Danish heritable retinoblastoma survivors' perspectives on reproductive choices: "It's important for me, not to pass on this condition".

Despite reporting an overall normal life, survivors of heritable retinoblastoma face numerous physical and psychosocial issues. In particular, reproductive decision-making is often complex and difficult. This study aims to examine survivors' reflections on passing on heritable retinoblastoma to their children, how survivors approach their reproductive choices, and how the healthcare system can optimize counseling and support. Semi-structured interviews with Danish adult survivors of heritable retinoblastoma were qualitatively analyzed to explore their experiences. Participants were recruited from the Retinoblastoma Survivorship Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Thematic data analysis was conducted followed by a condensing process specifically for the subthemes relating to reproductive choices. A common subtheme for all participants was a strong wish to avoid passing on retinoblastoma to their children. The participants emphasized the various medical, practical, emotional, and moral issues impacting their final reproductive choice in the process of family planning to conceive a child unaffected by retinoblastoma. Some had no option other than to conceive naturally and hope for an unaffected baby; while others weighed the pros and cons of choosing natural conception with prenatal testing and then considering termination of pregnancy (in case of an affected fetus) versus choosing fertility treatment with preimplantation genetic testing to achieve an unaffected pregnancy. Several participants underlined the complexity of their decisions, and also expressed feelings of guilt, both toward their affected child, and guilt for putting their partner through many difficult decisions and obstacles due to their genetic condition. Our findings demonstrate how one family-planning decision is not unequivocally "better" or easier than another. Healthcare professionals must provide the necessary information and tools to support the individual's unique decision-making process. Survivors' autonomy and individual needs, as well as the numerous and diverse aspects of heritable retinoblastoma, should be carefully considered.

Treatment outcomes and survival following definitive (chemo)radiotherapy in HPV-positive oropharynx cancer: Large-scale comparison of DAHANCA vs PMH cohorts.

We compare outcomes in two large-scale contemporaneously treated HPV-positive (HPV+) oropharynx cancer (OPC) cohorts treated with definitive radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy (RT/CRT). p16-confirmed HPV+ OPC treated between 2007 and 2015 at PMH and DAHANCA were identified. Locoregional failure (LRF), distant metastasis (DM), and overall survival (OS) were compared. Multivariable analysis (MVA) calculated adjusted-hazard-ratio (aHR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI), adjusting for cohort, age, gender, performance status, smoking pack-years, T-category and N-category and chemotherapy. Compared to PMH (n = 701), DAHANCA (n = 1174) contained lower TNM-8T-categories (T1-T2: 77% vs 56%), N-categories (N0-N1: 77% vs 67%) and stages (stage I: 63% vs 44% (all P < .001). PMH used standard-fractionation CRT in 69% (481) while 31% (220) received hypofractionated or moderately accelerated RT-alone. All DAHANCA patients were treated with moderately accelerated RT; 96% (1129) received nimorazole (NIM) and 73% (856) concurrent weekly cisplatin. DAHANCA had shorter overall-treatment-time (P < .001), lower gross tumor (66-68 vs 70 Gy) and elective neck (50 vs 56 Gy) doses. Median follow-up was 4.8 years. DAHANCA had higher 5-year LRF (13% vs 7%, aHR = 0.47 [0.34-0.67]), comparable DM (7% vs 12%, aHR = 1.32 [0.95-1.82]), but better OS (85% vs 80%, aHR = 1.30 [1.01-1.68]). CRT patients had a lower risk of LRF (aHR 0.56 [0.39-0.82]), DM (aHR 0.70 [0.50-1.00]) and death (aHR 0.39 [0.29-0.52]) vs RT-alone. We observed exemplary outcomes for two large-scale trans-Atlantic HPV+ OPC cohorts treated in a similar manner. Concurrent chemotherapy was a strong, independent prognostic factor for all endpoints. Our findings underscore the need for a very careful approach to de-intensification of treatment for this disease.

A genome-wide association study of radiotherapy induced toxicity in head and neck cancer patients identifies a susceptibility locus associated with mucositis.

