Pulmonary function is a strong predictor of 2-year overall survival and non-relapse mortality after allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to assess the validity of the hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) and of pulmonary comorbidity prior to HCT in terms of predicting non-relapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival (OS). METHODS: In this retrospective single-center study of 663 consecutive adult recipients of HCT, we stratified patients into groups by pulmonary comorbidity: low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk. The predictive value of this pulmonary comorbidity score (PCS) was compared to HCT-CI. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, the HCT-CI and the PCS were associated with OS after transplantation when comparing patients in high-risk groups with patients in low-risk groups. Using the PCS, the hazard ratios (HRs) of the 2-year OS in the entire population and in the myeloablative conditioning (MAC) group were 1.98 (p < .001) and 3.27 (p < .001), respectively, whereas the HRs using the HCT-CI were 1.83 (p < .001) and 2.57 (p = .002). The 2-year NRM incidence in the three risk-groups in the entire population was significant using both indexes. In the MAC group, the 2-year NRM was significant using the PCS (p = .003), but not using the HCT-CI (p = .23). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggest that pulmonary function alone is a strong predictor of 2-year OS and NRM after HCT.

Sirolimus with CSP and MMF as GVHD prophylaxis for allogeneic transplantation with HLA antigen-mismatched donors.

This trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sirolimus in addition to cyclosporine (CSP) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis after nonmyeloablative conditioning for HLA class I or II mismatched hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Eligible patients had hematologic malignancies treatable by allogeneic HCT. Conditioning consisted of fludarabine (90 mg/m2) and 2 to 3 Gy total body irradiation. GVHD prophylaxis comprised cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and sirolimus. The primary objective was to determine whether the cumulative incidence of grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD could be reduced to <70% in HLA class I or II mismatched HCT. The study was closed on December 20, 2018. Seventy-seven participants were recruited between April 14, 2011, and December 12, 2018, of whom 76 completed the study intervention. Median follow-up was 47 months (range, 4-94 months). The cumulative incidence of grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD at day 100 was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25-46), meeting the primary end point. The cumulative incidence of nonrelapse morality, relapse/progression, and overall survival was 18% (95% CI, 9-27), 30% (interquartile range, 19-40), and 62% (95% CI, 50-73) after 4 years. In conclusion, the addition of sirolimus to cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil resulted in a lower incidence of acute GVHD, thus translating into superior overall survival compared with historical results. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01251575.

Centre characteristics and procedure-related factors have an impact on outcomes of allogeneic transplantation for patients with CLL: a retrospective analysis from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

The best approach for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantations (alloHCT) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is unknown. We therefore analysed the impact of procedure- and centre-related factors on 5-year event-free survival (EFS) in a large retrospective study. Data of 684 CLL patients who received a first alloHCT between 2000 and 2011 were analysed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with a frailty component to investigate unexplained centre heterogeneity. Five-year EFS of the whole cohort was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34-42%). Larger numbers of CLL alloHCTs (hazard ratio [HR] 0·96, P = 0·002), certification of quality management (HR 0·7, P = 0·045) and a higher gross national income per capita (HR 0·4, P = 0·04) improved EFS. In vivo T-cell depletion (TCD) with alemtuzumab compared to no TCD (HR 1·5, P = 0·03), and a female donor compared to a male donor for a male patient (HR 1·4, P = 0·02) had a negative impact on EFS, but not non-myeloablative versus more intensive conditioning. After correcting for patient-, procedure- and centre-characteristics, significant variation in centre outcomes persisted. In conclusion, further research on the impact of centre and procedural characteristics is warranted. Non-myeloablative conditioning appears to be the preferable approach for patients with CLL.

15-year follow-up of the Second Nordic Mantle Cell Lymphoma trial (MCL2): prolonged remissions without survival plateau.

