RESUMO
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by the intestinal microbiota during the fermentation of dietary fibers as secondary metabolites. Several recent studies reported that SCFAs modulate the development and function of immune-related cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which SCFAs regulate mast cells (MCs) remain unclear. In the current study, we analyzed the function and gene expression of mouse MCs in the presence of SCFAs in vitro and in vivo. We found that the oral administration of valerate or butyrate ameliorated passive systemic anaphylaxis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. The majority of SCFAs, particularly propionate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate, suppressed the IgE-mediated degranulation of bone marrow-derived MCs, which were eliminated by the Gi protein inhibitor pertussis toxin and by the knockdown of Gpr109a. A treatment with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A also suppressed IgE-mediated MC activation and reduced the surface expression level of FcεRI on MCs. Acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin attenuated the suppressive effects of SCFAs on degranulation. The degranulation degree was significantly reduced by PGE2 but not by PGD2. Furthermore, SCFAs enhanced PGE2 release from stimulated MCs. The SCFA-mediated amelioration of anaphylaxis was exacerbated by COX inhibitors and an EP3 antagonist, but not by an EP4 antagonist. The administration of niacin, a ligand of GPR109A, alleviated the symptoms of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, which was inhibited by cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the EP3 antagonist. We conclude that SCFAs suppress IgE-mediated activation of MCs in vivo and in vitro involving GPR109A, PGE2, and epigenetic regulation.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia , Niacina , Camundongos , Animais , Anafilaxia/tratamento farmacológico , Anafilaxia/metabolismo , Niacina/farmacologia , Niacina/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Butiratos/farmacologia , Butiratos/metabolismo , Valeratos/metabolismo , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Imunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Degranulação CelularRESUMO
Risk-adapted therapy is recommended to prevent major clinical complications, such as thrombo-haemorrhagic events, in patients with essential thrombocythaemia (ET). In this study, we analysed the association between non-driver gene mutations and thrombo-haemorrhagic events in 579 patients with ET. ASXL1 and TP53 mutations were frequently identified in patients with ET complicated by thrombosis (22.7% and 23.1%, respectively), and the DNMT3A mutation was frequently identified in patients who experienced haemorrhage (15.2%). Multivariate analyses of thrombosis-free survival (TFS) revealed that ASXL1 and TP53 mutations are associated with thrombosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.140 and 3.752 respectively). Patients harbouring the ASXL1 or TP53 mutation had significantly worse TFS rates than those without mutation (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001 respectively). Furthermore, JAK2V617F-mutated patients with accompanying ASXL1 mutations showed significantly shorter TFS compared with those without ASXL1 mutations (p = 0.003). Multivariate analyses of haemorrhage-free survival (HFS) revealed that the DNMT3A mutation (HR = 2.784) is associated with haemorrhage. DNMT3A-mutated patients showed significantly shorter HFS than those without the mutation (p = 0.026). Non-driver gene mutations should be considered in treatment strategies and may provide important information for personalised treatment approaches.
Assuntos
Trombocitemia Essencial , Trombose , Humanos , Trombocitemia Essencial/genética , Prognóstico , Trombose/genética , Hemorragia/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
There are few prospective studies on patients with post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis (PET-MF) and post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis (PPV-MF). Therefore, we conducted a nationwide longitudinal prospective survey to clarify the clinical characteristics of these diseases. A total of 197 PET-MF and 117 PPV-MF patients diagnosed between 2012 and 2021 were analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 70.0 years for both diseases. The time from diagnosis of ET or PV to that of MF was 9.6 and 10.4 years, respectively, with no significant difference. Patients with PPV-MF had higher hemoglobin levels and white blood cell counts than those with PET-MF, whereas those with PET-MF had higher platelet counts than those with PPV-MF. Although splenomegaly was more frequent in patients with PPV-MF at diagnosis, there was no difference in the frequency of constitutional symptoms. Ruxolitinib was the most common treatment administered to 74.6% and 83.8% of patients with PET-MF and PPV-MF, respectively. Patients with PET-MF and PPV-MF had similar prognoses, with 3-year overall survival (OS) of 0.742 in PET-MF and 0.768 in PPV-MF patients. In both diseases, leukemic transformation was the leading cause of death, followed by infection. The 3-year OS for patients with PET/PPV-MF and primary MF diagnosed during the same period was 0.754 and 0.626, respectively, with no significant difference. This survey provides real-world clinical features and prognostic data on secondary myelofibrosis in the ruxolitinib era.