PURPOSE: A two-stage genome-wide association study was carried out in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients aiming to identify genetic variants associated with either specific radiotherapy-induced (RT) toxicity endpoints or a general proneness to develop toxicity after RT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analysis included 1780 HNC patients treated with primary RT for laryngeal or oro/hypopharyngeal cancers. In a non-hypothesis-driven explorative discovery study, associations were tested in 1183 patients treated within The Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group. Significant associations were later tested in an independent Dutch cohort of 597 HNC patients and if replicated, summary data obtained from discovery and replication studies were meta-analysed. Further validation of significantly replicated findings was pursued in an Asian cohort of 235 HNC patients with nasopharynx as the primary tumour site. RESULTS: We found and replicated a significant association between a locus on chromosome 5 and mucositis with a pooled OR for rs1131769*C in meta-analysis = 1.95 (95% CI 1.48-2.41; ppooled = 4.34 × 10-16). CONCLUSION: This first exploratory GWAS in European cohorts of HNC patients identified and replicated a risk locus for mucositis. A larger Meta-GWAS to identify further risk variants for RT-induced toxicity in HNC patients is warranted.

Hypoxic gene expression is a prognostic factor for disease free survival in a cohort of locally advanced squamous cell cancer of the uterine cervix.

INTRODUCTION: Tumour hypoxia in locally advanced squamous cervical cancer (LACC) has been shown to be of substantial prognostic importance. The aims of the present study were therefore to investigate if hypoxia could be identified by a newly validated hypoxic gene expression classifier and used as a prognostic factor for disease free survival (DFS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Paraffin embedded biopsies were obtained from 190 patients with LACC with squamous cell carcinoma treated 2005-2016 with chemo-radiation and image guided adaptive brachytherapy. Analysis of hypoxia was successful in 183 patients (96%). Hypoxic classification of tumours into 'more' or 'less' hypoxic was based on 15 genes using the same method as in a prospective head and neck cancer trial (NCT02661152). HPV was genotyped using INNO-LiPA. Local tumour invasion was evaluated by the T-score. Primary endpoint was DFS analysed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. Events were death of any cause, persistent disease, or recurrence. RESULTS: The FIGO2009 stage distribution was IB-IIA 9%, IIB 64%, and III-IVA 27%, and mean T-score was 7.2. Pathological nodes were present in 53%. Median observation time was 5.2 years. Local control rate at 5 years was 96%, and pelvic (loco-regional) control 91%. Overall, 36% of the tumours were classified as 'more' hypoxic. The frequency of 'more' hypoxic tumours increased with local tumour intrusion (30% for T-score 0-9 vs. 55% for T-score ≥10, p = 0.004). Hypoxia was associated with decreased DFS in univariate, HR 1.71 (1.04-2.82), and multivariate analysis, HR 1.75 (1.04-2.92), and the effect was particularly observed among tumours with a T-score ≥10. HPV 16/18 was not associated with improved DFS in neither in univariate nor in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Hypoxic gene expression is a prominent prognostic factor for DFS in LACC with SCC histology and should be considered for treatment stratification in clinical trials.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict improved overall survival after post-mastectomy radiotherapy: a study of the randomized DBCG82bc cohort.