In recent decades, the prognosis of Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) has been significantly improved by intensified first-line regimens containing cytarabine, rituximab and consolidation with high-dose-therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. One such strategy is the Nordic MCL2 regimen, developed by the Nordic Lymphoma Group. We here present the 15-year updated results of the Nordic MCL2 study after a median follow-up of 11·4 years: For all patients on an intent-to-treat basis, the median overall and progression-free survival was 12·7 and 8·5 years, respectively. The MCL International Prognostic Index (MIPI), biological MIPI, including Ki67 expression (MIPI-B) and the MIPI-B including mIR-18b expression (MIPI-B-miR), in particular, significantly divided patients into distinct risk groups. Despite very long response durations of the low and intermediate risk groups, we observed a continuous pattern of relapse and the survival curves never reached a plateau. In conclusion, despite half of the patients being still alive and 40% in first remission after more than 12 years, we still see an excess disease-related mortality, even among patients experiencing long remissions. Even though we consider the Nordic regimen as a very good choice of regimen, we recommend inclusion in prospective studies to explore the benefit of novel agents in the frontline treatment of MCL.

Outcomes of Cord Blood Transplantation Using Reduced-Intensity Conditioning for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Study on Behalf of Eurocord and Cord Blood Committee of Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party, Chronic Malignancies Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, and the Societé Française de Greffe de Moelle et Therapie Cellulaire.

Outcomes after umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are unknown. We analyzed outcomes of 68 patients with poor-risk CLL/SLL who underwent reduced-intensity (RIC) UCBT from 2004 to 2012. The median age was 57 years and median follow-up 36 months; 17 patients had del 17p/p53mutation, 19 patients had fludarabine-refractory disease, 11 relapsed after autologous stem cell transplantation, 8 had diagnosis of prolymphocytic leukemia, 4 had Richter syndrome, and 8 underwent transplantation with progressive or refractory disease. The most common RIC used was cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, and total body irradiation (TBI) in 82%; 15 patients received antithymocyte globulin. Most of the cord blood grafts were HLA mismatched and 76% received a double UCBT. Median total nucleated cells collected was 4.7 × 10(7)/kg. The cumulative incidences (CI) of neutrophil and platelet engraftment were 84% and 72% at 60 and 180 days respectively; day 100 graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (grade II to IV) was 43% and 3-year chronic GVHD was 32%. The CI of relapse, nonrelapse mortality, overall survival, and progression-free survival (PFS) at 3 years were 16%, 39%, 54%, and 45%, respectively. Fludarabine-sensitive disease at transplantation and use of low-dose TBI regimens were associated with acceptable PFS. In conclusion, use of RIC-UCBT seems to be feasible in patients with poor-risk CLL/SLL and improved outcomes were observed in patients with fludarabine-sensitive disease who received low-dose TBI regimens.

Nordic MCL2 trial update: six-year follow-up after intensive immunochemotherapy for untreated mantle cell lymphoma followed by BEAM or BEAC + autologous stem-cell support: still very long survival but late relapses do occur.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a heterogenic non-Hodgkin lymphoma entity, with a median survival of about 5 years. In 2008 we reported the early - based on the median observation time of 4 years - results of the Nordic Lymphoma Group MCL2 study of frontline intensive induction immunochemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), with more than 60% event-free survival at 5 years, and no subsequent relapses reported. Here we present an update after a median observation time of 6·5 years. The overall results are still excellent, with median overall survival and response duration longer than 10 years, and a median event-free survival of 7·4 years. However, six patients have now progressed later than 5 years after end of treatment. The international MCL Prognostic Index (MIPI) and Ki-67-expression were the only independent prognostic factors. Subdivided by the MIPI-Biological Index (MIPI + Ki-67, MIPI-B), more than 70% of patients with low-intermediate MIPI-B were alive at 10 years, but only 23% of the patients with high MIPI-B. These results, although highly encouraging regarding the majority of the patients, underline the need of a risk-adapted treatment strategy for MCL. The study was registered at www.isrctn.org as ISRCTN 87866680.

Single-institution long-term outcomes for patients receiving nonmyeloablative conditioning hematopoeitic cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma.

