Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Large Database Study.

BACKGROUND: Hip and knee arthroplasties are among the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the elderly. In this age group, uncertainty exists regarding the importance of mild to moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is prevalent but often unrecognized in the perioperative setting. This study evaluates the association between mild to moderate CKD and adverse postoperative outcomes in patients 65 years or older METHODS: This retrospective study selected patients 65 years or older undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty between 2006 and 2016 from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. We created logistic regression models to analyze the relationship between CKD stage and each of our coprimary outcomes. The primary outcomes were major complication and mortality occurring within 30 days of surgery. RESULTS: Of the 193,747 included patients, 68,424 (35.3%) underwent hip and 125,323 (64.7%) knee arthroplasty. Within 30 days of surgery, 12,767 patients (6.6%) experienced a major complication and 352 (0.2%) died. Compared to patients with no kidney disease, patients with CKD stages 3b and 4 were at higher risk for both major complication (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.28 [1.08-1.52], aOR 1.5 [1.13-1.98], respectively) and mortality (aOR 3.17 [1.23-8.14], aOR 3.93 [1.26-12.21], respectively) after hip arthroplasty, and for major complication (aOR 1.42 [1.23-1.63], aOR 1.52 [1.19-1.93], respectively) after knee arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: Among elderly patients, stage 3b and stage 4 CKD were associated with 30-day postoperative major complication after hip or knee arthroplasty, and with 30-day postoperative mortality after hip, but not knee, arthroplasty. Further research will be required to inform perioperative management decisions.

Impact of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers on Mortality in Veterans Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

Background Renin-angiotensin system blockers (RASBs) have well-validated benefit in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Their use in the perioperative period, however, has been controversial, including in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, who often have a strong indication for their use. In the current study, we explore the impact of RASB use with 30-day and 1-year mortality after cardiac surgery. Methods and Results The Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program and Corporate Data Warehouse were data sources for this retrospective cohort study. A total of 37 197 veterans undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting and or valve repair or replacement over a 10-year period met inclusion criteria and were stratified into 4 groups by preoperative exposure (preoperative exposure versus no preoperative exposure) and postoperative continuing exposure (current exposure versus no current exposure) to RASBs. After adjusting for all baseline covariates, the preoperative exposure/current exposure group had lower 30-day and 1-year mortality than the preoperative exposure/no current exposure (30-day hazard ratio [HR], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.19-0.33 [P<0.001] and 1-year HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.33-0.48 [P<0.001] or no preoperative exposure/no current exposure (30-day HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.32-0.60 [P<0.001] and 1-year HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.62-0.84 [P<0.001] groups. The no preoperative exposure/current exposure group had significantly lower 30-day (HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.14-0.71 [P=0.006]) and 1-year (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.53-0.77 [P<0.001]) mortality than the no preoperative exposure/no current exposure group. Conclusions Continuation of preoperative RASBs and initiation before discharge is associated with decreased mortality in veterans undergoing cardiac surgery. Given these findings, continuation of preoperative RASBs or initiation in the early postoperative period should be considered in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Aldehyde-modified proteins as mediators of early inflammation in atherosclerotic disease.

Inflammation is widely accepted to play a major role in atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. However, the exact mechanism(s) by which inflammation exerts its pathogenic effect remains poorly understood. A number of oxidatively modified proteins have been associated with cardiovascular disease. Recently, attention has been given to the oxidative compound of malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde, two reactive aldehydes known to covalently bind and adduct macromolecules. These products have been shown to form stable malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) adducts that are reactive and induce immune responses. These adducts have been found in inflamed and diseased cardiovascular tissue of patients. Antibodies to these adducted proteins are measurable in the serum of diseased patients. The isotypes involved in the immune response to MAA (i.e., IgM, IgG, and IgA) are predictive of atherosclerotic disease progression and cardiovascular events such as an acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafting. Therefore, it is the purpose of this article to review the past and current knowledge of aldehyde-modified proteins and their role in cardiovascular disease.