BACKGROUND: The predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) on the benefit from radiotherapy (RT) remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the association between TILs and post-mastectomy RT (PMRT) regarding the risk of recurrence and survival in a randomized cohort. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Stromal TILs were histologically estimated in 1011 tumors from high-risk breast cancer (BC) patients from the DBCG82bc trial. Patients were diagnosed between 1982 and 90, treated with total mastectomy and partial axillary lymph node dissection, randomized to ± PMRT followed by adjuvant systemic treatment. A competing risk model, Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used for correlating TILs and clinical outcome. RESULTS: 106 of 1011 patients (10.5%) showed high TILs using a 30% cut-off. In multivariate regression analysis, a high level of TILs was an independent factor associated with lower risk of distant metastasis (DM) and improved overall survival (OS), but without association with loco-regional control. High TILs were associated with a significantly greater OS after PMRT at 20 years compared to low TILs (8% improvement for low TILs (23% to 31%) vs. 22% for high TILs (26% to 48%), interaction-test: p = 0.028). The association between TILs and PMRT was more pronounced among estrogen-receptor negative (ER-) tumors, and patients having ER-/low TILs tumors showed no OS benefit from PMRT at 20 years (-4% improvement for low TILs (28% to 24%) vs. 23% for high TILs (20% to 43%). A similar trend in the association between high TILs and reduced risk of DM after PMRT was seen. CONCLUSION: High TILs predict improved OS from PMRT in BC patients, and the association appeared especially strong for ER- tumors. A trend in the association between high TILs and reduced risk of DM after PMRT was seen. These findings may indicate that RT triggers an immune response inducing a systemic effect outside the treatment field.

Symptom trajectories in breast cancer survivors: growth mixture analysis of patient-reported pain, fatigue, insomnia, breast and arm symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Variations in symptom development among breast cancer (BC) survivors are understudied. We examined: (Q1) Symptom trajectories of pain, fatigue, insomnia, breast, and arm symptoms in BC survivors, (Q2) possible patterns or cluster-like associations between trajectory classification of different symptoms, and (Q3) characteristics of survivors assigned to high-burden symptom trajectories. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants were 968 women (mean age = 59.6 years) treated for early-stage BC and followed across a three-year postoperative period. As part of routine follow-up procedures, patients reported symptom burden and functioning levels at each hospital visit using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and the BC-specific module (QLQ-BR-23). Growth mixture modeling (GMM) analysis was used to differentiate potential subgroups of individuals with similar longitudinal symptom patterns, i.e., symptom trajectories (Q1). With this approach, groups experiencing persistent, highly distressing cancer- and treatment-related late effects (LEs) may be identified. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used for Q2 and logistic regression analysis for Q3. RESULTS: GMM identified two relatively parallel trajectories across the tested symptoms: The majority of the sample exhibited a low-burden symptom trajectory (74.4-89.2%) and a minority by a high-burden symptom trajectory (10.8-25.6%). LCA revealed that approximately one in five women (18.8%) were likely to be members of the high-burden symptom trajectory across all tested symptoms. In addition to a high probability of being burdened over time across multiple symptoms, these women were also characterized by poorer self-reported physical and social functioning. CONCLUSION: A substantial minority followed a high-burden symptom trajectory for several years following BC treatment. Associations were found in trajectory classification across symptoms, indicating that cancer-related LEs appear in clusters of multiple concurrent symptoms.

Effect of patient-reported outcomes as a dialogue-based tool in cancer consultations on patient self-management and health-related quality of life: a clinical, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: With increased survival among patients with metastatic melanoma and limited time with health care providers, patients are expected to assume a more active role in managing their treatment and care. Activated patients have the knowledge, skills, and confidence to make effective solutions to self-manage health. The use of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) could have the potential to enhance patient activation. However, PRO-based interventions that facilitate an activation in patients with metastatic melanoma are lacking and warranted. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective non-randomized controlled, clinical trial, patients with metastatic melanoma were assigned to either the intervention (systematic feedback and discussion of PRO during consultation) given at one hospital or the control group (treatment as usual) if they received treatment from two other hospitals in Denmark. The primary outcome was the patient activation measure (PAM), which reflects self-management. Secondary outcomes were health-related quality of life (HRQoL), self-efficacy, and Patient-Physician interaction. Outcomes were measured at baseline, and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The analysis of the effect from baseline to 12 months employed mixed-effects modeling. RESULTS: Between 2017 and 2019, patients were allocated to either the intervention group (n = 137) or the control group (n = 142). We found no significant difference in the course of patient activation between the two groups over time. The course of HRQoL was statistically significantly improved by the intervention compared to the control group. Especially, females in the intervention group performed better than males. The other secondary outcomes were not improved by the intervention. CONCLUSION: The intervention did not improve knowledge, skills, and confidence for self-management for patients with metastatic melanoma. Neither did it improve coping self-efficacy nor perceived efficacy in Patient-Physician interaction. However, the results suggest that the intervention can have a significant impact on HRQoL and in particular social and emotional well-being among the females.