Assuntos
Policitemia Vera , Mielofibrose Primária , Trombocitemia Essencial , Humanos , Idoso , Policitemia Vera/complicações , Policitemia Vera/diagnóstico , Policitemia Vera/terapia , Trombocitemia Essencial/complicações , Trombocitemia Essencial/diagnóstico , Trombocitemia Essencial/tratamento farmacológico , Mielofibrose Primária/diagnóstico , Mielofibrose Primária/etiologia , Mielofibrose Primária/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: A proportion of patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) harbor non-driver mutations associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of non-driver mutations in a large Japanese PV and ET cohort. Furthermore, we studied the relationship of these mutations and prognosis in Japanese patients. METHODS: We enrolled 843 Japanese patients with PV or ET. Non-driver mutations were analyzed by target resequencing using next-generation sequencing. The association of the mutations with the prognosis was estimated using multivariable logistic regression analysis and log-rank test. RESULTS: Non-driver mutations were detected in 31.1% and 24.5% patients with PV and ET, respectively. Among them, ASXL1 mutations were identified as a risk factor for leukemic/myelofibrotic transformation in PV and ET patients (hazard ratio: 4.68, p = .006). The higher-risk groups of the mutation-enhanced international prognostic system (MIPSS)-PV and MIPSS-ET incorporating non-driver mutations exhibited significantly shorter overall survival compared with the low-risk group (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: These results implicate the importance of studying non-driver mutations for predicting the prognosis and survival of Japanese PV and ET patients.
Assuntos
Policitemia Vera , Mielofibrose Primária , Trombocitemia Essencial , Humanos , Policitemia Vera/diagnóstico , Policitemia Vera/genética , Trombocitemia Essencial/diagnóstico , Trombocitemia Essencial/genética , Prognóstico , Mutação , Janus Quinase 2/genéticaRESUMO
We generated dual-antigen receptor (DR) T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to mitigate tumor antigen escape. These cells were engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for the antigen cell surface latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1; LMP1-CAR) and a T cell receptor directed to cell surface latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2), in association with human leucocyte antigen A24, to treat therapy-refractory Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas. We introduced LMP1-CAR into iPSCs derived from LMP2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to generate rejuvenated CTLs (rejTs) active against LMP1 and LMP2, or DRrejTs. All DRrejT-treated mice survived >100 days. Furthermore, DRrejTs rejected follow-up inocula of lymphoma cells, demonstrating that DRrejTs persisted long-term. We also demonstrated that DRrejTs targeting CD19 and LMP2 antigens exhibited a robust tumor suppressive effect and conferred a clear survival advantage. Co-operative antitumor effect and in vivo persistence, with unlimited availability of DRrejT therapy, will provide powerful and sustainable T cell immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Linfoma , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Animais , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Linfoma/genética , Linfoma/terapia , Camundongos , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/genéticaRESUMO
Risk-adapted therapy is recommended to prevent thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients. An advanced age, a history of thrombosis, and the presence of the JAK2V617F mutation are well-defined risk factors for thrombosis in ET; however, the impact of cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors on thrombosis in ET remains elusive. Therefore, we herein investigated the impact of CVR factors on thrombosis in 580 ET patients who met the 2017 World Health Organization Classification diagnostic criteria. A univariate analysis identified hypertriglyceridemia and multiple CVR factors as strong risk factors for thrombosis (hazard ratio [HR] 3.530, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.630-7.643, P = 0.001 and HR 3.368, 95% CI 1.284-8.833, P = 0.014, respectively) and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia as a potential risk factor (HR 2.191, 95% CI 0.966-4.971, P = 0.061). A multivariate analysis revealed that hypertriglyceridemia was an independent risk factor for thrombosis (HR 3.364, 95% CI 1.541-7.346, P = 0.002). Furthermore, poor thrombosis-free survival was observed in patients with a serum triglyceride level ≥ 1.2 mmol/L (HR = 2.592, P = 0.026 vs. < 1.2 mmol/L) or two or more CVR factors (P = 0.011 vs. no CVR factors and P = 0.005 vs. one CVR factor). These results revealed the impact of CVR factors on thrombosis in ET. Since CVR factors are manageable, lifestyle interventions, such as the control of serum triglyceride levels, may effectively prevent thrombosis in ET patients.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Hipertrigliceridemia , Trombocitemia Essencial , Trombose , Humanos , Trombocitemia Essencial/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , População do Leste Asiático , Fatores de Risco , Trombose/etiologia , Trombose/diagnóstico , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Janus Quinase 2/genética , Hipertrigliceridemia/complicações , TriglicerídeosRESUMO
