Sugarcane-bagasse-ash in enhanced mesophilic Co-digestion for biogas and nutrient recovery: A concept of developing rural circular bioeconomy.

Conductive agro-industrial wastes as accelerants in the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste is a good technique for developing a rural circular economy, such as producing bioenergy and biofertilizer. This study disclosed the a role of sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) in enhancing the bioenergy (biogas) yield and digestate fertility via anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of buffalo dung (BD) and vegetable residue (VR) under mesophilic conditions (37 á´¼C). Firstly, an optimal BD/VR ratio (1:3) was determined based on biogas yield by introducing five different BD/VR ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) into AcoD systems. Secondly, the biogas yield was increased further by adding SCBA at five different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt%). Experimental results disclosed that the 1.5 wt% of SCBA gave the highest cumulative biogas yield (153.67 mL/g VS), COD removal rate (31.18%), and fertility (5.08%). Moreover, a framework is suggested to understand the role of SCBA in the enhanced DIET mechanism. This work documents an environmentally friendly and economical technique for developing a rural circular bioeconomy via the AD of organic agro-waste.

Rapid photodegradation of toxic organic compounds and photo inhibition of bacteria in the presence of novel hydrothermally synthesized Ag/Mn-ZnO nanomaterial.

Purified water is the most concerning issue these days, and utmost conventional practices are allied with various downsides. Therefore, an ecologically benign and easily amicable therapeutic approach is the requirement. In this wonder, nanometer phenomena bring an innovative change to the material world. It has the potential to produce nanosized materials for wide-ranging applications. The subsequent research highlights the synthesis of Ag/Mn-ZnO nanomaterial via a one-pot hydrothermal route with an efficient photocatalytic activity against organic dyes and bacteria. The outcomes revealed that the size of the particle (4-5 nm) and dispersion of spherically shaped silver nanoparticles intensely affected by employing Mn-ZnO as a support material. Use of silver NPs as a dopant activates the active sites of the support medium and provides a higher surface area to upsurge the degradation rate. The synthesized nanomaterial was evaluated against photocatalytic activity using Methyl orange and alizarin red as model dyes and confided that more than 70% of both the dyes degraded under 100 min duration. It is well recognize that the modified nanomaterial recreates an essential role in every light-based reaction, and virtually produced highly reactive oxygen species. The synthesized nanomaterial was also evaluated against E. coli bacterium both in light and dark. The zone of inhibition in the presence of Ag/Mn-ZnO was observed both in light (18 ± 0.2 mm) and dark (12 ± 0.4 mm). The hemolytic activity shows that Ag/Mn-ZnO has very low toxicity. Hence, the prepared Ag/Mn-ZnO nanomaterial might be an effective tool against the depletion of further harmful environmental pollutants and microbes.

Fabrication of magnetite nanomaterials employing novel ionic liquids for efficient oil spill cleanup.

The oil spill represents one of the most important pollution sources for marine environments, that occurs due to tanker collisions, ship accidents, and platforms. Several techniques are used for treating oil spill disasters including chemical, physical, and biochemical. The use of chemicals, magnetite nanomaterials (MNMs) in particular, is one of the most applied techniques used for oil spill remediation due to their low cost, fast remediation, and reusability. This work aims to synthesize and use new ionic liquids (ILs) for the modification of MNMs surfaces to enhance their performance for crude oil uptake. For that, octadecylamine (OA) was reacted with epichlorohydrin (EH), followed by reaction with either diethylenetriamine (DT), or tetraethylenepentamine (TP) to obtain corresponding amines, OADT, and OATP, respectively. The produced amines were quaternized using acetic acid (AA) forming corresponding ILs, OADT-IL, and OATP-IL. The obtained ILs, OADT-IL, and OATP-IL were applied for modification of magnetite nanomaterials (MNMs) surface to obtain the surface-modified MNMs, DT-MNMs, and TP-MNMs, respectively. The surface-modified MNMs were characterized using different techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and contact angle. The efficacy of DT-MNMs, and TP-MNMs for heavy crude oil uptake (EMU) was evaluated. Further, the factors affecting on the crude oil uptake including MNMs: heavy crude oil ratio, and contact time were also evaluated. The data exhibited that, the EMU relatively declined as the ratio of DT-MNMs, and TP-MNMs decreased. Even at low MNMs:crude oil ratio (1:50), DT-MNMs, and TP-MNMs displayed EMU 87%, and 90%, respectively, which means 1 g of either DT-MNMs, or TP-MNMs can uptake 45 g, or 43.5 g, respectively. These values are high as compared with other studies that reported the use of MNMs for oil spill cleanup. Furthermore, the data indicated that the EMU increased as the contact time increased, and reached maximum EMU of 98% for both MNMs samples after 10 min.

