Retraction: A novel TMTP1-modified theranostic nanoplatform for targeted in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided chemotherapy for cervical cancer.

Retraction of 'A novel TMTP1-modified theranostic nanoplatform for targeted in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided chemotherapy for cervical cancer' by Nuernisha Alifu et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2022, 10, 506-517, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TB02481G.

Liposomes loaded with dual clinical photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy of cervical cancer.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become a potential anti-cancer strategy owing to its negligible invasiveness, low toxicity, and high selectivity. The photosensitizer (PS) plays an indispensable role in PDT. Herein, a novel type of PS (Ce6-MB@Lips) which can be excited by a near-infrared (NIR) laser was designed and synthesized. Methylene blue (MB) and Chlorin e6 (Ce6), two organic dyes approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), were used to prepare Ce6-MB@Lips by thin-film dispersion method, which improve the water solubility of Ce6 and reduce the cytotoxicity of MB. The Ce6-MB@Lips were shown to have a spherical nanostructure with an average particle size of 160.3 nm and excellent water solubility. Then the optical properties of Ce6-MB@Lips were further studied. Ce6-MB@Lips showed absorption peaks at 413 nm/670 nm and fluorescence peak at 697 nm. Compared with Ce6@Lips and MB@Lips, Ce6-MB@Lips showed better stability, stronger fluorescence intensity, and higher singlet oxygen (1O2) generation ability. Cell experimental analysis exhibited that the stable Ce6-MB@Lips showed low cytotoxicity, high phototoxicity and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capacity. After effective cell internalization, the prepared Ce6-MB@Lips showed excellent ability to promote tumor cell apoptosis in vitro. The Ce6-MB@Lips could be a promising candidate for PDT of cervical cancer.

Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for NIR-Induced Photothermal Therapy of Potential Application in Cervical Cancer.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) holds great promise for cancer treatment with its effective ablation of solid tumors. As the essential core point, photothermal agents (PTAs) with excellent photothermal properties and good biocompatibility could help to fulfill highly efficient PTT. Herein, a novel type of nanoplatform Fe3O4@PDA/ICG (FPI) nanoparticle (NP) was designed and synthesized, which was composed of magnetic Fe3O4 and near-infrared excitable indocyanine green via encapsulation of polydopamine. The FPI NPs showed spherical structures in shape with uniform distribution and good chemical stability. Under 793 nm laser irradiation, FPI NPs could generate hyperthermia of 54.1 °C and photothermal conversion efficiency of 35.21%. The low cytotoxicity of FPI NPs was further evaluated and confirmed on HeLa cells with a high survival rate (90%). Moreover, under laser irradiation (793 nm), FPI NPs showed effective photothermal therapeutic characteristics for HeLa cells. Therefore, FPI NPs, as one of the promising PTAs, have great potential in the field of PTT for tumor treatment.

A novel TMTP1-modified theranostic nanoplatform for targeted in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided chemotherapy for cervical cancer.

Near-infrared II (NIR-II, 900-1700 nm) fluorescence bioimaging with advantages of good biosafety, excellent spatial resolution, high sensitivity, and contrast has attracted great attention in biomedical research fields. However, most of the nanoprobes used for NIR-II fluorescence imaging have poor tumor-targeting ability and therapeutic efficiency. To overcome these limitations, a novel NIR-II-emissive theranostic nanoplatform for fluorescence imaging and treatment of cervical cancer was designed and prepared. The NIR-II-emissive dye IR-783 and chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) were encapsulated into liposomes, and the tumor-targeting peptide TMTP1 (a polypeptide with a sequence of cyclic ASN Val Val Arg Gln Cys) was conjugated to the surface of the liposomes to form IR-783-DOX-TMTP1 nanoparticles (NPs) via self-assembly methods. The IR-783-DOX-TMTP1 NPs showed strong NIR-II emission, excellent biocompatibility and a long lifetime in vivo. Furthermore, high-definition NIR-II fluorescence microscopy images of ear blood vessels and intratumoral blood vessels were obtained from IR-783-DOX-TMTP1 NP-stained mice with high spatial resolution under 808 nm laser excitation. Moreover, IR-783-DOX-TMTP1 NPs showed strong tumor-targeting ability and highly efficient chemotherapeutic characteristics towards cervical tumors. The novel targeting and NIR-II-emissive IR-783-DOX-TMTP1 NPs have great potential in diagnosis and therapy for cervical cancer.

A highly efficient polydopamine encapsulated clinical ICG theranostic nanoplatform for enhanced photothermal therapy of cervical cancer.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a safe and efficient anti-tumor treatment. A photothermal agent (PTA) with good biocompatibility and strong photothermal properties is of great importance for PTT. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) excitable clinical indocyanine green (ICG) was utilized as a PTA and further encapsulated by another PTA polydopamine (PDA) to form highly stable and efficient ICG@PDA nanoparticles (NPs). Then the ICG@PDA NPs were modified with methoxy polyethylene glycol amine (mPEG2000-NH2) to form biocompatible ICG@PDA@PEG NPs. ICG@PDA@PEG NPs showed good water solubility and a spherical shape with an average size of 140 nm. Furthermore, the photothermal properties of ICG@PDA@PEG NPs were studied and excellent photothermal performance with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 43.7% under 808 nm laser irradiation was achieved. Then, the PTT properties of ICG@PDA@PEG NPs were confirmed on HeLa cells with an efficiency of 86.1%. Meanwhile, the in vivo biocompatibility and toxicity of ICG@PDA@PEG NPs were evaluated. No apparent in vivo toxicity was observed in 24 hours and 7 days. Next, in vivo PTT analysis was conducted for cervical tumor-bearing nude mice under 808 nm laser excitation. It showed a good anti-tumor effect in vivo. Thus, ICG@PDA@PEG NPs exhibited great potential for safe and efficient photothermal therapy in anti-tumor therapy.

