Application of the integrated threat theory to conservation law enforcement.

Interactions between law enforcement agents in conservation (e.g., rangers) and illegal resource users (e.g., illegal hunters) can be violent and sometimes fatal, which negatively affects conservation efforts and people's well-being. Models from social psychology, such as integrated threat theory (ITT) (intergroup interactions shape intergroup emotions, prejudices and perceived threats leading to hostile attitudes or behaviors between groups), are useful in addressing such interactions. Conservation approaches relying mainly on law enforcement have never been investigated using this framework. Using a structured questionnaire, we collected data from 282 rangers in protected and unprotected areas (n = 50) in northern Iran. We applied Bayesian structural equation modeling in an assessment of rangers' affective attitudes (i.e., emotions or feelings that shape attitudes toward a person or object) toward illegal hunters in an ITT framework. Rangers' positive perceptions of illegal hunters were negatively associated with intergroup anxiety (emotional response to fear) and negative stereotypes about a hunter's personality, which mediated the relationship between negative contact and affective attitudes. This suggests that negative contact, such as verbal abuse, may lead rangers to perceive illegal hunters as arrogant or cruel, which likely forms a basis for perceived threats. Rangers' positive contact with illegal hunters, such as playing or working together, likely lowered their perceived realistic threats (i.e., fear of property damage). Perceived realistic threats of rangers were positively associated with negative contacts (e.g., physical harm). The associations we identified suggest that relationships based on positive interactions between rangers and illegal hunters can reduce fear and prejudice. Thus, we suggest that rangers and hunters be provided with safe spaces to have positive interactions, which may help lower tension and develop cooperative conservation mechanisms.

Aplicación de la teoría integrada de la amenaza a la implementación de las leyes de conservación Resumen Las interacciones entre los agentes de la ley de la conservación (p. ej.: guardabosques) y los usuarios ilegales de recursos (p. ej.: cazadores ilegales) pueden ser violentas y a veces fatales, lo que afecta negativamente los esfuerzos de conservación y el bienestar de las personas. Los modelos de la psicología social, como la teoría integrada de la amenaza (TIA) (una amenaza percibida que deriva en prejuicios entre los grupos), tienen un uso potencial para tratar estas interacciones. Nunca se ha usado este marco para investigar las estrategias de conservación que dependen principalmente de la implementación de la ley. Usamos un cuestionario estructurado para recolectar datos de 282 guardabosques en áreas protegidas y no protegidas (n = 50) en el norte de Irán. Aplicamos el modelo de ecuación estructural bayesiano a la evaluación de las actitudes afectivas que tienen los guardabosques (es decir, emociones o sentimientos que forjan la actitud hacia una persona o un objeto) hacia los cazadores ilegales en un marco de TIA. La percepción negativa que tienen los guardabosques de los cazadores ilegales estuvo asociada negativamente con ansiedad intergrupal (la respuesta emocional al miedo) y estereotipos negativos de la personalidad de los cazadores, las cuales mediaron la relación entre el contacto negativo y las actitudes afectivas. Esto sugiere que el contacto negativo, como el abuso verbal, puede causar que los guardabosques perciban a los cazadores ilegales como arrogantes o crueles, lo que probablemente forma una base para las amenazas percibidas. El contacto positivo entre los guardabosques y los cazadores ilegales, como jugar o trabajar juntos, probablemente disminuyó la percepción de las amenazas realistas (es decir, miedo al daño material). La percepción que tienen los guardabosques de las amenazas realistas estuvieron asociadas positivamente con los contactos negativos (p. ej.: daño físico). Las asociaciones que identificamos sugieren que las relaciones basadas en las interacciones positivas entre los guardabosques y los cazadores ilegales pueden reducir el miedo y los prejuicios. Por lo tanto, sugerimos que se les proporcionen espacios seguros a los guardabosques y a los cazadores ilegales para que puedan tener interacciones positivas, lo que podría ayudar a reducir tensiones y a desarrollar mecanismos cooperativos de conservación.

Experience of Women in IR in the Arab World: Survey by the Pan Arab Interventional Radiology Society.

