Time-reversal-symmetric single-photon wave packets for free-space quantum communication.

Readout and retrieval processes are proposed for efficient, high-fidelity quantum state transfer between a matter qubit, encoded in the level structure of a single atom or ion, and a photonic qubit, encoded in a time-reversal-symmetric single-photon wave packet. They are based on controlling spontaneous photon emission and absorption of a matter qubit on demand in free space by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. As these processes do not involve mode selection by high-finesse cavities or photon transport through optical fibers, they offer interesting perspectives as basic building blocks for free-space quantum-communication protocols.

Measurement-induced chaos with entangled states.

The dynamics of an ensemble of identically prepared two-qubit systems is investigated which is subjected to the iteratively applied measurements and conditional selection of a typical entanglement purification protocol. The resulting dynamics exhibits strong sensitivity to initial conditions. For one class of initial states two types of islands characterize the asymptotic limit. They correspond to a separable and a fully entangled two-qubit state, respectively, and their boundaries form fractal-like structures. In the presence of incoherent noise an additional stable asymptotic cycle appears.

Dysregulation of gastrointestinal RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) expression in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy.

The pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs involves dysregulated innate immune responses. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a pattern recognition receptor, plays a role in chronic inflammation. Abrogation of proinflammatory RAGE signaling by ligand binding (e.g., S100/calgranulins) to soluble RAGE (sRAGE) might also be a novel therapeutic avenue. Serum sRAGE levels are decreased in canine CIE, but gastrointestinal tissue RAGE expression has not been investigated in dogs. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the gastrointestinal mucosal RAGE expression in dogs with CIE. Further, the potential binding of RAGE to canine S100/calgranulin ligands was investigated. Epithelial RAGE expression was quantified in gastrointestinal (gastric, duodenal, ileal, and colonic) biopsies from 12 dogs with CIE and 9 healthy control dogs using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RAGE expression was compared between both groups of dogs and was tested for an association with patient characteristics, clinical variables, histologic lesion severity, and biomarkers of extra-gastrointestinal disease, systemic or gastrointestinal inflammation, function, or protein loss. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RAGE:S100/calgranulin binding was assessed by immunoassay and electrophoretic techniques. RAGE expression was detected in all 59 biopsies from diseased and healthy control dogs evaluated. Epithelial RAGE expression in the duodenum and colon was significantly higher in dogs with CIE than in healthy controls (p < 0.04). Compared to healthy controls, RAGE expression in dogs with CIE also tended to be higher in the ileum but lower in the stomach. A slight (statistically not significant) shift towards more basal intestinal epithelial RAGE expression was detected in CIE dogs. Serum sRAGE was proportional to epithelial RAGE expression in the duodenum (p < 0.04), and RAGE expression in the colon inversely correlated with biomarkers of protein loss in serum (both p < 0.04). Several histologic morphologic and inflammatory lesion criteria and markers of inflammation (serum C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin concentration) were related to epithelial RAGE expression in the duodenum, ileum, and/or colon. in vitro canine RAGE:S100A12 binding appeared more pronounced than RAGE:S100A8/A9 binding. This study showed a dysregulation of epithelial RAGE expression along the gastrointestinal tract in dogs with CIE. Compensatory regulations in the sRAGE/RAGE axis are an alternative explanation for these findings. The results suggest that RAGE signaling plays a role in dogs with CIE, but higher anti-inflammatory decoy receptor sRAGE levels paralleled RAGE overexpression. Canine S100/calgranulins were demonstrated to be ligands for RAGE.

Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers production of high levels of interleukin-12 and enhances T cell stimulatory capacity: T-T help via APC activation.

We investigated the possibility that T helper cells might enhance the stimulatory function of dendritic cells (DCs). We found that ligation of CD40 by CD40L triggers the production of extremely high levels of bioactive IL-12. Other stimuli such as microbial agents, TNF-alpha or LPS are much less effective or not at all. In addition, CD40L is the most potent stimulus in upregulating the expression of ICAM-1, CD80, and CD86 molecules on DCs. These effects of CD40 ligation result in an increased capacity of DCs to trigger proliferative responses and IFN-gamma production by T cells. These findings reveal a new role for CD40-CD40L interaction in regulating DC function and are relevant to design therapeutic strategies using cultured DCs.

Alphabeta T cell receptor-positive cells and interferon-gamma, but not inducible nitric oxide synthase, are critical for granuloma necrosis in a mouse model of mycobacteria-induced pulmonary immunopathology.