Mesoporous Silica Modified with 2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-a] pyridine-3-carbaldehyde as an Effective Adsorbent for Cu(II) from Aqueous Solutions: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study.

In this study, we will present an efficient and selective adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The silica-based adsorbent is functionalized by 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a] pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (SiN-imd-py) and the characterization was carried out by applying various techniques including FT-IR, SEM, TGA and elemental analysis. The SiN-imd-py adsorbent shows a good selectivity and high adsorption capacity towards Cu(II) and reached 100 mg/g at pH = 6 and T = 25 °C. This adsorption capacity is important compared to other similar adsorbents which are currently published. The adsorption mechanism, thermodynamics, reusability and the effect of different experimental conditions, such as contact time, pH and temperature, on the adsorption process, were also investigated. In addition, a theoretical study was carried out to understand the adsorption mechanism and the active sites of the adsorbent, as well as the stability of the complex formed and the nature of the bonds.

Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Quinoxalin-2(1H)one and 2-Methyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one Derivatives Targeting the Onset and Progression of CRC with SAR, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Analyses.

The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer is a multifactorial process. Dysbiosis and the overexpression of COX-2 and LDHA are important effectors in the initiation and development of the disease through chromosomal instability, PGE2 biosynthesis, and induction of the Warburg effect, respectively. Herein, we report the in vitro testing of some new quinoxalinone and quinazolinone Schiff's bases as: antibacterial, COX-2 and LDHA inhibitors, and anticolorectal agents on HCT-116 and LoVo cells. Moreover, molecular docking and SAR analyses were performed to identify the structural features contributing to the biological activities. Among the synthesized molecules, the most active cytotoxic agent, (6d) was also a COX-2 inhibitor. In silico ADMET studies predicted that (6d) would have high Caco-2 permeability, and %HIA (99.58%), with low BBB permeability, zero hepatotoxicity, and zero risk of sudden cardiac arrest, or mutagenicity. Further, (6d) is not a potential P-gp substrate, instead, it is a possible P-gpI and II inhibitor, therefore, it can prevent or reverse the multidrug resistance of the anticancer drugs. Collectively, (6d) can be considered as a promising lead suitable for further optimization to develop anti-CRC agents or glycoproteins inhibitors.

A Highly Efficient Environmental-Friendly Adsorbent Based on Schiff Base for Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solutions: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study.

Removal of heavy metals from drinking water sources and rivers is of strategic health importance and is essential for sustainable ecosystem development, in particular in polluted areas around the globe. In this work, new hybrid inorganic-organic material adsorbents made of ortho- (Si-o-OR) or para-Schiff base silica (Si-p-OR) were synthesized and characterized in depth. These hybrid adsorbents show a high selectivity to Cu(II), even in the presence of competing heavy metals (Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II)), and also demonstrate great reusability after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Maximum sorption capacity for Cu(II) was found for Si-o-OR (79.36 mg g-1) and Si-p-OR (36.20 mg g-1) in no less than 25 min. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy studies demonstrate that this uptake occurs due to a chelating effect, which allows these adsorbents to trap Cu(II) ions on their surfaces; this result is supported by a theoretical study for Si-o-OR. The new adsorbents were tested against real water samples extracted from two rivers from the Oriental region of Morocco.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Pyrazolo[5,1-b]thiazole Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents.

The pharmacological activities of thiazole and pyrazole moieties as antimicrobial and anticancer agents have been thoroughly described in many literature reviews. In this study, a convenient synthesis of novel pyrazolo[5,1-b]thiazole-based heterocycles was carried out. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Some selected examples were screened and evaluated for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities and showed promising results. These products could serve as leading compounds in the future design of new drug molecules.

Synthesis, X-ray Analysis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study of New Thiazoline Derivatives.

A series of new thiazoline derivatives were synthesized. Structure analyses were accomplished employing 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, X-ray and MS techniques. The in vitro antitumor activities were assessed against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) cell lines. The results revealed that the thiazolines 5b and 2c exhibited significant activity against the two cell lines. The in vitro antimicrobial screening showed that the thiazolines 2c, 5b and 5d showed promising inhibition activity against Salmonella sp. Additionally, the inhibition activity of thiazolines 2e and 5b against Escherichia coli was comparable to that of the reference compound gentamycin.

Increasing the Strength and Production of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives.

