Identification of Genetic Variants Associated With Myocardial Infarction in Saudi Arabia.

The genetic variants associated with various genetic disorders have not been identified decisively in Saudi Arabia. Among these variants, six known for their association with coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction (MI) were studied on Saudi patients. Reference single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these variants are rs5174, rs11591147, rs2259816, rs111245230, rs3782886 and rs2259820, referring to genes LRP8, PCSK9, HNF1A, SVEP1, BRAP and HNF1A, respectively. The analysis employed polymerase chain reaction panel coupled with mini-sequencing (SNapShot multiplex system) in order to identify these variants. A total of 100 MI patients and 103 healthy control individuals participated in this study. The six variants (SNPs) were evaluated for the risk of developing MI in the Saudi patients. Analysis of allele frequencies indicated that A allele of rs11591147 variant can be a protective allele, thus, is associated with the decreased risk of MI in Saudi individuals. Rare allele of rs111245230 variant (e.g., C allele) was extremely reduced, while rare allele of rs3782886 variant (e.g., G allele) does not exist in the ethnic signature of the Saudi population. This study elucidates the possible prediction of risk factors associated with severe diseases in Saudi population utilizing SNapShot multiplex system.

High sensitivity Troponins In Patients with elevated prohormone of beta natriuretic peptide and acute heart failure (HIGH TRIP Trial).

In patients presented to emergency rooms, Pro hormone of Natriuretic Peptide (Pro BNP) essay is overly sensitive test to rule out heart failure but less specific in predicting outcomes in follow-ups, in this study we ought to find the added value of High Sensitivity cardiac Troponin I (Hs-cTn I), in patients presented acutely with heart failure and its impact on mortality when Pro BNP is highly elevated. Prospective cohort study, inclusion criteria were age above 18 and clearly positive NT Pro BNP > 1000 pg/ml, with 12 months follow up period, primary end point was mortality from heart failure, secondary endpoint was need for rehospitalization. 95 patients were enrolled, divided into overt and non-overt pulmonary edema groups. Mean (Pro BNP) was 6184 and 5927 pg/ml and mean (Hs-cTn I) were 19.27 and 0.17 ng/ml respectively, Mean Ejection fraction was 48 ± 7 and 47 ± 7 for each group sequentially. Mortality rate was 4 (13%) in the higher Hs-c Tn I group, and 1 (1.6%) in the low troponin level group p = .03, odd ratio was 8.5, 95% CI (0.9-80). Need for re-hospitalization was present in 12 (38%) Vs 7 (8%) patients, p = .0081, odd ratio 4.8, 95% CI (1.7-14.2). In COX proportional hazard analysis, only Hs-cTn I was a significant predictor of poor outcome in this high-risk cohort with p = 0.0001. Adding (Hs-cTrop I) assay to the panel of laboratory testing, in patients presented to ER with acute heart failure and with high Pro-BNP > 1000, may further predicts mortality and rehospitalization rate.

Efficacy of Telemedicine Utilization for Cardiac Outpatients' Care during the Pandemic of COVID-19: A Large Center Experience in the Wave of the Pandemic.