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of kaempferol on bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Kaempferol treatment significantly and dose-dependently inhibited IgE-induced degranulation, and cytokine production of BMMCs under the condition that cell viability was maintained. Kaempferol downregulated the surface expression levels of FcεRI on BMMCs, but the mRNA levels of FcεRIα, ß, and γ-chains were not changed by kaempferol treatment. Furthermore, the kaempferol-mediated downregulation of surface FcεRI on BMMCs was still observed when protein synthesis or protein transporter was inhibited. We also found that kaempferol inhibited both LPS- and IL-33-induced IL-6 production from BMMCs, without affecting the expression levels of their receptors, TLR4 and ST2. Although kaempferol treatment increased the protein amount of NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-a master transcription factor of antioxidant stress-in BMMCs, the inhibition of NRF2 did not alter the suppressive effect of kaempferol on degranulation. Finally, we found that kaempferol treatment increased the levels of mRNA and protein of a phosphatase SHIP1 in BMMCs. The kaempferol-induced upregulation of SHIP1 was also observed in peritoneal MCs. The knockdown of SHIP1 by siRNA significantly enhanced IgE-induced degranulation of BMMCs. A Western blotting analysis showed that IgE-induced phosphorylation of PLCγ was suppressed in kaempferol-treated BMMCs. These results indicate that kaempferol inhibited the IgE-induced activation of BMMCs by downregulating FcεRI and upregulating SHIP1, and the SHIP1 increase is involved in the suppression of various signaling-mediated stimulations of BMMCs, such as those associated with TLR4 and ST2.
Assuntos
Mastócitos , Receptores de IgE , Degranulação Celular , Imunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Proteína 1 Semelhante a Receptor de Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Quempferóis/farmacologia , Quempferóis/metabolismo , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/genética , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Receptores de IgE/genética , Receptores de IgE/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have dramatically changed the way chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is treated. Although TKI therapy improves the overall survival of patients with CML, the management of various adverse events (AEs) from the therapy has become a major barrier to its adherence. Bosutinib is a second-generation TKI and an effective first-line treatment for CML. The most frequent AE is diarrhea; however, liver toxicity is also a major complication. In general, drug-induced hepatic enzyme elevation occurs within 1-2 weeks after treatment initiation. However, we noticed that, in a certain number of patients, liver injury appeared late (4-7 weeks) and was accompanied by eosinophilia. Herein, we retrospectively analyzed patients with CML treated with bosutinib at the Juntendo University School of Medicine and observed five patients with CML who developed late-onset liver injury with an elevation of the eosinophil count. In all cases, the liver enzyme level was within the normal range or grade 1 during the first 3 weeks of the bosutinib treatment and then elevated steeply thereafter. The pattern of hepatic toxicity was hepatocellular injury. In addition, all cases of eosinophilia tended to precede or coincide with an elevated liver enzyme level. Thus, the elevation of the eosinophil count may be a predictor for bosutinib-induced liver injury. Careful attention should be paid to delayed-onset hepatic injury, especially at 4-6 weeks after bosutinib initiation.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Eosinofilia , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva , Quinolinas , Compostos de Anilina , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Eosinofilia/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/induzido quimicamente , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/tratamento farmacológico , Fígado , Nitrilas , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Quinolinas/efeitos adversos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphomas are common in Asia and exhibit a poor prognosis. As EBV antigens LMP1 and LMP2 are often expressed in EBV-associated lymphomas, these lymphomas should be a good target for antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) therapy. However, CTLs continuously exposed to viral or tumor antigens often become exhausted. Antigen-specific CTLs generated from induced pluripotent stem cells are functionally rejuvenated, showing a strong antitumor effect on EBV-associated lymphomas and persistence in vivo. For feasible "off-the-shelf" therapy, we generated allogeneic EBV-specific CTLs in the cell processing center and prepared them for actual use in clinical settings.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Linfoma , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/terapia , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/patologia , Linfoma/patologia , Linfoma/terapia , Linfócitos T CitotóxicosRESUMO
Immunotherapy utilizing induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has great potential. Functionally rejuvenated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can survive long-term as young memory T cells in vivo, with continuous tumor eradication. Banking of iPSCs as an unlimited "off-the-shelf" source of therapeutic T cells may be feasible. To generate safer iPSCs, we reprogrammed human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) E6-specific CTLs by Sendai virus vector without cotransduction of SV40 large T antigen. The iPSCs efficiently differentiated into HPV16-specific rejuvenated CTLs that demonstrated robust cytotoxicity against cervical cancer. The tumor-suppressive effect of rejuvenated CTLs was stronger and more persistent than that of original peripheral blood CTLs. These rejuvenated HPV16-specific CTLs provide a sustained tumor-suppressive effect even for epithelial cancers and constitute promising immunotherapy for cervical cancer.