Non-myeloablative conditioning hematopoietic cell transplantation (NMC-HCT) has improved the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and follicular lymphoma (FL). In a cohort of 85 patients (45 with CLL and 40 with FL), we observed 5-yr overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of 53% and 38% in the CLL group and 81% and 76% in the FL group. In the both the CLL group and the FL group, a strong trend toward better OS and PFS was observed among patients in complete remission (CR) at HCT. Within the FL group, sixteen patients had at one or more time points in their disease history had transformed FL. In contrast to the poor survival found in patients with transformed FL in previous studies, the 5-yr OS was almost identical in patients with transformed and non-transformed FL, 83% and 78%, respectively. In conclusion, our study supports that NMC-HCT is a safe and efficacious treatment that can provide long-term survival in elderly, heavily pretreated patients with FL and CLL. Especially patients with FL, and also transformed FL, seemed to have a great benefit of NMC-HCT, and CR at the time of HCT was an important prognostic factor.

Long-term progression-free survival of mantle cell lymphoma after intensive front-line immunochemotherapy with in vivo-purged stem cell rescue: a nonrandomized phase 2 multicenter study by the Nordic Lymphoma Group.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is considered incurable. Intensive immunochemotherapy with stem cell support has not been tested in large, prospective series. In the 2nd Nordic MCL trial, we treated 160 consecutive, untreated patients younger than 66 years in a phase 2 protocol with dose-intensified induction immunochemotherapy with rituximab (R) + cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisone (maxi-CHOP), alternating with R + high-dose cytarabine. Responders received high-dose chemotherapy with BEAM or BEAC (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan/cyclophosphamide) with R-in vivo purged autologous stem cell support. Overall and complete response was achieved in 96% and 54%, respectively. The 6-year overall, event-free, and progression-free survival were 70%, 56%, and 66%, respectively, with no relapses occurring after 5 years. Multivariate analysis showed Ki-67 to be the sole independent predictor of event-free survival. The nonrelapse mortality was 5%. The majority of stem cell products and patients assessed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after transplantation were negative. Compared with our historical control, the Nordic MCL-1 trial, the event-free, overall, and progression-free survival, the duration of molecular remission, and the proportion of PCR-negative stem cell products were significantly increased (P < .001). Intensive immunochemotherapy with in vivo purged stem cell support can lead to long-term progression-free survival of MCL and perhaps cure. Registered at www.isrctn.org as #ISRCTN 87866680.

Ibrutinib for bridging to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or mantle cell lymphoma: a study by the EBMT Chronic Malignancies and Lymphoma Working Parties.

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) in patients pre-treated with ibrutinib. Eligible were patients aged >18 years allotransplanted for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) after prior exposure to ibrutinib who were registered with the EBMT registry. Seventy patients (CLL 48, MCL 22) were included. At the time of alloHCT, 73% of the patients were ibrutinib responsive. All patients except one engrafted, and acute GVHD grade 2-4 (3-4) was observed in 49% (12%) of 68 evaluable patients. The cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 54% 1 year after transplant. In the CLL group, 12-month non-relapse mortality, relapse incidence (RI), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 10, 30, 60, and 72%, respectively, and in the MCL group 5, 19, 76, and 86%, respectively. Pre-transplant ibrutinib failure and poor performance status predicted inferior RI, PFS and OS in the CLL group. In conclusion, ibrutinib does not affect the safety of a subsequent alloHCT. While the relatively high post-transplant relapse risk in ibrutinib-exposed patients with CLL deserves further study, in patients with MCL consolidating disease responses to ibrutinib with alloHCT seems to be a promising option.