Patient-reported outcomes in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors - comparisons with normative data.

BACKGROUND: Survival rates for breast cancer (BC) are increasing, leading to growing interest in treatment-related late-effects. The aim of the present study was to explore late effects using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in postmenopausal BC survivors in standard follow-up care. The results were compared to age- and gender-matched data from the general Danish population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Postmenopausal BC survivors in routine follow-up care between April 2016 and February 2018 at the Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark were asked to complete the EORTC QLQ-C30 and BR23 questionnaires together with three items on neuropathy, myalgia, and arthralgia from the PRO-CTCAE. Patients were at different time intervals from primary treatment, enabling a cross-sectional study of reported late effects at different time points after primary treatment. The time intervals used in the analysis were year ≤1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 and 5+. The QLQ-C30 results were compared with reference data from the general Danish female population. Between-group differences are presented as effect sizes (ESs) (Cohen's d). RESULTS: A total of 1089 BC survivors participated. Compared with the reference group, BC survivors reported better global health status 2-3 and 4-5 years after surgery (d = 0.26) and physical functioning 2-3 years after (0.21). Poorer outcomes in BC survivors compared with the reference group were found for cognitive functioning (0-4 and 5+ years), fatigue (0-2 years), insomnia (1-3 years), emotional functioning (3-4 years), and social functioning (≤1 year after surgery) with ESs ranging from 0.20 to 0.41. For the remaining outcomes, no ESs exceeded 0.20. CONCLUSION: Only small to medium ESs were found for better global health and physical functioning and poorer outcomes for cognitive functioning, fatigue, insomnia, emotional functioning, and social functioning in postmenopausal BC survivors, who otherwise reported similar overall health-related quality of life compared with the general Danish female population.

Characterization and radiosensitivity of HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patient-derived xenografts.

Background: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) are rising rapidly in incidence due to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and/or tobacco smoking. Prognosis is better for patients with HPV-positive disease, but may also be influenced by tobacco smoking and other factors. There is a need to individualize treatment to minimize morbidity and improve prognosis. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) is an emerging pre-clinical research model that may more accurately reflect the human disease, and is an attractive platform to study disease biology and develop treatments and biomarkers. In this study we describe the establishment of PDX models, compare PDX tumors to the human original, and assess the suitability of this model for radiotherapy research and biomarker development. Material and methods: Tumor biopsies from 34 patients with previously untreated OPSCC were implanted in immunodeficient mice, giving rise to 12 squamous cell carcinoma PDX models (7 HPV+, 5 HPV-). Primary and PDX tumors were characterized extensively, examining histology, immunohistochemistry, cancer gene sequencing and gene expression analysis. Radiosensitivity was assessed in vivo in a growth delay assay. Results: Established PDX models maintained histological and immunohistochemical characteristics as well as HPV-status of the primary tumor. Important cancer driver gene mutations, e.g., in TP53, PIK3CA and others, were preserved. Gene expression related to cancer stem cell markers and gene expression subtype were preserved, while gene expression related to hypoxia and immune response differed. Radiosensitivity studies showed high concordance with clinical observations. Conclusion: PDX from OPSCC preserves important molecular characteristics of the human primary tumor. Radiosensitivity were in accordance with clinically observed treatment response. The PDX model is a clinically relevant surrogate model of head and neck cancer. Perspectives include increased understanding of disease biology, which could lead to development of novel treatments and biomarkers.