Assuntos
Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Imunomodulação , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Proteínas Repressoras/imunologia , Especificidade do Receptor de Antígeno de Linfócitos T , Linfócitos T/citologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/terapia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) may occur following a viral infection. We report the case of a 30-year-old woman with thrombocytopenia who was subsequently diagnosed with ITP. Although she was asymptomatic, chest computed tomography (CT) showed ground-glass opacities in the lower lung regions. The patient had a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. She responded well to 400 mg/kg of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Coronavirus disease of 2019 or COVID-19 should be considered as a cause of ITP during the pandemic, and chest CT scans and RT-PCR tests should be performed in patients suspected of ITP.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática , Adulto , COVID-19/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/diagnóstico , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/tratamento farmacológico , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/etiologia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Functionally rejuvenated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are expected to be a potent immunotherapy for tumors. When L-asparaginase-containing standard chemotherapy fails in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL), no effective salvage therapy exists. The clinical course then is miserable. We demonstrate prolonged and robust eradication of ENKL in vivo by Epstein-Barr virus-specific iPSC-derived antigen-specific CTL, with iPSC-derived antigen-specific CTL persisting as central memory T cells in the mouse spleen for at least six months. The anti-tumor response is so strong that any concomitant effect of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade is unclear. These results suggest that long-term persistent Epstein-Barr virus-specific iPSC-derived antigen-specific CTL contribute to a continuous anti-tumor effect and offer an effective salvage therapy for relapsed and refractory ENKL.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Linfoma Extranodal de Células T-NK , Linfoma de Células T , Animais , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/terapia , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Células Matadoras Naturais , Linfoma Extranodal de Células T-NK/terapia , CamundongosRESUMO
Background aims: E3L is an immediate-early protein of vaccinia virus (VV) that is detected within 0.5 h of infection, potentially before the many immune evasion genes of vaccinia can exert their protective effects. E3L is highly conserved among orthopoxviruses and hence could provide important protective T-cell epitopes that should be retained in any subunit or attenuated vaccine. We have therefore evaluated the immunogenicity of E3L in healthy VV-vaccinated donors. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers (n = 13) who had previously received a smallpox vaccine (Dryvax) were activated and expanded using overlapping E3L peptides and their function, specificity and antiviral activity was analyzed. E3L-specific T cells were expanded from 7 of 12 (58.3%) vaccinated healthy donors. Twenty-five percent of these produced CD8+ T-cell responses and 87.5% produced CD4+ T cells. We identified epitopes restricted by HLA-B35 and HLA-DR15. Results: E3L-specific T cells killed peptide-loaded target cells as well as vaccinia-infected cells, but only CD8+ T cells could prevent the spread of infectious virus in virus inhibition assays. The epitopes recognized by E3L-specific T cells were shared with monkeypox, and although there was a single amino acid change in the variola epitope homolog, it was recognized by vaccinia-specific T-cells. Conclusions: It might be important to include E3L in any deletion mutant or subunit vaccine and E3L could provide a useful antigen to monitor protective immunity in humans.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Vacina Antivariólica/imunologia , Varíola/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T/genética , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/imunologia , Varíola/prevenção & controle , Doadores de Tecidos , Vacinação , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vaccinia virus/imunologia , Vírion/imunologia , Replicação Viral/fisiologiaRESUMO