We report our assessment of the experience of female interventional radiologists in different Arab countries based on an online questionnaire that was sent to 57 female interventional radiologists in 5 Arab countries. These interventional radiologists were identified from the Pan Arab Interventional Radiology Society database and through personal communications. The survey included items related to demographics, social status, and the professional challenges of interventional radiologists, with a response rate of 93%. Forty-five percent of respondents were between 31 and 45 years of age. Interventional radiology practice represented 25%-50% of work time for 51% of respondents, and the main challenges reported were related to radiation exposure, balancing family/work life, and the male-dominated interventional radiology community.

Drug-coated balloons versus conventional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment-naïve dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulas.: A 10-year single center retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the primary patency and restenosis rates in treatment naieve dialysis arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) after drug-coated balloons (DCB) versus plain balloon angioplasty (PTA). METHODS: This retrospective study included 157 patients who underwent AVF angioplasty for treatment-native AVF stenosis between January 2012 to 2022. The fistulas were Brachiocephalic (75%), Brachiobasilic (17%), and radiocephalic (8%). The index intervention was with either DCB or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with subsequent follow up. Patients with central venous stenosis, thrombosed fistula, fistula stents, AV graft or surgical intervention after the index procedure were excluded. RESULTS: Arteriovenous fistula angioplasty was done in 28 patients using DCB and in 129 patients using PTA. A total of 108 patients presented with a single stenosis, 42 with 2 stenoses, and 7 with 3 stenoses. The location of these stenoses was in the venous outflow (57%), the juxta anastomotic segment (31%), and cephalic arch (12%). The median time to re-intervention for the PTA was 216 days compared to 304 days for the DCB (p=0.079). Primary patency at 6 months was 60.4% for PTA and 75% for DCB (p=0.141) CONCLUSION: Although DCB angioplasty of treatmentnaïve dysfunctional AVF tends to improve the time to intervention and 6-month primary patency compared to PTA, this difference did not reach statistical significance.

Treatment Patterns and Recommendations for Improving the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Saudi Arabia.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer in the world associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite being a significant healthcare burden there is limited information on the unmet needs and current treatment practices for intermediate and advanced-stage HCC in Saudi Arabia. This article analyzes the gaps and provides expert consensus on the management strategies for unresectable HCC in Saudi Arabia. A pre-meeting online questionnaire, comprising 20 objective questions about the treatment landscape and diagnosis of HCC in Saudi Arabia, was distributed to experts in the field of HCC management. An advisory board meeting including a panel of 13 experts was held in September 2022 where the responses to the survey questionnaire were reviewed and discussed. The survey results and experts' discussion highlighted the growing incidence of liver cancer in Saudi Arabia. HCC comprised the majority of all liver cancer cases due to rising rates of chronic viral infections and lifestyle-related risk factors. Most physicians in Saudi Arabia follow the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer guidelines as a prognostic tool for the detection and staging of patients with HCC. Most of the patients with HCC in Saudi Arabia are diagnosed in the intermediate or advanced stages with poor prognoses and limited therapeutic options. Establishing evidence-based surveillance techniques, a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis, and better accessibility of treatment options is vital for the management of HCC in Saudi Arabia.

Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography as a problem-solving tool in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate our institutional experience with single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) hepatobiliary imaging as a problem-solving tool in the workup of suspected acute cholecystitis. METHODS: We queried our radiology information system database for cases in which SPECT/CT had been performed as part of the routine hepatobiliary technetium Tc 99m iminodiacetic acid studies done for the evaluation of acute cholecystitis. Fifty-three consecutive patients who had SPECT/CT after planar imaging were included. This cohort represents cases that were considered problematic by the initial interpreting physician on the basis of planar images. The planar and SPECT/CT images were retrospectively reviewed independently and separately by 2 experienced nuclear medicine specialists who evaluated the planar images for visualization of the gallbladder on a binary scale (yes or no) and rated their level of confidence on an ordinal scale(unsure, somewhat sure, and sure). RESULTS: Single-photon emission CT/CT would have led to change in the management for interpreter 1 in a total of 23 cases (41%), with change from normal to abnormal scan findings (28%) and from abnormal to normal scan findings (13%). Similarly, SPECT/CT would have led to change in the management for interpreter 2 in a total of 23 cases (43%), with change from normal to abnormal scan findings (13%) and from abnormal to normal scan findings (30%). CONCLUSIONS: Although planar hepatobiliary scanning is usually sensitive and specific, there are occasionally problematic cases. In our experience, we found that the addition of SPECT/CT improved the interobserver agreement and may change management in patients with superimposed bowel activity and/or unusual gallbladder anatomy that can confound the planar interpretation.