Influence of intra-tumoral heterogeneity on the evaluation of BCL2, E-cadherin, EGFR, EMMPRIN, and Ki-67 expression in tissue microarrays from breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The influence of intra-tumoral heterogeneity on the evaluation of immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarker expression may affect the analytical validity of new biomarkers substantially and hence compromise the clinical utility. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of intra-tumoral heterogeneity as well as inter-observer variability on the evaluation of various IHC markers with potential prognostic impact in breast cancer (BCL2, E-cadherin, EGFR, EMMPRIN and Ki-67). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From each of 27 breast cancer patients, two tumor-containing paraffin blocks were chosen. Intra-tumoral heterogeneity was evaluated (1) within a single tumor-containing paraffin block ('intra-block agreement') by comparing information from a central, a peripheral tissue microarray (TMA) core and a whole slide section (WS), (2) between two different tumor-containing blocks from the same primary tumor ('inter-block agreement') by comparing information from TMA cores (central/peripheral) and WS. IHC markers on WS and TMA cores were evaluated by two observers independently, and agreements were estimated by Kappa statistics. RESULTS: For BCL2, E-cadherin and EGFR, an almost perfect intra- and inter-block agreement was found. EMMPRIN and Ki-67 showed a more heterogeneous expression with moderate to substantial intra-block agreements. For both stainings, there was a moderate inter-block agreement that improved slightly for EMMPRIN, when using WS instead of TMA cores. Inter-observer agreements were found to be almost perfect for BCL2, E-cadherin and EGFR (WS: κ > 0.82, TMAs: κ > 0.90), substantial for EMMPRIN (κ > 0.63), but only fair to moderate for Ki-67 (WS: κ = 0.54, TMAs: κ = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: BCL2, E-cadherin and EGFR were found to be homogeneously expressed, whereas EMMPRIN and Ki-67 showed a more pronounced degree of intra-tumoral heterogeneity. The results emphasize the importance of securing the analytical validity of new biomarkers by examining the intra-tumoral heterogeneity of immunohistochemical stainings applied to TMA cores individually in each type of cancer.

Associations between skin rash, treatment outcome, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in head and neck cancer patients receiving the EGFR-inhibitor zalutumumab: results from the DAHANCA 19 trial.

PURPOSE: To study the associations between development of moderate to severe skin rash, clinical outcome, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes in head and neck cancer patients from the DAHANCA 19 trial receiving the EGFR-inhibitor zalutumumab concurrently with radiation treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 310 patients were included from the zalutumumab-arm of the DAHANCA 19 study. Nine SNPs in the candidate genes EGFR, EGF, AREG, FCGR2A, FCGR3A, and CCND1 were successfully determined in 294 patients. Clinical endpoints were moderate to severe skin rash within the first 3 weeks of treatment, loco-regional failure (LRF), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: During the first 3 weeks of treatment, 86% of the patients experienced any grade of rash and 17% experienced a moderate to severe rash. Development of moderate to severe rash was not associated with LRF or DSS but was associated with improved OS, HR 0.40 (95% CI: 0.19-0.82). The effect was similar for patients with p16-negative or p16-positive tumors (p = .90). After adjustment for comorbidity and performance status, the minor alleles of SNPs rs9996584 and rs13104811 located near the AREG gene were significantly associated with increased risk of moderate to severe rash with per-allele odds ratios of 1.61 (1.01-2.54) and 1.56 (1.00-2.44). SNP rs11942466 located close to rs9996584 had a borderline significant association, and none of the other SNPS were significantly associated with risk of skin rash. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to severe skin rash after zalutumumab during radiation treatment was associated with improved OS, independent of HPV/p16-status. Genetic variants in AREG (member of the EGF family) may be associated with increased risk of skin rash.

Intrinsic subtypes and benefit from postmastectomy radiotherapy in node-positive premenopausal breast cancer patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy - results from two independent randomized trials.