Real-time polymerase chain reaction estimation of bone marrow tumor burden using clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene and bcl-1/JH rearrangements in mantle cell lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: In mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), detection of minimal residual disease in bone marrow (BM) samples by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is insufficient to predict relapse. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a quantitative estimation of tumor burden in consecutive BM samples from MCL patients was feasible and of clinical value. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In combination with standard qualitative PCR, we developed a sensitive and accurate real-time PCR for detection of bcl-1/JH (joining region) rearrangement and used a recently described real-time PCR analysis of clonal immunoglobulin rearrangement. To assess clinical utility, we quantified tumor cells in 27 BM samples from three MCL patients undergoing combined CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin [hydroxydaunomycin], vincristine [Oncovin], prednisone) and anti-CD20 antibody treatment and three MCL patients undergoing up-front autologous stem cell transplantation. RESULTS: The approach is capable of detecting tumor cells over a wide range of BM contamination compared to qualitative PCR analysis alone. Tumor burden in consecutive BM samples decreases during therapy and either increases or stabilizes at low levels in patients who relapse or remain in continuous clinical remission, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic range estimation of BM tumor burden is feasible in MCL patients undergoing therapy using clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene and bcl-1/JH rearrangement-based real-time PCR.

Pre-emptive treatment with rituximab of molecular relapse after autologous stem cell transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma.

PURPOSE: Minimal residual disease (MRD) is predictive of clinical progression in mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL). According to the Nordic MCL-2 protocol we prospectively analyzed the efficacy of pre-emptive treatment using rituximab to MCL patients in molecular relapse after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). PATIENTS AND MATERIALS: MCL patients enrolled onto the study, who had polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detectable molecular markers and underwent ASCT, were followed with serial PCR assessments of MRD in consecutive bone marrow and peripheral blood samples after ASCT. In case of molecular relapse with increasing MRD levels, patients were offered pre-emptive treatment with rituximab 375 mg/m(2) weekly for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Of 160 MCL patients enrolled, 145 underwent ASCT, of whom 78 had a molecular marker. Of these, 74 were in complete remission (CR) and four had progressive disease after ASCT. Of the CR patients, 36 underwent a molecular relapse up to 6 years (mean, 18.5 months) after ASCT. Ten patients did not receive pre-emptive treatment mainly due to a simultaneous molecular and clinical relapse, while 26 patients underwent pre-emptive treatment leading to reinduction of molecular remission in 92%. Median molecular and clinical relapse-free survival after pre-emptive treatment were 1.5 and 3.7 years, respectively. Of the 38 patients who remain in molecular remission for now for a median of 3.3 years (range, 0.4 to 6.6 years), 33 are still in clinical CR. CONCLUSION: Molecular relapse may occur many years after ASCT in MCL, and PCR based pre-emptive treatment using rituximab is feasible, reinduce molecular remission, and may prevent clinical relapse.

Primary treatment with autologous stem cell transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma: outcome related to remission pretransplant.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the first Nordic mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) protocol was to study the clinical significance of an augmented CHOP induction chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and to examine the prognostic significance of stem cell contamination rates in newly diagnosed patients with MCL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one newly diagnosed patients below 66 yr were enrolled and given three series of an augmented CHOP regimen. Responders underwent stem cell mobilization with a fourth course of CHOP, stem cell harvest and ASCT. Stem cell purging was optional in the protocol and followed the routine of each participating centre. The number of tumour cells in the reinfused autografts was estimated by flow cytometry or quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Induction therapy led to complete remission (CR) in 11 of 41 patients (27%), partial remission (PR) in 20 of 41 patients (49%) and no response in nine patients (22%), whereas one patient was not evaluable. Twenty-seven of the 31 responders underwent ASCT and 24 achieved or maintained a CR. The overall and failure-free 4-yr survival on intention-to-treat basis were 51% and 15%, respectively. Among the transplanted patients, a significantly increased failure-free (P<0.03) and overall survival (P=0.03) was noted among patients transplanted in CR compared with PR, respectively. By contrast, reinfusion of highly variable numbers of tumour cells with the autografts (range 0.71-80 x 10(6) tumour cells), did not affect outcome. CONCLUSION: In MCL, an important strategy to improve the outcome will be to intensify the induction chemotherapy.