The immunological basis of tuberculin-induced necrosis, known for more than a century as "Koch's phenomenon," remains poorly understood. Aerosol infection in mice with the highly virulent Mycobacterium avium strain TMC724 causes progressive pulmonary pathology strongly resembling caseating necrosis in human patients with tuberculosis. To identify the cellular and molecular mediators causing this pathology, we infected C57BL/6 mice and mice selectively deficient in recombinase activating gene (RAG)-1, alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR), gammadelta TCR, CD4, CD8, beta2-microglobulin, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p35/p40, or iNOS with M. avium by aerosol and compared bacterial multiplication, histopathology, and respiratory physiology in these mice. The bacterial load in the lung was similarly high in all mouse groups. Pulmonary compliance, as a surrogate marker for granulomatous infiltrations in the lung, deteriorated to a similar extent in all groups of mice, except in alphabeta TCR-knockout (KO) and IL-12-KO mice in which compliance was higher, and in IFN-gamma and inducible nitric oxide synthase-KO mice in which compliance was reduced faster. Progressive caseation of pulmonary granulomas never occurred in alphabeta TCR-KO, IL-12-KO, and IFN-gamma-KO mice and was reduced in CD4-KO mice. In summary, alphabeta TCR(+) cells and IFN-gamma are essential for the development of mycobacteria-induced pulmonary caseous necrosis. In contrast, high mycobacterial load and extensive granulomatous infiltration per se are not sufficient to cause caseation, nor is granuloma necrosis linked to the induction of nitric oxide.

Molecular mimicry of the antigen receptor signalling motif by transmembrane proteins of the Epstein-Barr virus and the bovine leukaemia virus.

BACKGROUND: Many transmembrane proteins of eukaryotic cells have only a short cytoplasmic tail of 10 - 100 amino acids, which has no obvious catalytic function. These tails are thought to be involved either in signal transduction or in the association of transmembrane proteins with the cytoskeleton. We have previously identified, in the cytoplasmic tails of components of B and T lymphocyte antigen receptors, an amino-acid motif that is required for signalling. The same motif is also found in the cytoplasmic tails of two viral proteins: the latent membrane protein, LMP2A, of Epstein Barr virus and the envelope protein, gp30, of bovine leukaemia virus. Interestingly, both viruses can activate infected B lymphocytes to proliferate, as does signalling by the B-cell receptor. RESULTS: In this study, we show that the cytoplasmic tails of the two viral proteins, and the cytoplasmic tail of the B-cell receptor immunoglobulin-alpha chain, when linked to CD8 in chimeric transmembrane proteins, can transduce signals in B cells. Cross-linking of these chimeric receptors activates B-cell protein tyrosine kinases and results in calcium mobilization. Furthermore, these cytoplasmic sequences are also protein tyrosine kinase substrates and may interact with cytosolic proteins carrying SH2 protein-protein interaction domains. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that viral transmembrane proteins can mimic the antigen-induced stimulation of the B-cell antigen receptor and thus can influence the activation and/or survival of infected B lymphocytes.

Reliability of Semi-Automated Segmentations in Glioblastoma.

PURPOSE: In glioblastoma, quantitative volumetric measurements of contrast-enhancing or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintense tumor compartments are needed for an objective assessment of therapy response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a semi-automated, region-growing segmentation tool for determining tumor volume in patients with glioblastoma among different users of the software. METHODS: A total of 320 segmentations of tumor-associated FLAIR changes and contrast-enhancing tumor tissue were performed by different raters (neuroradiologists, medical students, and volunteers). All patients underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging including a 3D-FLAIR and a 3D-MPRage sequence. Segmentations were done using a semi-automated, region-growing segmentation tool. Intra- and inter-rater-reliability were addressed by intra-class-correlation (ICC). Root-mean-square error (RMSE) was used to determine the precision error. Dice score was calculated to measure the overlap between segmentations. RESULTS: Semi-automated segmentation showed a high ICC (> 0.985) for all groups indicating an excellent intra- and inter-rater-reliability. Significant smaller precision errors and higher Dice scores were observed for FLAIR segmentations compared with segmentations of contrast-enhancement. Single rater segmentations showed the lowest RMSE for FLAIR of 3.3 % (MPRage: 8.2 %). Both, single raters and neuroradiologists had the lowest precision error for longitudinal evaluation of FLAIR changes. CONCLUSIONS: Semi-automated volumetry of glioblastoma was reliably performed by all groups of raters, even without neuroradiologic expertise. Interestingly, segmentations of tumor-associated FLAIR changes were more reliable than segmentations of contrast enhancement. In longitudinal evaluations, an experienced rater can detect progressive FLAIR changes of less than 15 % reliably in a quantitative way which could help to detect progressive disease earlier.