Introduction: Synchronous telemedicine using teleconferencing may play a role in clinical care. In a tertiary care center, video conferencing-enhanced virtual clinics were established via a new application platform. They were introduced during COVID-19 pandemic to connect patients to trained health-care providers via a secured line. While maintaining patients' privacy, they were theorized to offer effective communications and continuous clinical care. In this cross-sectional cohort study, we ought to examine the impact of service and the assistance they may offer to cardiac patients in the outpatient setup. Methods: A prospective cohort study looking at all video-conferencing virtual clinics' visits during the pandemic with primary focus on cardiac outpatient clinic, addressing primary endpoints of need for admission or emergency visits from cardiac demises during the pandemic and secondary endpoint of patient satisfaction based on patients' experiences. Results: A total of 6000 live care video-based chats were made over 10 months period from March 10th, 2020, to January 30th, 2021, among which 277 patients were evaluated in the virtual cardiac clinic, of these 193 (69.7%) were males, with mean age of 48 ± 15.60 (22.3%), patients were requested to present to clinic for further evaluation and testing, 20 (7.2%) patients were asked to visit the emergency room, of whom 8 (2.8%) patients were hospitalized. All 8 were admitted for high-risk findings that require immediate medical attention, 4/8 underwent cardiac catheterization, mean duration of admission was 2 ± 1 days. When compared to regular walk-in care, there was a statistical difference in admission rate and emergency visits p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001, respectively, both were statistically higher in the virtual clinic. The satisfaction rate in a 5-scale grading system was 97% of 4 and above recommending the continuation of the service beyond pandemic time. Conclusions: Video-enhanced virtual cardiology clinic works safely and efficiently during COVID-19 pandemic with a difference in admission rate and ER visits when compared to walk-in clinic. It can be used during nonpandemic time to reduce load on hospital and clinic crowdedness. It also decreases the chances of COVID-19 transmission indirectly by reenforcing physical distance.

Implementing "Chest Pain Pathway" Using Smartphone Messaging Application "WhatsApp" as a Corrective Action Plan to Improve Ischemia Time in "ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction" in Primary PCI Capable Center "WhatsApp-STEMI Trial".

BACKGROUND: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention. Each hospital should implement a clinical pathway with the main objective to reduce ischemia time from diagnosis to revascularization (because this has shown to save myocardial tissues and, subsequently, patients' lives), utilizing the most evidence-based approach and the most up-to-date management protocol. In this study, we aimed to assess the utility of structuring chest pain pathway (CPP) with the instantaneous case-by-case feedback protocol using WhatsApp and its impact on improving 2 major key performance indicators-the impact on initial emergency room (ER) door-to-electrocardiogram (ECG) time, and door-to-balloon time-in a predefined 6-month corrective action period. METHODS: A prospective, quality improvement plan was set to reduce door-to-first-ECG and door-to-balloon times to less than 10 and 90 minutes, respectively, in all acute coronary syndrome cases (including STEMI cases), from August 2020 to April 30, 2021. Several measures were done to attain the goal, including strict compliance to CPP with documentation, ruling out possible mimickers, and reducing false activation and time delays in ER. Direct feedback on cases was provided using WhatsApp messaging app on smartphones; protocol and results of time lines were accessed by all healthcare providers associated with CPP, including ER nurses, ER doctors, Cardiology residents, specialists, Catheterization laboratory nurses, technicians, and interventionalists. Bimonthly meetings with all stake holders were reinforced, and minutes of meeting were reviewed and corrective actions were implemented the next day. On a daily basis, all cases were analyzed and tabulated by a dedicated nurse and a doctor from ER, and another nurse and doctor from the quality assurance department. RESULTS: After a 6-month period of implementing improvement plan and sticking to a comprehensive chest pain clinical pathways strategy with a case-by-case review on a shared smartphone messaging application, the rate of door-to-first-ECG improved from 76% to 93% in patients with chest pain, and the door-to-balloon time targeting less than 90 minutes improved significantly from only 77% to 92% in STEMI patients. This was statistically significant with a P value of 0.0001 and 0.001, respectively, and the rate of false activation was reduced from 23% to 16% and 10% 3 and 6 months of time, respectively, with a significant P value of <0.01. Finally, a strict 100% rate of timely documentation on patients with chest pain was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: An improvement plan of implementing the CPP, cut-time policy, and using smartphone WhatsApp messaging for a case-to-case instantaneous feedback has significantly improved key performance indicators and, subsequently, ischemia time in acute coronary syndrome patients (including STEMI patients) in 6 months time, indicating that this strategy works.

Retrograde approach to coronary chronic total occlusion via an occluded saphenous bypass graft: a case report.

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE: Retrograde coronary intervention of chronic total coronary occlusion remains challenging. We describe a successful retrograde intervention of chronically occluded right coronary artery ostium via an occluded vein graft. An occluded saphenous vein graft can be a useful means to access the distal coronary bed, enabling delivery of retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) equipment.