Artemisinin is a natural sesquiterpene lactone obtained from the Artemisia annua herb. It is widely used for the treatment of malaria. In this article, we have reviewed the role of artemisinin in controlling malaria, spread of resistance to artemisinin and the different methods used for its large scale production. The highest amount of artemisinin gene expression in tobacco leaf chloroplast leads to the production of 0.8 mg/g of the dry weight of the plant. This will revolutionize the treatment and control of malaria in third world countries. Furthermore, the generations of novel derivatives of artemisinin- and trioxane ring structure-inspired compounds are important for the treatment of malaria caused by resistant plasmodial species. Synthetic endoperoxide-like artefenomel and its derivatives are crucial for the control of malaria and such synthetic compounds should be further explored.

Exploring the therapeutic efficacy of crocetin in oncology: an evidence-based review.

With cancer being a leading cause of death globally, there is an urgent need to improve therapeutic strategies and identify effective chemotherapeutics. This study aims to highlight the potential of crocetin, a natural product derived from certain plants, as an anticancer agent. It was  conducted an extensive review of the existing literature to gather and analyze the most recent data on the chemical properties of crocetin and its observed effects in various in vitro and in vivo studies. The study  particularly focused on studies that examined crocetin's impact on cell cycle dynamics, apoptosis, caspases and antioxidant enzyme levels, tumor angiogenesis, inflammation, and overall tumor growth. Crocetin exhibited diverse anti-tumorigenic activities including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis induction, angiogenesis suppression, and potentiation of chemotherapy. Multiple cellular and molecular pathways such as the PI3K/Akt, MAPK and NF-κB were modulated by it. Crocetin demonstrates promising anti-cancer properties and offers potential as an adjunctive or alternative therapy in oncology. More large-scale, rigorously designed clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic protocols and ascertain the comprehensive benefits and safety profile of crocetin in diverse cancer types.

The Role of Gut-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS), where the interplay of genetic and environmental factors influences its pathophysiology, triggering immune responses and instigating inflammation. Contemporary research has been notably dedicated to investigating the contributions of gut microbiota and their metabolites in modulating inflammatory reactions within the CNS. Recent recognition of the gut microbiome and dietary patterns as environmental elements impacting MS development emphasizes the potential influence of small, ubiquitous molecules from microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These molecules may serve as vital molecular signals or metabolic substances regulating host cellular metabolism in the intricate interplay between microbiota and the host. A current emphasis lies on optimizing the health-promoting attributes of colonic bacteria to mitigate urinary tract issues through dietary management. This review aims to spotlight recent investigations on the impact of SCFAs on immune cells pivotal in MS, the involvement of gut microbiota and SCFAs in MS development, and the considerable influence of probiotics on gastrointestinal disruptions in MS. Comprehending the gut-CNS connection holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly probiotic-based supplements, for managing MS.

Insights into Nimbolide molecular crosstalk and its anticancer properties.

Nimbolide, one of the main ingredients constituent of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract, has garnered attention for its potential as an anticancer agent. Its efficacy against various cancers and chemopreventive action has been demonstrated through numerous in vivo and in vitro studies. This updated review aims to comprehensively explore the chemopreventive and anticancer properties of nimbolide, emphasizing its molecular mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications in oncology. The review synthesizes evidence from various studies that examine nimbolide's roles in apoptosis induction, anti-proliferation, cell death, metastasis inhibition, angiogenesis suppression, and modulation of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. Nimbolide exhibits multifaceted anticancer activities, including the modulation of multiple cell signaling pathways related to inflammation, invasion, survival, growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, its pharmacological development is still in the early stages, mainly due to limited pharmacokinetic and comprehensive long-term toxicological studies. Nimbolide shows promising anticancer and chemopreventive properties, but there is need for systematic preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicological research. Such studies are essential for establishing safe dosage ranges for first-in-human clinical trials and further advancing nimbolide's development as a therapeutic agent against various cancers. The review highlights the potential of nimbolide in cancer treatment and underscores the importance of rigorous preclinical evaluation to realize its full therapeutic potential.

Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes.

