RESUMO
Aquatic pollution, which includes organic debris and heavy metals, is a severe issue for living things. Copper pollution is hazardous to people, and there is a need to develop effective methods for eliminating it from the environment. To address this issue, a novel adsorbent composed of frankincense-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fr-MMWCNTs) and Fe3O4 [Fr-MWCNT-Fe3O4] was created and subjected to characterization. Batch adsorption tests showed that Fr-MWCNT-Fe3O4 had a maximum adsorption capacity of 250 mg/g at 308 K and could efficiently remove Cu2+ ions over a pH range of 6 to 8. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, and its thermodynamics were identified as endothermic. Functional groups on the surface of modified MWCNTs improved their adsorption capacity, and a rise in temperature increased the adsorption efficiency. These results highlight the Fr-MWCNT-Fe3O4 composites' potential as an efficient adsorbent for removing Cu2+ ions from untreated natural water sources.
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Franquincenso , Nanotubos de Carbono , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Purificação da Água , Humanos , Cobre/química , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Cinética , Adsorção , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Ferro , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Purificação da Água/métodosRESUMO
Although most cases of acute pancreatitis (AP) are minor, severe cases are associated with a substantial risk of death. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common illness. Therefore, it is critical to assess AP severity as soon as possible. This review aimed to ascertain the predictive significance of the CRP to albumin ratio in individuals with AP. We searched PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library electronic databases Until January 2023. Studies that reported the CRP/alb ratio at admission and its relationship to the severity or death of patients with AP were included. Using a random-effects model, we computed the pooled mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. This meta-analysis combined data from six trials with a total of 2244 patients. Upon admission, the CRP/alb ratio was higher in patients with severe AP than in those with mild to moderate AP (pooled MD:3.59; 95% CI:2.51-4.68; p<0.00001). Additionally, non-survivor AP patients had a substantially higher CRP/alb ratio than survivor AP patients (pooled MD:2.12; 95% CI:0.43-3.8; p<0.01). Individuals with AP may benefit from a high CRP/ALB ratio as a preliminary indicator of poor prognosis.
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Pancreatite , Humanos , Prognóstico , Pancreatite/diagnóstico , Doença Aguda , Proteína C-Reativa , Albuminas , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between different intensities and frequencies of non-occupational physical activity (PA) and the risk of dementia among Japanese older adults. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS: A total of 2194 participants aged ≥65 years from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study were followed up between 2010 and 2016. The standardised dementia scale of the long-term care insurance system was used to identify incident dementia, whereas non-occupational PA (<2 or ≥2 times/week on each intensity: light, moderate and vigorous) was assessed using a questionnaire. Cox regression was used to compute the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident dementia. RESULTS: After adjustment for sociodemographic and medical characteristics, the following frequencies and intensities of non-occupational PA, compared with no non-occupational PA at all, were associated with a reduced risk of dementia: light PA ≥2 times/week (HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38-0.97), moderate PA <2 times/week (HR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.28-0.76), moderate PA ≥2 times/week (HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36-0.91), vigorous PA <2 times/week (HR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.21-0.74) and vigorous PA ≥2 times/week (HR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15-0.57). In the sex-specific analysis, moderate PA <2 times/week and vigorous PA ≥2 times/week were associated with a reduced risk of dementia in men, whereas light and moderate PA ≥2 times/week and all frequencies of vigorous PA were associated with a reduced risk of dementia in women. CONCLUSIONS: Practicing non-occupational PA was associated with a reduced risk of dementia among Japanese older adults.