Induction of immunity and inflammation by interleukin-12 family members.

The interleukin (IL)-12 family is composed of three heterodimeric cytokines, IL-12 (p40p35), IL-23 (p40p19), and IL-27 (EBI3p28), and of monomeric and homodimeric p40. This review focuses on the three heterodimeric members of the IL-12 family. The p40 and p40-like (EBI3) subunits have homology to the IL-6R, the other subunits (p35, p19, and p28) are homologous to each other and to members of the IL-6 superfamily. On the basis of their structural similarity, it was expected that the members of the IL-12 family have overlapping pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. However, it was surprising that they also show very distinct activities. IL- 12 has a central role as a Th1-inducing and -maintaining cytokine, which is essential in cell-mediated immunity in nonviral infections and in tumor control. IL-23 recently emerged as an end-stage effector cytokine responsible for autoimmune chronic inflammation through induction of IL-17 and direct activation of macrophages. Very recently, IL-27 was found to exert not only a pro-inflammatory Thl-enhancing but also a significant anti-inflammatory function.

The IL-33 receptor (ST2) regulates early IL-13 production in fungus-induced allergic airway inflammation.

Allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in response to environmental antigens is an increasing medical problem, especially in the Western world. Type 2 interleukins (IL) are central in the pathological response but their importance and cellular source(s) often rely on the particular allergen. Here, we highlight the cellular sources and regulation of the prototypic type 2 cytokine, IL-13, during the establishment of AAI in a fungal infection model using Cryptococcus neoformans. IL-13 reporter mice revealed a rapid onset of IL-13 competence within innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) and IL-33R(+) T helper (Th) cells. ILC2 showed IL-33-dependent proliferation upon infection and significant IL-13 production. Th cells essentially required IL-33 to become either GATA3(+) or GATA3(+)/Foxp3(+) hybrids. GATA3(+) Th cells almost exclusively contributed to IL-13 production but hybrid GATA3(+)/Foxp3(+) Th cells did not. In addition, alveolar macrophages upregulated the IL-33R and subsequently acquired a phenotype of alternative activation (Ym1(+), FIZZ1(+), and arginase-1(+)) linked to type 2 immunity. Absence of adaptive immunity in rag2(-/-) mice resulted in attenuated AAI, revealing the need for Th2 cells for full AAI development. Taken together, in pulmonary cryptococcosis ILC2 and GATA3(+) Th2 cells produce early IL-13 largely IL-33R-dependent, thereby promoting goblet cell metaplasia, pulmonary eosinophilia, and alternative activation of alveolar macrophages.

High-frequency fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

The experimental Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT/ICR) frequency range has been extended to 107 MHz. We report the observation of FT/ICR signals from electron-ionized species of mass-to-charge ratio 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 µ per elementary charge. We show that moderately high charge states of atomic ions (e.g., N(3+)) are easily generated and detected. Several applications for high-frequency FT/ICR mass spectrometry are proposed and discussed.

Destruction of quantum coherence and stochastic ionization of Rydberg electrons by fluctuating laser fields.

It is shown that diffusion and stochastic ionization of an optically excited Rydberg electron are generic long time phenomena which are consequences of the destruction of quantum coherence by laser fluctuations. Quantitatively these novel fluctuation-induced phenomena are characterized by non-exponential time evolutions whose power law dependences can be determined analytically. It is demonstrated that the competition between stochastic ionization and autoionization may lead to interesting new effects.

Rupture of guide wire during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Mechanics and management.

Two rare cases of rupture of the guide wire during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are described. Both patients required emergency surgical retrieval of the retained fragments and myocardial revascularization. The possible mechanics of the event and the options in the management are discussed with a review of the literature on this rare complication of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Murine leishmaniosis: a paradigm for the importance of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells.

The murine model of leishmaniosis is a prototypic example for the critical role played by T helper cells in immunity to pathogens. Cytokines, such as interleukin-12 and interleukin-4, are the major regulatory factors for differentiation of naive T helper cells into T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells, respectively. T helper 1 cells, which are cellular immune mechanisms involving gamma interferon production, are associated with protection against murine leishmaniosis. Loss of T helper 1 activity (i.e., reduced gamma interferon production and lack of macrophage activation) leads to a fatal progressive course of murine leishmaniosis. Knowledge of the murine model of leishmaniosis is now contributing to studies of infectious diseases in humans, livestock and companion animals. Greater insight into the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases will be gained from the analysis of cytokine-dependent regulation of T helper responses during infection. In particular, the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines will benefit significantly from these studies.