Polydopamine encapsulated new indocyanine green theranostic nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal therapy in cervical cancer HeLa cells.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted extensive attention in cancer treatment due to its non-invasiveness, high efficiency, and repeatability in recent years. Photothermal agents (PTAs) are the key factor for PTT. Recently, although an increasing number of PTAs have been developed, there is still a great demand for optimized photothermal nanoparticles (NPs) with low toxicity, bio-safety and stability. Herein, new indocyanine green (IR820) with near-infrared (NIR:700-1,700 nm) fluorescence emission was selected as a photothermal agent (PTA). To enhance the PTT property, IR820 was encapsulated with another kind of PTA, polydopamine (PDA) under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, to improve the biocompatibility of the NPs, methoxy polyethylene glycol amine (mPEG-NH2) was modified via a Michael addition to form a novel kind of IR820@PDA@PEG NPs. After detailed characterization and analysis, the obtained IR820@PDA@PEG NPs showed a spherical shape with an average diameter of ∼159.6 nm. Meanwhile, the formed IR820@PDA@PEG NPs exhibited better photostability and lower cytotoxicity than free IR820 molecules. The photothermal performance of IR820@PDA@PEG NPs was further analyzed in vitro, and the temperature of IR820@PDA@PEG NPs (100 µg/ml) reached 54.8°C under 793 nm laser irradiation. Afterwards, the cellular uptake of IR820@PDA@PEG NPs was evaluated via confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopic imaging. Then, PTT experiments on HeLa cells demonstrated that IR820@PDA@PEG NPs can hyperthermal ablate cancer cells (∼49.1%) under 793 nm laser irradiation. Therefore, IR820@PDA@PEG NPs would be a promising PTA for the treatment of cervical cancer HeLa cells.

PpIX/IR-820 Dual-Modal Therapeutic Agents for Enhanced PDT/PTT Synergistic Therapy in Cervical Cancer.

High treatment accuracy is the key to efficient cancer treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are two kinds of popular, precise treatment methods. The combination of photodynamic and photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) can greatly enhance the precise therapeutic efficacy. In this work, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was selected as the PDT agent (photosensitizer), and new indocyanine green (IR-820) was selected as the PTT agent. Further, the two kinds of theranostic agents were encapsulated by biological-membrane-compatible liposomes to form PpIX-IR-820@Lipo nanoparticles (NPs), a new kind of PDT/PTT agent. The PpIX-IR-820@Lipo NPs exhibited good water solubility, a spherical shape, and high fluorescence peak emission in the near-infrared spectral region (700-900 nm, NIR). The cellular toxicity of PpIX-IR-820@Lipo NPs for human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human cervical epithelial cells (H8) was detected by the CCK-8 method, and low cytotoxicity was observed for the PpIX-IR-820@Lipo NPs. Then, the excellent cellular uptake of PpIX-IR-820@Lipo NPs was confirmed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Moreover, the PDT/PTT property of PpIX-IR-820@Lipo NPs was illustrated via 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (annexin V-FITC), as indicator probes. The PDT/PTT synergistic efficiency of PpIX-IR-820@Lipo NPs on HeLa cells was verified, exhibiting a high efficiency of 70.5%. Thus, the novel theranostic PpIX-IR-820@Lipo NPs can be used as a promising PDT/PTT synergistic theranostic nanoplatform in future cervical cancer treatment.

Near-infrared emissive polymer-coated IR-820 nanoparticles assisted photothermal therapy for cervical cancer cells.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted wide attention due to its noninvasiveness and its thermal ablation ability. As photothermal agents are crucial factor in PTT, those with the characteristics of biocompatibility, non-toxicity and high photothermal stability have attracted great interest. In this work, new indocyanine green (IR-820) was utilized as a photothermal agent and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging nanoprobe. To improve the biocompatibility, poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) was utilized to encapsulate the IR-820 molecules to form novel IR-820@PSMA nanoparticles (NPs). Then, the optical and thermal properties of IR-820@PSMA NPs were studied in detail. The IR-820@PSMA NPs showed excellent photothermal stability and biocompatibility. The cellular uptaking ability of the IR-820@PSMA NPs was further confirmed in HeLa cells by the NIR fluorescent confocal microscopic imaging technique. The IR-820@PSMA NPs assisted PTT of living HeLa cells was conducted under 793 nm laser excitation, and a high PTT efficiency of 73.3% was obtained.

Polymer encapsulated clinical ICG nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal therapy and NIR fluorescence imaging in cervical cancer.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a popular tumor therapy method, which is based on efficient photothermal nanoagents (PTNs). Clinical Indocyanine Green (ICG), as a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved agent, is an often-used PTN, meanwhile it is also a good near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence contrast agent. However, the further applications of ICG in biomedical fields are limited due to its poor stability. In this study, ICG was encapsulated by the amphiphilic polymer poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) to form ICG@PSMA nanoparticles. Furthermore, optical and thermal characteristics of ICG@PSMA nanoparticles were studied in detail. Strong NIR fluorescence and excellent photothermal properties of ICG@PSMA nanoparticles under 808 nm laser irradiation were measured. Besides, favorable biocompatibility of ICG@PSMA nanoparticles was demonstrated on a human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) via cell viability studies. Hence, ICG@PSMA nanoparticles were further applied to enhanced PTT of living HeLa cells under 808 nm excitation, and a high PTT efficiency of ∼70% was obtained. The novel ICG nanoparticles as a promising PTT nanoplatform could offer an opportunity for further tumour treatments.