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Introduction: Herbs are excellent sources of medicinal substances, and their curative abilities have been recognized to treat many ailments and are used for example as antioxidants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antipyretics, and many other medicinal uses. The properties of natural compounds and their health effects have been studied extensively, especially those that originate from plant sources such as ginger. The ginger plant contains many chemical compounds, such as 6-gingerol, which is characterized by containing active groups such as carbonyl and hydroxide, which can be attached to metal molecules. This is what was done in this study, where the formation of complexes with a group of metals was studied and their effect on cancer cells was investigated. These complexes will open new horizons for further study of medicinal uses. Methods: The synthesis of gingerol-metal complexes was carried out by conjugating gingerol molecules with Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn metal ions. The extracted gingerol was transferred to culture tubes and deionized water-DMSO were added followed by sonication. The tubes were incubated at 90°C for two days as well as the control sample. The samples were then filtered and the complex solutions were transferred into new tubes for further studies. Different characterization techniques such as FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, FESEM, and EDX are used to confirm the formation of the complexes. The in vitro of the complexes was tested by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay against the human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29 which exhibited strong cytotoxicity. Results: The gingerol-metal complexes showed an enhancement as an anticancer agent compared to the control. The in vitro anticancer activity showed that the Ag-gingerol complex showed the most activity among the other complexes. Discussion: Gingerol-metal complexes can inhibit cancer cells, noting that the potency of the complex depends on the type of metal used.
RESUMO
Background The nature and extent of the relation between body mass index (BMI) score and the risk of Musculoskeletal (MSK) injury are still unclear, with few studies investigating. So, the purpose of this study was to assess the association between BMI scores and MSK injury and to see if the site of MSK injury is affected by a specific BMI score. In addition, the risk of MSK injuries was compared among different adult age groups. Methods The study population included all patients above 18 years old with musculoskeletal injuries between January 2009 and December 2019 at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC). The estimated sample size was 377. The study subjects were distributed according to their BMI into four categories (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese). Also, they were divided according to their age into young adults, middle age, and older adults. Each MSK injury was identified by its location as upper extremity, axial skeleton, or lower extremity. Results Only gender and age were significantly related to the site of injury, with P-values (0.018) and (0.001), respectively. As for the BMI category, its relation with the site of injury was nonsignificant (P-value: 0.092). The younger age group (≤ 35) has a significantly higher chance to be injured in the upper extremities compared with the older adults (≥ 56) (P-value = 0.014). While the axial skeleton (especially the lower back) was the most common site of injury in obese, overweight, and underweight categories, patients with normal BMI have lower extremities as their most common site of injury. Conclusion Although a higher BMI is associated with an increased risk of MSK injury, the difference in the BMI score seems to not effect the site of injury. By contrast, both gender and age group have a significant relationship with the site of MSK injury.