BACKGROUND: The study of the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer has revealed differences among them in terms of prognosis and response to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. However, the ability of intrinsic subtypes to predict benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy has only been examined in few studies. METHODS: Gene expression-based intrinsic subtyping was performed in 228 breast tumors collected from two independent post-mastectomy clinical trials (British Columbia and the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82b trials), where pre-menopausal patients with node-positive disease were randomized to adjuvant radiotherapy or not. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and a subgroup of patients underwent ovarian ablation. Tumors were classified into intrinsic subtypes: Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, Basal-like and Normal-like using the research-based PAM50 classifier. RESULTS: In the British Columbia study, patients treated with radiation had an overall significant lower incidence of locoregional recurrence compared to the controls. For Luminal A tumors the risk of loco-regional recurrence was low and was further lowered by adjuvant radiation. These findings were validated in the DBCG 82b study. The individual data from the two cohorts were merged, the hazard ratio (HR) for loco-regional recurrence associated with giving radiation was 0.34 (0.19 to 0.61) overall and 0.12 (0.03 to 0.52) for Luminal A tumors. CONCLUSIONS: In both postmastectomy trials, patients with Luminal A tumors turned out to have a significant lower incidence of loco-regional recurrence when randomized to adjuvant radiotherapy, leaving no indication to omit postmastectomy adjuvant radiation in pre-menopausal high-risk patients with Luminal A tumors. It was not possible to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy among the other subtypes because of limited sample sizes.

Integrative clustering reveals a novel split in the luminal A subtype of breast cancer with impact on outcome.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease at the clinical and molecular level. In this study we integrate classifications extracted from five different molecular levels in order to identify integrated subtypes. METHODS: Tumor tissue from 425 patients with primary breast cancer from the Oslo2 study was cut and blended, and divided into fractions for DNA, RNA and protein isolation and metabolomics, allowing the acquisition of representative and comparable molecular data. Patients were stratified into groups based on their tumor characteristics from five different molecular levels, using various clustering methods. Finally, all previously identified and newly determined subgroups were combined in a multilevel classification using a "cluster-of-clusters" approach with consensus clustering. RESULTS: Based on DNA copy number data, tumors were categorized into three groups according to the complex arm aberration index. mRNA expression profiles divided tumors into five molecular subgroups according to PAM50 subtyping, and clustering based on microRNA expression revealed four subgroups. Reverse-phase protein array data divided tumors into five subgroups. Hierarchical clustering of tumor metabolic profiles revealed three clusters. Combining DNA copy number and mRNA expression classified tumors into seven clusters based on pathway activity levels, and tumors were classified into ten subtypes using integrative clustering. The final consensus clustering that incorporated all aforementioned subtypes revealed six major groups. Five corresponded well with the mRNA subtypes, while a sixth group resulted from a split of the luminal A subtype; these tumors belonged to distinct microRNA clusters. Gain-of-function studies using MCF-7 cells showed that microRNAs differentially expressed between the luminal A clusters were important for cancer cell survival. These microRNAs were used to validate the split in luminal A tumors in four independent breast cancer cohorts. In two cohorts the microRNAs divided tumors into subgroups with significantly different outcomes, and in another a trend was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The six integrated subtypes identified confirm the heterogeneity of breast cancer and show that finer subdivisions of subtypes are evident. Increasing knowledge of the heterogeneity of the luminal A subtype may add pivotal information to guide therapeutic choices, evidently bringing us closer to improved treatment for this largest subgroup of breast cancer.

Impact of age, intrinsic subtype and local treatment on long-term local-regional recurrence and breast cancer mortality among low-risk breast cancer patients.