Extranodal natural killer (NK) /T-cell lymphoma (ENKL), nasal-type, is an aggressive lymphoma that is relatively common in Asia and is resistant to anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) therapy can induce durable remission in selected tumors, such as melanomas and virus-related tumors. ENKLs are commonly infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ; therefore, CTL therapy can be effective for these lymphomas. However, CTLs that are continuously exposed to viral or tumor antigens usually get exhausted. Antigen-specific CTLs generated from iPSCs have a higher proliferative capacity and longer telomeres than original CTLs and are functionally rejuvenated (rejuvenated T cell, rejT). For clinical translation, the tumorigenic potential of iPSCs and the malignant transformation of differentiated iPSCs are major safety concerns. To address these issues, we introduced inducible caspase-9 (iC9) -based safeguard system into iPSCs. iC9-rejTs exert strong anti-tumor effects against EBV-infected tumors in vivo, and the iC9 suicide gene system provides a reliable safeguard for rejT therapy. We initiated a preclinical study using this novel immunotherapy for EBV-associated lymphoma. We believe that rejT therapy can be a potential safe approach as an "off-the-shelf" therapy for refractory ENKL in the future.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/complicações , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Linfoma/terapia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/citologia , Caspase 9/genética , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos , Genes Transgênicos Suicidas , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Linfoma/virologiaRESUMO
Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAdV) represent a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Despite their activity in preclinical models, to date the clinical efficacy remains confined to minor responses after intratumor injection. To overcome these limitations, we developed an alternative approach using the combination of the OAdv ICOVIR15 with a replication incompetent adenoviral vector carrying the suicide gene of inducible Caspase 9 (Ad.iC9), both of which are delivered by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We hypothesized that coinfection with ICOVIR15 and Ad.iC9 would allow MSCs to replicate both vectors and deliver two distinct types of antitumor therapy to the tumor, amplifying the cytotoxic effects of the two viruses, in a non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) model. We showed that MSCs can replicate and release both vectors, enabling significant transduction of the iC9 gene in tumor cells. In the in vivo model using human NSCLC xenografts, MSCs homed to lung tumors where they released both viruses. The activation of iC9 by the chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of the ICOVIR15, increasing the tumor control and translating into improved overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. These data support the use of this innovative approach for the treatment of NSCLC.
Assuntos
Adenoviridae/genética , Apoptose/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Terapia Genética , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Terapia Viral Oncolítica , Animais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Caspase 9/genética , Caspase 9/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ativação Enzimática , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Genes Reporter , Genes Transgênicos Suicidas , Terapia Genética/métodos , Vetores Genéticos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Injeções Intralesionais , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Camundongos , Terapia Viral Oncolítica/métodos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteína 1A de Ligação a Tacrolimo/genética , Transdução Genética , Transgenes , Replicação Viral , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Chemotherapy for the hemodialysis (HD) patient is a challenging situation because it requires special considerations including dose modifications and timing of drug administration in relation with HD sessions. Polaltuzumab vedotin (PV), an antibody-drug conjugate in which monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) is linked to an anti-CD79b monoclonal antibody, is an extremely promising therapeutic for treating diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but the pharmacokinetics are unknown in HD patients. METHODS: We carried out pharmacokinetic studies of PV when administered at 1.2 mg/kg to a DLBCL patient on HD, and compared the results with that of non-HD patients. PV was administered in conjunction with bendamustine and rituximab. RESULTS: Serum concentration-time curves of both antibodyconjugated and unconjugated MMAE in the presented HD patient were similar compared to that of non-HD patients. We also demonstrate that elimination of both antibody-conjugated and unconjugated MMAE through HD is limited. PV administration at 1.2 mg/kg to an HD patient was also clinically feasible, and no signs of peripheral neuropathy were observed. CONCLUSIONS: PV therapy may be a relatively safe treatment method for DLBCL patients on HD.
