Cultural Stress in the Age of Mass Xenophobia: Perspectives from Latin/o Adolescents.

During the last four years, xenophobic rhetoric directed toward Latino immigrants in U.S. media outlets and political forums has greatly increased. Using a general inductive approach, this qualitative study examined the forms of cultural stress, with a focus on discrimination and xenophobia, experienced by Latino adolescents in urban U.S. settings in 2018 and 2019. Six focus groups were conducted in Miami and Los Angeles (three groups per city) with first- and second-generation tenth-grade Latino students (n = 34). The following four themes emerged from the data: perceived discrimination from other Latino subgroups (in-group discrimination), perceived discrimination from non-Latino groups (out-group discrimination), internalization of stressors and discrimination experienced by participants' parents, and the current U.S. political rhetoric surrounding immigration. Understanding cultural stress among Latino adolescents provides valuable insight for future interventions to offset negative health outcomes associated with cultural stress.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Setting of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication of pregnancy that arises in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, leading to significant complications for the mother and her neonates, such as an increased rate of pregnancy-induced hypertension and miscarriages, while neonates may have a large birth weight, hypoglycemia, or macrosomnia. Numerous risk factors can lead to GDM; however, a significant one is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the most common endocrine pathology beginning before puberty, and due to significant hormonal changes, it is not diagnosed until after puberty. PCOS requires at least three of the following symptoms: hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, or polycystic ovary morphology. While it is agreed that women with PCOS are at a significantly increased risk of GDM, no publication to our knowledge has evaluated the full relationship of GDM in the setting of PCOS. This paper aimed to assess this relationship and determine how it may differ for pregnant women with only GDM by determining the prevalence of GDM, the variations within phenotypes, the influence of fertilization methods, specific risk factors, maternal outcomes, and neonatal outcomes. The prevalence of GDM was significantly increased in women with PCOS compared to healthy controls, and some studies have found that phenotype A may be more likely to lead to GDM. Risk factors were similar to pregnant women with only GDM, but with GDM and PCOS specifically, preconception low sex hormone-binding globulin, increased BMI > 25 kg/m2, and preconception impaired glucose tolerance were specific. While maternal outcomes were similar to pregnant women with only GDM, women with GDM and PCOS were even more likely to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension and early miscarriage. Neonates from mothers with GDM and PCOS were more likely to have low birth weights compared to mothers with just GDM who had high birth weights. The evaluation of the relationship between GDM and PCOS allows for illumination of the need to evaluate influences that currently lack research, such as phenotype variation and influences of fertilization method. This also promotes the need to develop predictive algorithms based on risk factors to prevent these adverse outcomes for mothers and neonates.