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BACKGROUND: Tibial tubercle fractures (TTFs) are uncommon injuries, comprising <3% of all proximal tibial fractures. These fractures occasionally occur in conjunction with a patellar tendon injury (PTI). We aimed to identify risk factors associated with combined TTF and PTI. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of patients presenting to a single, tertiary children's hospital with TTF between 2012 and 2023. Demographic data, operative details, radiographs, and injury patterns were analyzed. Radiographs were assessed for the epiphyseal union stage (EUS), Ogden classification, and fracture patterns. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of body mass index, comminution, fracture fragment rotation, EUS, bilateral injury, and Ogden classification on injury type. RESULTS: We identified 262 fractures in 252 patients (mean age, 13.9 ± 1.31 years). Of the patients, 6% were female and 48% were Black. Of the 262 fractures, 228 (87%) were isolated TTFs and 34 (13%) were TTFs with PTI. Multivariable analysis demonstrated fragment rotation on lateral radiographs (p < 0.0001) and Ogden Type-I classification (p < 0.0001) to be the most predictive risk factors for a combined injury. Rotation was associated with a substantial increase in the odds of a combined injury, with an odds ratio of 22.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1 to 80.1). Ogden Type-I fracture was another significant risk factor, with an odds ratio of 10.2 (95% CI, 3.4 to 30.4). CONCLUSIONS: The Ogden classification and fragment rotation are the most useful features for distinguishing between isolated TTF and combined TTF with PTI. This is the first study to identify risk factors for TTF combined with PTI. Surgeons may use this information to aid in preoperative planning. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of early postoperative complications and revision surgery in patients who underwent primary medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) repair with minimum of 2-year follow-up. Methods: A retrospective review of a national insurance database was conducted to identify patients with MUCL injuries who underwent primary MUCL repair between 2015 to 2020 with minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients >40 years of age and those who had concomitant elbow fractures or dislocations, lateral UCL injures, medial epicondylitis, elbow arthritis, or a history of previous elbow injury/surgery were excluded. The number of patients who underwent a concomitant ulnar nerve procedure (transposition or decompression) during the primary MUCL repair was recorded. Complications within 90 days of surgery and the incidence and timing of subsequent ipsilateral ulnar nerve surgery or revision MUCL surgery were assessed. Results: A total of 313 patients (63.6% male) were included. The mean age was 20.3 ± 6.9 years, and mean follow-up was 3.7 ± 1.3 years. Concomitant ulnar nerve transposition or decompression was performed in 34.2% (N = 107). The early postoperative complication rate was 7.3% (N = 23). The most common complication was ulnar neuropathy (5.8%, N = 18). Wound complications, elbow stiffness, and medial epicondyle fractures were much less common (N = 5). Sixteen of 18 (88.9%) patients with postoperative ulnar neuropathy underwent transposition or decompression at the time of primary repair. Of these 18 patients, 5 (27.8%) underwent a subsequent ulnar nerve surgery (1 primary and 4 secondary), with the majority occurring within 6 months. The incidence of revision MUCL surgery was low (1.0%, N=3), with all 3 patients undergoing MUCL reconstruction. Conclusion: There was a low incidence of early postoperative complications (7.3%) and 2-year revision MUCL surgery (1.0%) in young patients who underwent primary MUCL repair with no additional ligamentous, fracture, and dislocation-related diagnoses. All 3 (1.0%) MUCL revisions underwent reconstruction. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
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BACKGROUND: In adults with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, bone bruises on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans provide insight into the underlying mechanism of injury. There is a paucity of literature that has investigated these relationships in children with ACL tears. PURPOSE: To examine and compare the number and location of bone bruises between contact and noncontact ACL tears in pediatric patients. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Boys ≤14 years and girls ≤12 years of age who underwent primary ACL reconstruction surgery between 2018 and 2022 were identified at 3 separate institutions. Eligibility criteria required detailed documentation of the mechanism of injury and MRI performed within 30 days of the initial ACL tear. Patients with congenital lower extremity abnormalities, concomitant fractures, injuries to the posterolateral corner and/or posterior cruciate ligament, previous ipsilateral knee injuries or surgeries, or closed physes evident on MRI scans were excluded. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on a contact or noncontact mechanism of injury. Preoperative MRI scans were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of bone bruises in the coronal and sagittal planes using fat-suppressed T2-weighted images and a grid-based mapping technique of the tibiofemoral joint. RESULTS: A total of 109 patients were included, with 76 (69.7%) patients sustaining noncontact injuries and 33 (30.3%) patients sustaining contact injuries. There were no significant differences between the contact and noncontact groups in terms of age (11.8 ± 2.0 vs 12.4 ± 1.3 years; P = .12), male sex (90.9% vs 88.2%; P > .99), time from initial injury to MRI (10.3 ± 8.1 vs 10.4 ± 8.9 days; P = .84), the presence of a concomitant medial meniscus tear (18.2% vs 14.5%; P = .62) or lateral meniscus tear (69.7% vs 52.6%; P = .097), and sport-related injuries (82.9% vs 81.8%; P = .89). No significant differences were observed in the frequency of combined lateral tibiofemoral (lateral femoral condyle + lateral tibial plateau) bone bruises (87.9% contact vs 78.9% noncontact; P = .41) or combined medial tibiofemoral (medial femoral condyle [MFC] + medial tibial plateau) bone bruises (54.5% contact vs 35.5% noncontact; P = .064). Patients with contact ACL tears were significantly more likely to have centrally located MFC bruising (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.6-11; P = .0038) and less likely to have bruising on the anterior aspect of the lateral tibial plateau (odds ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.097-0.76; P = .013). CONCLUSION: Children with contact ACL tears were 4 times more likely to present with centrally located MFC bone bruises on preoperative MRI scans compared with children who sustained noncontact ACL tears. Future studies should investigate the relationship between these bone bruise patterns and the potential risk of articular cartilage damage in pediatric patients with contact ACL tears.