Clinical evaluation of the Alta hip bolt in peritrochanteric hip fractures.

We reviewed the clinical and radiographic results of 58 patients with peritrochanteric fractures treated with the Alta hip bolt (a sliding compression device that inserts a dome plunger in the femoral head instead of a hip screw). This group was compared with a group of 53 patients treated with conventional hip screws. Three patients (5.2%) treated with the Alta hip bolt and three patients (5.7%) treated with conventional hip screw had failure of fixation. Failure of fixation consistently occurred in patients with unstable fracture patterns or significant osteopenia. There were no cases of bolt cut-out in stable intertrochanteric fractures. We conclude that the Alta hip bolt performs as well as sliding hip screws in peritrochanteric fractures, but the additional learning curve and increased cost do not justify its routine use at this point in time.

T1/ST2 promotes T helper 2 cell activation and polyfunctionality in bronchopulmonary mycosis.

Interleukin (IL)-33 enhances T helper (Th)2 immunity via its receptor T1/ST2. Infection with the yeast-like pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is usually controlled by a Th1-mediated immune response. The mechanisms responsible for nonprotective Th2 immunity leading to allergic inflammation in pulmonary cryptococcosis are still not fully understood. Using a murine pulmonary model of C. neoformans infection, we report that T1/ST2 expression correlates with the intensity of Th2 activation, as demonstrated by the expression of CD25 and CD44 and downregulation of CD62L. Antigen-specific T1/ST2(+) Th cells are the primary source of the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 as compared with wild-type T1/ST2(-) Th cells or Th cells from T1/ST2(-/-) mice. In addition, T1/ST2(+) Th cells almost exclusively contain bi- and trifunctional Th2 cytokine-producing Th cells compared with T1/ST2(-) Th cells or Th cells from T1/ST2(-/-) mice. Finally, T1/ST2-driven Th2 development resulted in defective pulmonary fungal control. These data demonstrate that T1/ST2 directs Th2 cell activation and polyfunctionality in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis.

Lack of IL-4 receptor expression on T helper cells reduces T helper 2 cell polyfunctionality and confers resistance in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis.

T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells play decisive roles in the regulation of resistance vs. susceptibility to pulmonary cryptococcosis. To study the function of interleukin (IL)-4 receptor (IL-4R) on Th cells in pulmonary cryptococcosis, we infected mice specifically lacking IL-4Rα on CD4(+) T cells (Lck(Cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice) and IL-4Rα(-/lox) controls. Lck(Cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice developed enhanced resistance accompanied by reduced pulmonary allergic inflammation and diminished production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 as compared with IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice. Polyfunctional antigen-specific Th2 cells producing simultaneously two or three Th2 cytokines were reduced in infected Lck(Cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice, pointing to a critical role of polyfunctional Th2 cells for disease progression. Reduced Th2 polyfunctionality was associated with fewer pulmonary alternatively activated macrophages. This work is the first direct evidence for a critical contribution of the IL-4R on Th cells to Th2-dependent susceptibility during allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. Moreover, the data demonstrate that the quality of the Th2 response has an impact on type 2 inflammation. The analysis of polyfunctional Th2 cells may be useful for monitoring the course of the disease.

Controlling quantum systems by embedded dynamical decoupling schemes.

A dynamical decoupling method is presented which is based on embedding a deterministic decoupling scheme into a stochastic one. This way it is possible to combine the advantages of both methods and to increase the suppression of undesired perturbations of quantum systems significantly even for long interaction times. As a first application the stabilization of a quantum memory is discussed which is perturbed by one- and two-qubit interactions.

[Therapy of myocardial infarction in elderly (author's transl)]. / Die Therapie des Herzinfarkts beim alten Menschen.

The therapy of myocardial infarction in elderly is submitted to restrictions and modifications especially regarding the selection and dosage of the used agents. Numerous antiarrhythmic agents are tolerated from patients in advanced age only with a reduced dose. The treatment of cardiogenic shock is the more problematic, the fewer is suffered a breakdown of blood pressure from the "central" organs brain, heart and kidneys. A rational therapy, adapted to the advanced age, which includes the application of anticoagulants, too, is outlined and founded.