Peripheral central catheter insertion in low eGFR patients: Retrospective single institution study.

PURPOSE: To identify the rate of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) placement in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), stage 3B or higher (glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <45 mL/min/1.73 m2). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 2825 adult patients (male 51.2%, female 48.8%) who had a PICC insertion from January 2017 to December 2019. The data collected includes gender, eGFR value at the date of insertion, accessed vein and side, ongoing or subsequent dialysis within 1 year, and death within 1 year of the insertion date. The study excluded pediatric patients, patients with missing eGFR values prior to the procedure and follow-up information. RESULT: PICC insertion was done in patients with eGFR⩽45 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 26.7% (724/2709) of the sample. Ongoing dialysis was documented in 10.2% (198/1946) and subsequent dialysis in 6.5% of the patients within the year after insertion. The overall death rate for the year post PICC insertion was 38.7% (1094/2825), which was significantly higher in low eGFR patients (413/724, 57%) compared to patients with eGFR>45 mL/min/1.73 m2 (632/1985, 31.8%) (p-value < 0.0001, odds ratio 2.84 (95% confidence interval 2.38-3.38)). The rate of dialysis initiated in the year post PICC insertion was 5.9% (98/1657). This was significantly higher in patients with a low eGFR and not previously dialyzed (59/310, 19%) compared to patients with eGFR>45 who required dialysis in the year post insertion (39/1347, 2.9%) (p < 0.0001, odds ratio 7.88 (95% confidence interval 5.14-12.07)). CONCLUSION: PICC insertion in patients with CKD is practiced frequently. Rigorous strategies should be implemented to improve adherence to clinical practice guidelines and reduce unnecessary insertions and preserve veins for when an AVF may be required.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in water and muscle tissue of farmed carp species in North Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine and compare the concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in carp-farming water and muscle of various carp species including common carp (Cyprinus carpio), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) collected from three major warm-water fish farms in Mazandaran Province (Iran) during March 2018 to March 2019. In addition, bioaccumulation of heavy metals (BCFs) and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments of consumers exposed to heavy metals through fish consumption were estimated. The water concentration of all metals in this study was lower than permissible limits. The concentration of Zn in the water (10.21-17.11 µg L-1) was higher than that of other metals in all sites, followed by Pb > Cd > Hg. In fish muscle, Zn concentration in silver carp was the highest, and the lowest concentrations were related to Hg and Cd in common carp and grass carp, respectively. The target hazard quotients (THQ) indicated that the non-carcinogenic health risk to humans was relatively low by consuming four farmed carp species products. The carcinogenic risk of inorganic Pb was 1.24E-04 (common carp) to 2.11E-04 (grass carp) for adults, which is within the acceptable range. The values of BCFs for all metals demonstrated that farmed carp muscle could not be considered a bioaccumulative tissue for heavy metals. The results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals in the farmed carp species in North Iran were relatively low and did not cause considerable human health risks.

Successful coil embolization of pseudo pulmonary sequestration: A report of two cases.

Pseudo pulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital anomaly, which entails systemic arterial supply to the basal segment of the lung in the absence of pulmonary arterial supply. Diagnosis is often made by radiographic appearance without specific clinical symptoms. The mainstay treatment is surgical resection; however, embolization can be considered as an alternative approach. Herein, we present a report of two females who presented with nonspecific chronic chest pain. Both patients were diagnosed with pseudo pulmonary sequestration on CT scan and completed uneventful pregnancies prior to successful management with coil embolization.

Effectiveness and Safety of Laser-Assisted Removal of Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filters in a Single Tertiary Care Center.

