Successful Management of Combined BK Nephropathy and Nocardiosis in a Renal Transplant Recipient: Case Report.

Nocardiosis is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. The prevalence of the disease ranges from 2.3% to 5% in renal allograft recipients. Here, we describe a case of BK nephropathy associating with nocardiosis with successful recovery. The 54-year-old male patient had end-stage kidney disease due to diabetic nephropathy associated with diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. He started hemodialysis in October 2017; 2 years later, he underwent a deceased donor kidney transplant with 2 HLA mismatches and high panel reactive antibodies. He received desensitization with intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab, received thymoglobulin as induction, and was maintained on prednisolone, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. His serum creatinine decreased to a nadir of 90 µmol/L. He developed graft dysfunction, which was proven to be due to BK nephropathy. Therefore, mycophenolate mofetil was replaced with leflunomide in addition to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Ten months later, he had an accidental fall and sought an orthopedic evaluation. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine and pelvis revealed lumbar spondylosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and obturator muscle abscess. He was explored surgically, but the surgeon found no abscess or avascular hip necrosis. The patient's blood grew Nocardia, and he was readmitted and started imipenem and linezolid empirically. Brain and chest computed tomography scans ruled out any central nervous system or pulmonary involvement, but a bone scan revealed osteomyelitis of the right superior pubic ramus and prepubic swelling, which was confirmed by computed tomography to be an abscess in both obturator externus and internus. He continued the same antibiotics for 6 months based on culture and sensitivity. At follow-up, the patient has shown stable graft function (creatinine 155 µmol/L) with improved BK viremia with immunosuppression minimization. In renal transplant recipients, successful management of combined BK nephropathy and nocardiosis was feasible with minimization of immunosuppression and proper antimicrobial therapy.

Visual versus semiquantitative analysis of 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography brain images in patients with dementia.

Various studies have reported to the superiority of semiquantitative (SQ) analysis over visual analysis in detecting metabolic changes in the brain. In this study, we aimed to determine the limitations of SQ analysis programs and the current status of 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scan in dementia. 18F- FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) brain images of 39 patients with a history of dementia were analyzed both visually and semiquantitatively. Using the visually markedly abnormal 18F- FDG-PET images as standard, we wanted to test the accuracy of two commercially available SQ analysis programs. SQ analysis results were classified as matching, partially matching and nonmatching with visually markedly abnormal studies. On visual analysis, 18F- FDG-PET showed marked regional hypometabolism in 19 patients, mild abnormalities in 8 and was normal in 12 patients. SQ analysis-1 results matched with visual analysis in 8 patients (42.1%) and partially matched in 11. SQ analysis-2 findings matched with visual analysis in 11 patients (57.8%) and partially matched in 7 and did not match in 1. Marked regional hypometabolism was either on the left side of the brain or was more significant on the left than the right in 63% of patients. Preservation of metabolism in sensorimotor cortex was seen in various dementia subtypes. Reviewing images in color scale and maximum intensity projection (MIP) image was helpful in demonstrating and displaying regional abnormalities, respectively. SQ analysis provides less accurate results as compared to visual analysis by experts. Due to suboptimal image registration and selection of brain areas, SQ analysis provides inaccurate results, particularly in small areas and areas in close proximity. Image registration and selection of areas with SQ programs should be checked carefully before reporting the results.

Parkinsonism as a Complication of Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The association between Parkinsonism and BS has already been reported in only three patients worldwide. CASE SUMMARY: We report a 39-years old Kuwaiti female who presented with parkinsonian features and mononeuropathy (carpal tunnel syndrome) 3 years after a vertical sleeve gastrectomy operation. CONCLUSION: We conclude that with the increasing popularity of bariatric surgery, clinicians will need to recognize and manage neurologic complications that may appear soon after or years to decades later. Thorough evaluation is essential for any patient who has undergone bariatric surgery and develops neurologic symptoms.