Assuntos
Imunoconjugados , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Humanos , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Imunoconjugados/efeitos adversos , Rituximab , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL), is characterized by Epstein-Barr virus infection and poor prognosis. We established a novel cell line, ENKL-J1, from bone marrow cells of an ENKL patient. We found that ENKL-J1 cells express the ganglioside GD2 (GD2) and that GD2-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells exhibit cytotoxicity against ENKL-J1 cells, indicating that GD2 would be a suitable target of GD2-expressing ENKL cells. Targeted next-generation sequencing revealed TP53 and TET2 variants in ENKL-J1 cells. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing in ENKL-J1 cells showed high gene-expression levels in the oncogenic signaling pathways JAK-STAT, NF-κB, and MAPK. Genes related to multidrug resistance (ABCC1), tumor suppression (ATG5, CRYBG1, FOXO3, TP53, MGA), anti-apoptosis (BCL2, BCL2L1), immune checkpoints (CD274, CD47), and epigenetic regulation (DDX3X, EZH2, HDAC2/3) also were expressed at high levels. The molecular targeting agents eprenetapopt, tazemetostat, and vorinostat efficiently induced apoptosis in ENKL-J1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, GD2-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells showed cytotoxicity against ENKL-J1 cells in vivo. These findings not only contribute to understanding the molecular and genomic characteristics of ENKL; they also suggest new treatment options for patients with advanced or relapsed ENKL.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Linfoma Extranodal de Células T-NK , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Humanos , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/genética , Análise da Expressão Gênica de Célula Única , Linfoma Extranodal de Células T-NK/genética , Linfoma Extranodal de Células T-NK/terapia , Linfoma Extranodal de Células T-NK/patologia , Linhagem CelularRESUMO
Background: Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with significant morbidity and mortality, and efficacy of currently available therapeutics are limited. Acute and chronic GVHD are similar in that both are initiated by antigen presenting cells and activation of alloreactive B-cells and T-cells, subsequently leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and organ failure. One difference is that acute GVHD is mostly attributed to T-cell activation and cytokine release, whereas B-cells are the key players in chronic GVHD. Ibrutinib is an irreversible inhibitor of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), which is part of B-cell receptor signaling. Ibrutinib is currently used for treating chronic GVHD, but its efficacy towards acute GVHD is unknown. Besides BTK, ibrutinib also inhibits interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), which is predominantly expressed in T-cells and a crucial enzyme for activating the downstream pathway of TCR signaling. ITK activates PLCγ2 and facilitates signaling through NF-κB, NFAT, and MAPK, leading to activation and proliferation of T-cells and enhanced cytokine production. Therefore, the TCR signaling pathway is indispensable for development of acute GVHD, and ITK inhibition by ibrutinib would be a rational therapeutic approach. Case presentation: A 56-year-old male acute myeloid leukemia patient with Myeloid neoplasms with germline DEAD-box RNA helicase 41 (DDX41) mutation underwent cord blood transplantation and developed severe gastrointestinal (GI) acute GVHD which was refractory to steroids and mesenchymal stem cell therapy. While acute GVHD accommodated by multiple life-threatening GI bleeding events persisted, chronic cutaneous GVHD developed, and ibrutinib 420 mg/day was initiated from day 147 of transplant. Although ibrutinib was commenced targeting the chronic GVHD, unexpected and abrupt remission of acute GVHD along with remission of chronic GVHD was observed. Conclusion: Ibrutinib is a promising therapeutic for treating acute GVHD, and further studies are warranted.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Numerous AI-based systems are being developed to evaluate peripheral blood (PB) smears, but the feasibility of these systems on different smear preparation methods has not been fully understood. In this study, we assessed the impact of different smear preparation methods on the robustness of the deep learning system (DLS). METHODS: We collected 193 PB samples from patients, preparing a pair of smears for each sample using two systems: (1) SP50 smears, prepared by the DLS recommended fully automated slide preparation with double fan drying and staining (May-Grunwald Giemsa, M-G) system using SP50 (Sysmex) and (2) SP1000i smears, prepared by automated smear preparation with single fan drying by SP1000i (Sysmex) and manually stained with M-G. Digital images of PB cells were captured using DI-60 (Sysmex), and the DLS performed cell classification. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were used to evaluate the performance of the DLS. RESULTS: The specificity and NPV for all cell types were 97.4%-100% in both smear sets. The average sensitivity and PPV were 88.9% and 90.1% on SP50 smears, and 87.0% and 83.2% on SP1000i smears, respectively. The lower performance on SP1000i smears was attributed to the intra-lineage misclassification of neutrophil precursors and inter-lineage misclassification of lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: The DLS demonstrated consistent performance in specificity and NPV for smears prepared by a system different from the recommended method. Our results suggest that applying an automated smear preparation system optimized for the DLS system may be important.