INTRODUCTION: Laser sheath-assisted removal of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters with long dwelling time is a technique that utilizes laser-tipped sheaths. The laser light only penetrates vascular tissue by one hundred microns, causing the target tissues to disintegrate into particles less than 5 microns in size. This approach reduces the energy used during difficult retrieval procedures, allowing permanent filters to be removed in less fluoroscopic and procedural time overall. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The radiology information system and electronic health records were used in this retrospective cohort study to retrieve the data. A total of nine consecutive patients who underwent laser-assisted filter removal utilizing GlideLightTM were included in the study between January 2016 and January 2017. The study took place at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. In this study, five patients were male and four were female with ages ranging from 19 to 57 years with a median age of 31. RESULTS: During the period of the study, a total of nine patients had their IVC filters removed using a laser. The success rate was 100%. The indications were trauma (n=4) followed by deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (n=3) and one patient indication was prolonged immobilization. The dwelling time ranged from seven to 70 months, with a dwelling median of 19 months. CONCLUSION: A laser sheath might be necessary for closed-cell filters in order to improve the likelihood of a successful and secure retrieval. Technical efficiency, filter type, the necessity of applying a laser sheath based on an open versus closed filter design, dwell times, and unfavorable results. As a result, after typical procedures failed to successfully retrieve IVC filters with long dwell durations, laser-assisted filter removal is thought to be practical and safe.

Trace element concentrations in water and Clupeonella cultriventris caspia in the Southern Caspian Sea and Assessment of Potential Risk to Human Health.

Despite the fishing pressure on common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) and the importance of the Caspian Sea, there are little data on trace element levels in those. Therefore, the concentrations of 27 trace elements were measured in water (n=15) and C. cultriventris (n=1050) collected from the southern Caspian Sea. The concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Zn in the water exceeded permissible limits and posed potential ecological risks to the aquatic biota, especially in the southeastern region of the Caspian Sea. The estimated daily intakes of As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, Pb, Sb, and V from the consumption of C. cultriventris were higher than the acceptable daily intake recommended by the JECFA and USEPA. However, the target hazard quotients and hazard index values were lesser than one. It appears that C. cultriventris provides a small amount of essential element nutrition for consumers. In conclusion, this study revealed that consumers are exposed to As, Co, Hg, Mn, Mo, Sb, and, V through the consumption of C. cultriventris. Also, the concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Zn in water showed significant ecological risk.

Radiation metrics for vascular and interventional radiology procedures in a tertiary care institution: A retrospective cohort study over 5-years.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the radiation metrics from frequently carried out vascular and interventional radiology (VIR) procedures at a tertiary care institution and compare them to international diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). METHODS: A retrospective study of the radiation metrics of VIR-procedures carried out from January 2015 to December 2019. The collected data included age, gender, height and weight, reference point air kerma (mGy), dose area product (DAP; Gy.cm2), and fluoroscopy time (min.) The body mass index (BMI) and peak skin dose were calculated. The study cohort included 8942 adult patients (54.4% male, 45.6% female) with a mean age of 56.96 years and mean BMI of 26.86. RESULTS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation recorded the highest mean fluoroscopy time of 69.41 min., followed by central venous recanalization 39.67min. TIPS creation had the highest mean DAP (1161.16 Gy.cm2), followed by trans arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) (500.63Gy.cm2). TIPS creation was associated with the highest peak skin dose (2766.81mGy), followed by TACE (1588.29mGy). Compared to other studies, TIPS creation and TACE are associated with significantly higher DAP. CONCLUSION: Majority of VIR-procedures demonstrate no significant institutional variations in dosimetry compared to other studies. Using these studied values as reference levels may help identifying procedures that need quality control to minimize unnecessary exposures.

Transcatheter closure of direct communication of main pulmonary artery to left atrium using muscular VSD occluder in an infant.

We report a direct main pulmonary artery (MPA) to left atrium (LA) communication in a 21-month-old infant which is closed by transcatheter approach using a muscular VSD occluder. We explain the characteristic diagnostic clues of this anomaly on chest radiography, echocardiography and angiography. To our knowledge this is the first case of congenital MPA to LA communication effectively occluded by a VSD muscular occluder.