BACKGROUND: Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for wound closure and therapeutic compound delivery, among other biomedical applications. Although there are several nanoparticle obtention methods, it is crucial to know the adequate parameters to achieve better results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize the parameters for the synthesis, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan nanoparticles. We evaluated the conditions of agitation speed, anion addition time, solution pH, and chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration. RESULTS: Chitosan nanoparticles presented an average particle size of 172.8 ± 3.937 nm, PDI of 0.166 ± 0.008, and zeta potential of 25.00 ± 0.79 mV, at the concentration of 0.1% sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan (pH 5.5), with a dripping time of 2 min at 500 rpm. The most representative factor during nanoparticle fabrication was the pH of the chitosan solution, generating significant changes in particle size and polydispersity index. The observed behavior is attributed to the possible excess of sodium tripolyphosphate during synthesis. We added the surfactants poloxamer 188 and polysorbate 80 to evaluate the stability improvement during purification (centrifugation or dialysis). These surfactants decreased coalescence between nanoparticles, especially during purification. The centrifugation increased the zeta potential to 40.8-56.2 mV values, while the dialyzed samples led to smaller particle sizes (152-184 nm). Finally, freeze-drying of the chitosan nanoparticles proceeded using two cryoprotectants, trehalose and sucrose. Both adequately protected the system during the process, and the sugar concentration depended on the purification process. CONCLUSIONS: In Conclusion, we must consider each surfactant's benefits in formulations for selecting the most suitable. Also, it is necessary to do more studies with the molecule to load. At the same time, the use of sucrose and trehalose generates adequate protection against the freeze-drying process, even at a 5% w/v concentration. However, adjusting the percentage concentration by weight must be made to work with the CS-TPP NPs purified by dialysis.

Synergistic Blends of Sodium Alginate and Pectin Biopolymer Hosts as Conducting Electrolytes for Electrochemical Applications.

The world needs sustainable energy resources with affordable, economic, and accountable sources. Consequently, energy innovation technologies are evolving toward electrochemical applications like batteries, supercapacitors, etc. The current study involves the solid blend biopolymer electrolyte (SBBE) with different compositions of sodium alginate blended with pectin via the casting technique. The characterization of the sample was tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, AC impedance, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses. Evidently, the sample NP4 (NaAlg/pectin = 60:40 wt %) has a higher conductivity of 1.26 × 10-7 and 3.25 × 10-6 S cm-1 at 303 and 353 K, respectively. The performances of the samples were analyzed with variations in temperature, frequency, and time responses to signify the blended nature of the electrolyte. Hence, the studied biopolymers can be constructed for electrochemical device applications.

Phytoassisted synthesis of CuO and Ag-CuO nanocomposite, characterization, chemical sensing of ammonia, degradation of methylene blue.

The elimination of hazardous industrial pollutants from aqueous solutions is an emerging area of scientific research and a worldwide problem. An efficient catalyst, Ag-CuO was synthesized for the degradation of methylene blue, the chemical sensing of ammonia. A simple novel synthetic method was reported in which new plant material Capparis decidua was used for the reduction and stabilization of the synthesized nanocatalyst. A Varying amount of Ag was doped into CuO to optimize the best catalyst that met the required objectives. Through this, the Ag-CuO nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques. The mechanism of increased catalytic activity with Ag doping involves the formation of charge sink and suppression of drop back probability of charge from conduction to valance band. Herein, 2.7 mol % Ag-CuO exhibited better catalytic activities and it was used through subsequent catalytic experiments. The experimental conditions such as pH, catalyst dose, analyte initial concentration, and contact time were optimized. The as-synthesized nanocomposite demonstrates an excellent degradation efficacy of MB which is 97% at pH 9. More interestingly, the as-synthesized catalyst was successfully applied for the chemical sensing of ammonia even at very low concentrations. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) also called analytic sensitivity was calculated for ammonia sensing and found to be 1.37 ppm.

Arnicolide D: a multi-targeted anticancer sesquiterpene lactone-preclinical efficacy and mechanistic insights.

Arnicolide D, a potent sesquiterpene lactone from Centipeda minima, has emerged as a promising anticancer candidate, demonstrating significant efficacy in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing metastasis across various cancer models. This comprehensive study delves into the molecular underpinnings of Arnicolide D's anticancer actions, emphasizing its impact on key signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3, and its role in modulating cell cycle and survival mechanisms. Quantitative data from preclinical studies reveal Arnicolide D's dose-dependent cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, triple-negative breast cancer, and human colon carcinoma, showcasing its broad-spectrum anticancer potential. Given its multifaceted mechanisms and preclinical efficacy, Arnicolide D warrants further investigation in clinical settings to validate its therapeutic utility against cancer. The evidence presented underscores the need for rigorous pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies to establish safe dosing parameters for future clinical trials.

Synthesis of MnSe-Based GO Composites as Effective Photocatalyst for Environmental Remediations.