AIM: To evaluate the long-term prognostic impact of age, local treatment and intrinsic subtypes on the risk of local-regional recurrence (LRR) and breast cancer mortality among low-risk patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cohort study with prospectively collected data, balanced five-year age groups, including 514 Danish lymph node negative breast cancer patients diagnosed between 1989 and 1998, treated with mastectomy (N = 320) or breast-conserving therapy (BCT) (N = 194) and without systemic treatment. Intrinsic subtype approximation was performed by combining information on estrogen-, progesterone-, HER2 receptor and Ki67. RESULTS: The majority of the tumors had a luminal subtype: 70% Luminal-A (LumA), 16% Luminal-B (LumB), and 10% Luminal-HER2 + (Lum-HER2+). The distribution of intrinsic subtypes between younger (≤45 years) and older (>45 years) patients was similar. Intrinsic subtypes had no prognostic impact on the 20-year LRR risk, regardless of age. A distinct 20-year mortality pattern was observed among the younger patients: 11% of patients with LumB tumor died of breast cancer within the first five years after primary surgery, 23% of patients with Lum-HER2+ tumor died within a 5-10-year period, whereas patients with LumA tumor died with a constant low rate throughout the 20-year period. After 20 years of follow-up, patients with LumA tumor had breast cancer mortality comparable to that of patients with LumB tumor (20%) and lower than Lum-HER2+ tumor (39%). Among the older patients, no distinct mortality pattern was observed, and the 20-year breast cancer mortality was not associated with intrinsic subtypes. CONCLUSION: Among low-risk patients, 96% of the tumors were Luminal and the distribution of intrinsic subtypes between younger (≤45 years) and older (>45 years) patients was similar. The observed higher frequency of LRR among younger low-risk BCT patients was not associated intrinsic subtype. The 20-year breast cancer mortality was non-significant for LumA tumors among the older patients, whereas among the younger patients, LumA tumors had a comparable mortality with LumB, but lower than for Lum-HER2 + tumors.

Validation of genetic predictors of late radiation-induced morbidity in prostate cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: Normal tissue morbidity sets the dose limit for radiotherapy (RT) in cancer treatment and has importance for quality of life for cancer survivors. A previous study of prostate cancer patients treated with RT generated clinical data for radiation-induced morbidity measured by anorectal physiological methods and validated questionnaires. Other studies have identified genetic predictors associated with late radiation-induced morbidity outcome. We have expanded biobank material aiming to validate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a gene expression classifier with endpoints on patient-reported outcomes and biomechanical properties of the anorectum from our cohort matching originally published endpoints. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cohort of prostate cancer patients was treated with RT curative intent in 1999-2007. Nine SNPs associated with late radiation-induced morbidity were tested in 96 patients (rs2788612, rs1800629, rs264663, rs2682585, rs2268363, rs1801516, rs13035033, rs7120482 and rs17779457). A validated gene expression profile predictive of resistance to radiation-induced skin fibrosis was tested in 42 patients. An RT-induced anorectal dysfunction score (RT-ARD) served as a fibrosis-surrogate and a measure of overall radiation-induced morbidity. RESULTS: The lowest p-value found in the genotype analyses was for SNP rs2682585 minor allele (A) in the FSHR gene and the RT-ARD score with odds ratios (OR) = 1.76; 95% CI (0.98-3.17) p = .06, which was out of concordance with original data showing a protective effect of the minor allele. The gene expression profile in patients classified as fibrosis-resistant was associated with high RT-ARD scores OR 4.18; 95% CI (1.1-16.6), p = .04 conflicting with the hypothesis that fibrosis-resistant patients would experience lower RT-ARD scores. CONCLUSIONS: We aimed to validate nine SNPs and a gene expression classifier in a cohort of prostate cancer patients with unique scoring of radiation-induced morbidity. One significant association was found, pointing to the opposite direction of originally published data. We conclude that the material was not able to validate previously published genetic predictors of radiation-induced morbidity.

Differential gene expression in primary fibroblasts induced by proton and cobalt-60 beam irradiation.