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Demência , Exercício Físico , Idoso , Demência/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Herein, we report the synthesis of eight new mononuclear and binuclear Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ methoxy thiosemicarbazone (MTSC) complexes aiming at obtaining thiosemicarbazone complex with potent biological activity. The structure of the MTSC ligand and its metal complexes was fully characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques (NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis), molar conductivity, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and thermal differential analysis (DrTGA). The spectral and analytical data revealed that the obtained thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes have octahedral geometry around the metal center, except for the Zn2+-thiosemicarbazone complexes, which showed a tetrahedral geometry. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the MTSC ligand and its (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) metal complexes were also investigated. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of MTSC- metal complexes against examined bacteria was higher than that of the MTSC alone, which indicates that metal complexation improved the antibacterial activity of the parent ligand. Among different metal complexes, the MTSC- mono- and binuclear Cu2+ complexes showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris, better than that of the standard gentamycin drug. The in silico molecular docking study has revealed that the MTSC ligand could be a potential inhibitor for the oxidoreductase protein.
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Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Cobalto/química , Cobre/química , Tiossemicarbazonas/química , Zinco/química , Bacillus subtilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Proteus vulgaris/efeitos dos fármacos , TermogravimetriaRESUMO
Metabolomes are small molecule metabolites (<1000 Da) produced by cellular processes. Metabolomes are close counterparts to the genome, transcriptome and proteome. The aim of this study was to develop a method to detect and quantify candidate nucleoside metabolomes 1-methyl adenosine (1-MA), 1-methylguanosine (1-MG) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine of patients with breast cancer using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was applied to urine specimens from patients with breast cancer (n = 56) and benign breast tumors (n = 22), as well as from healthy females (n = 20). The relative standard deviations of precision and repeatability analysis were <10%, and recoveries ranged from 88.5 to 105.6%. Limits of detection were 0.014, 0.012, and 0.018 mg/L for 1-MA, 1-MG and 8-OHdG, respectively. The lower limits of quantitation were 0.056, 0.048 and 0.072 mg/L, respectively. There were significant differences in concentrations of candidate metabolomes between patients with cancer and the healthy individuals, especially for those in the early stages of the disease (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the benign and healthy groups. In conclusion, a reliable GC-MS method for the detection and quantification of 1-MA, 1-MG, and 8-OHdG metabolomes in urine has been developed.
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Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Neoplasias da Mama/urina , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Guanosina , Metabolômica/métodos , Adenosina/química , Adenosina/urina , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Feminino , Guanosina/análogos & derivados , Guanosina/química , Guanosina/urina , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Modelos Lineares , Metaboloma/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It is estimated by the year 2050, 80% of the global elderly population will be from the low-and middle income countries. Elderly care requires health workers with skills associated with an understanding of the biological, psychological, social and cultural theories related to aging. Nurses with better knowledge, skills and positive attitudes towards elderly care are highly needed and critically important for better healthcare and wellbeing of the elderly population. Therefore the objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and attitude of nursing students towards elderly care in Zanzibar Island. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zanzibar involving three out of five nursing training institutions. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling. Facts on Aging Quiz 2 and Kogan's Attitudes Toward Old People scale were used to assess the level of knowledge and attitude towards elderly care among the students respectively. Simple and multivariable logistic regressions were applied to determine the predictors of knowledge and attitude among the participants. RESULTS: A total of 393 students participated in this study. Only 17% (69) of the participants had good level of knowledge and about 67.9% (267) had positive attitude towards elderly care. Living in an extended family and with an elderly person at home were both associated with good level of knowledge and positive attitude towards elderly care. Furthermore, living in a rural area (adjusted odds ratio = 2.23; 95% confidence interval: 1.22, 4.10) and studying at public institution (adjusted odds ratio = 2.59; 95% confidence interval: 1.41, 4.63) were associated with positive attitude towards elderly care. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that the majority of nursing students in Zanzibar have positive attitude but poor level of knowledge towards elderly care. The current findings have demonstrated that past experience with an elderly person can help in influencing good knowledge and shaping positive attitudes towards elderly care. Low level of knowledge shown in the study suggests for further research on adequacy of nursing curriculum and/or its implementation.