In this work, a manganese selenide/graphene oxide (MnSe/GO)-based composite was prepared for wet-chemical assisted method against organic dye; herein, methylene blue (MB) dye removal from the water was employed as a metal selenide-based photocatalyst. The synthesized MnSe/GO composite was systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform electron microscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis. DRS). The structural characteristic revealed the adequate synthesis of the sample with good crystallinity and purity of the obtained products. The morphological analysis indicates the formation of MnSe nanoflakes composed of tiny particles on their surface. At the same time, the GO nanosheets with high aggregation were formed, which may be due to the van der Waals forces. The bond interaction and compositional analysis studies confirmed and supported the structural findings with high purity. The optical analysis showed the bandgap energies of MnSe and their composites MnSe (1.7 eV), 7% GO-MnSe (2.42 eV), 14% GO-MnSe (2.6 eV), 21% GO-MnSe (3.02 eV), and 28% GO-MnSe (3.24 eV) respectively, which increase the bandgap energy after GO and MnSe recombination. Among different contents, the optimized 21% GO-MnSe composite displayed enhanced photocatalytic properties. For instance, a short time of 90 min was taken compared with other concentrations due to the narrow bandgap of MnSe and the highly conductive charge carrier's support, making the process to remove MB from water faster. These results show that the selenide-based photocatalyst can be an attractive candidate for future advanced photocatalysis applications.

Exploring the therapeutic and anti-tumor properties of morusin: a review of recent advances.

Morusin is a natural product that has been isolated from the bark of Morus alba, a species of mulberry tree. It belongs to the flavonoid family of chemicals, which is abundantly present in the plant world and is recognized for its wide range of biological activities. Morusin has a number of biological characteristics, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuro-protective, and antioxidant capabilities. Morusin has exhibited anti-tumor properties in many different forms of cancer, including breast, prostate, gastric, hepatocarcinoma, glioblastoma, and pancreatic cancer. Potential of morusin as an alternative treatment method for resistant malignancies needs to be explored in animal models in order to move toward clinical trials. In the recent years several novel findings regarding the therapeutic potential of morusin have been made. This aim of this review is to provide an overview of the present understanding of morusin's beneficial effects on human health as well as provide a comprehensive and up-to-date discussion of morusin's anti-cancer properties with a special focus on in vitro and in vivo studies. This review will aid future research on the creation of polyphenolic medicines in the prenylflavone family, for the management and treatment of cancers.

Development of sodium alginate-pectin biodegradable active food packaging film containing cinnamic acid.

Plastics are still the most popular food packaging material and many of them end up in the environment for a long period. Due to packaging material's inability to inhibit microbial growth, beef often contains microorganisms that affect its aroma, colour and texture. Cinnamic acid is categorized as generally recognised as safe and is permitted for use in food. The development of biodegradable food packaging film with cinnamic acid has never been conducted before. This present study was aimed to develop a biodegradable active packaging material for fresh beef using sodium alginate and pectin. The film was successfully developed with solution casting method. The films' thickness, colour, moisture level, dissolution, water vapour permeability, bending strength and elongation at break were comparable to those of polyethylene plastic film in terms of these attributes. The developed film also showed the degradability in soil of 43.26% in a duration of 15 days. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that cinnamic acid was successfully incorporated with the film. The developed film showed significant inhibitory activity on all test foodborne bacteria. On Hohenstein challenge test, a 51.28-70.45% reduction on bacterial growth was also observed. The antibacterial efficacy of the established film by using fresh beef as food model. The meats wrapped with the film showed significant reduction in bacterial load throughout the experimental period by 84.09%. The colour of the beef also showed significant different between control film and edible film during 5 days test. Beef with control film turned into dark brownish and beef with cinnamic acid turn into light brownish. Sodium alginate and pectin film with cinnamic acid showed good biodegradability and antibacterial activity. Further studies can be conducted to investigate the scalability and commercial viability of this environmental-friendly food packaging materials.

Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives: Current insights on anticancer potential and other biomedical applications.

Cancer is still the leading cause of death worldwide, burdening the global medical system. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is among the first secondary metabolites discovered and it is a bioactive compound identified in plants such as Boraginaceae and Nepetoideae subfamilies of the Lamiaceae family, including Thymus masticmasti chinaythia koreana, Ocimum sanctum, and Hyptis pectinate. This updated review is to highlight the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of RA and its derivatives, thus providing valuable clues for the potential development of some complementary drugs in the treatment of cancers. Relevant information about RA's chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects and its derivatives were collected from electronic scientific databases, such as PubMed/Medline, Scopus, TRIP database, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The results of the studies showed numerous significant biological effects such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antioxidant and antiangiogenic effects. Most of the studies on the anticancer potential with the corresponding mechanisms are still in the experimental preclinical stage and are missing evidence from clinical trials to support the research. To open new anticancer therapeutic perspectives of RA and its derivatives, future clinical studies must elucidate the molecular mechanisms and targets of action in more detail, the human toxic potential and adverse effects.