INTRODUCTION: Proton beam therapy delivers a more conformal dose distribution than conventional radiotherapy, thus improving normal tissue sparring. Increasing linear energy transfer (LET) along the proton track increases the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) near the distal edge of the Spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). The severity of normal tissue side effects following photon beam radiotherapy vary considerably between patients. AIM: The dual study aim was to identify gene expression patterns specific to radiation type and proton beam position, and to assess whether individual radiation sensitivity influences gene expression levels in fibroblast cultures irradiated in vitro. METHODS: The study includes 30 primary fibroblast cell cultures from patients previously classified as either radiosensitive or radioresistant. Cells were irradiated at three different positions in the proton beam profile: entrance, mid-SOBP and at the SOBP distal edge. Dose was delivered in three fractions × 3.5 Gy(RBE) (RBE 1.1). Cobalt-60 (Co-60) irradiation was used as reference. Real-time qPCR was performed to determine gene expression levels for 17 genes associated with inflammation response, fibrosis and angiogenesis. RESULTS: Differences in median gene expression levels were observed for multiple genes such as IL6, IL8 and CXCL12. Median IL6 expression was 30%, 24% and 47% lower in entrance, mid-SOBP and SOBP distal edge groups than in Co-60 irradiated cells. No genes were found to be oppositely regulated by different radiation qualities. Radiosensitive patient samples had the strongest regulation of gene expression; irrespective of radiation type. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the increased LET at the SOBP distal edge position did not generally lead to increased transcriptive response in primary fibroblast cultures. Inflammatory factors were generally less extensively upregulated by proton irradiation compared with Co-60 photon irradiation. These effects may possibly influence the development of normal tissue damage in patients treated with proton beam therapy.

A prognostic profile of hypoxia-induced genes for localised high-grade soft tissue sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: For decades, tumour hypoxia has been pursued as a cancer treatment target. However, prognostic and predictive biomarkers are essential for the use of this target in the clinic. This study investigates the prognostic value of a hypoxia-induced gene profile in localised soft tissue sarcoma (STS). METHODS: The hypoxia-induced gene quantification was performed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. The gene expression cut-points were determined in a test cohort of 55 STS patients and used to allocate each patient into a more or a less hypoxic group. The cut-points found in the test cohort were applied to a cohort of 77 STS patients for validation. RESULTS: For patients with localised high-grade STS treated with surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy, the prognostic value of the hypoxia-induced gene profile was proved in the test cohort and confirmed in the validation cohort. After adjustment for confounders, the hazard ratio (HR) was 3.2 (95% CI: 1.5; 7.0) for patients with more hypoxic tumours compared with patients with less hypoxic tumours regarding disease-specific survival. Moreover, for the development of metastatic disease, the HR was 2.61 (95% CI: 1.27; 5.33). CONCLUSIONS: The hypoxia-induced gene profile is a validated independent prognostic marker that may help identify STS patients needing more aggressive or different adjuvant treatment.

Danish retinoblastoma patients 1943-2013 - genetic testing and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: In heritable retinoblastoma there is a 50% risk of transmitting the RB1 mutation, and offspring carriers have more than 90% risk of developing retinoblastoma. Today, all newly diagnosed retinoblastoma patients in Denmark are screened for mutations in RB1, as opposed to only a minority of patients diagnosed before DNA testing was offered. Knowledge of heredity increases the chance of early diagnosis in offspring, leading to improved prognosis. We present data from the Danish retinoblastoma patients that emphasize the need for genetic counseling and RB1 screening in all untested retinoblastoma survivors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data are extracted from The Danish Ocular Oncology Group Database, a national population database containing data on all Danish retinoblastoma patients since 1943. RESULTS: In total 323 retinoblastoma patients have been diagnosed between 1943 and 2013. Since 1963, the rate has been stable around 1 per 14 000 live births with 95% of the patients surviving their retinoblastoma. Stratifying data on the time of diagnosis and status of genetic testing, the number of screened patients gradually increased from 5% in the beginning of the period to 96% in the last five-year period. A cohort of 181 retinoblastoma survivors with sporadic disease (15% heritable) did not receive genetic testing. Since the introduction of routine testing, one of 14 sporadic unilateral patients tested (7%) has been identified with a germline mutation. Before routine testing, five additional sporadic unilateral patients have been identified as heritable. CONCLUSION: Only a minority of Danish retinoblastoma patients diagnosed before routine genetic testing was offered have been RB1 screened. To counsel the remaining untested patients and their families sufficiently regarding the risk to offspring and elevated risk of second primary cancers, we recommend information and access to genetic counseling and RB1 screening. This has ethical, psychological and possible economic consequences, and should be handled with caution.