic lineages that we estimate emerged independently â¼52 and â¼35 years ago in close temporal association with the current HIV pandemic. Clonal replacement of isolates from lineage I by those from lineage II was potentially influenced by the use of chloramphenicol for the treatment of iNTS disease. Our analysis suggests that iNTS disease is in part an epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa caused by highly related Salmonella Typhimurium lineages that may have occupied new niches associated with a compromised human population and antibiotic treatment.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Filogenia , Infecções por Salmonella , Salmonella typhimurium , África Subsaariana/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Evolução Molecular , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Filogeografia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/classificação , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Of 260 children under age 5 years who were hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Kurdistan, Iraq, between April and May 2005, 78 (30%) tested positive for norovirus by RT-PCR. These comprised genogroups GI (23%), GII (74%) and GI + GII (3%). Among 28 noroviruses sequenced, GII/4 was the predominant genotype.