RESUMO
The striking rise in the Internet utilization worldwide has led to major changes in the methods of data collection and processing. Online surveying has been used to assess different health services, explore patients' perceptions and measure interventions. The discipline of dermatology is one of the fields that gained benefits from surveying patients and dermatologists online; however, some disadvantages such as the low response rate and participation bias were suggested. This review summarizes the applications of online surveying in dermatology and discusses the methods of enhancing response to online surveys. It also offers a guide for dermatologists to formulate their online surveys and avoid the possibility of bias. The role of social network in data collection and the concerns about anonymity and data security have been discussed.
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Dermatologia , Internet , Inquéritos e Questionários , Viés , Segurança Computacional , Confidencialidade , Humanos , Participação do Paciente , Fotografação , Smartphone , Rede SocialRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, functions as a cofactor in the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. Thiamine deficiency has been suggested to be associated with many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and risk factors including type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D, respectively), obesity, chronic vascular inflammation, dyslipidemia, heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI) and conduction defects, and depression. The aim of this review was to explore the evidence of thiamine deficiency among subjects with CVDs or risk factors, illustrate the theories explaining the thiamine-CVDs associations, and describe the effect of thiamine supplementation. METHODS: Human and animal studies were collected from various scientific databases following the PRISMA guidelines without limitation regarding the publication year. Studies investigating the prevalence of thiamine deficiency among patients with CVDs and the effect of thiamine supplementation on their conditions were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Thiamine deficiency could have a role in the development of CVDs. Future studies should focus on the impact of thiamine supplementation on reversing CVDs and risk factors associated with its deficiency.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Metabolismo Energético , Deficiência de Tiamina/epidemiologia , Tiamina/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Tiamina/administração & dosagem , Deficiência de Tiamina/diagnóstico , Deficiência de Tiamina/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiência de Tiamina/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an inflammatory marker, elevated in acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), especially in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cases. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic power of MPO in AMI patients. MPO, creatine kinase (CK) MB, and Troponin I (cTn I) were performed for all study patients. Area under the curves (AUCs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI); P values of baseline levels of MPO for discriminating AMI patients from noncoronary chest pain (NCCP) patients, stable angina (SA) patients, and unstable angina (UA) patients were 0.91, 95% CI: 0.82-0.99; P < 0.0001, 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98; P < 0.0001, and 0.72, 95% CI: 0.58-0.85; P = 0.002, respectively. For diagnosing AMI from ACS patients, MPO was the most efficient marker than others markers with efficiency 82.5% within 0-6 hr after the onset time of chest pain. A predictive score that depends on a combination of baseline levels of three markers (MPO, CK-MB, and TnI) was correctly discriminated 91% of the AMI patients with high specificity 76%. In conclusion, the use of baseline levels of three biomarkers in combination could confer the information that is required for best available early diagnosis of AMI.
Assuntos
Dor no Peito/diagnóstico , Dor no Peito/enzimologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico , Infarto do Miocárdio/enzimologia , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Dor no Peito/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicaçõesRESUMO
Long-term circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses of clade 2.2.1 in Egyptian poultry since February 2006 resulted in the evolution of two distinct clades: 2.2.1.1 represents antigenic-drift variants isolated from vaccinated poultry and 2.2.1.2 that caused the newest upsurge in birds and humans in 2014/2015. In the present study, nine isolates were collected from chickens, ducks and turkeys representing the commercial and backyard sectors during the period 2009-2015. The subtyping was confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, RT-qPCR and sequence analysis. The Mean Death Time (MDT) and Intravenous Pathogenicity Index (IVPI) for all isolates were determined. Sequence analysis of the HA gene sequences of these viruses revealed that two viruses belonged to clade 2.2.1.1 and the rest were clade 2.2.1.2. Antigenic characterisation of the viruses supported the results of the phylogenetic analysis. The MDT of the isolates ranged from 18 to 72 h and the IVPI values ranged from 2.3 to 2.9; viruses of the 2.2.1.1 clade were less virulent than those of the 2.2.1.2 clade. In addition, clade-specific polymorphism in the HA cleavage site was observed. These findings indicate the high and variable pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses of different clades and host-origin in Egypt. The upsurge of outbreaks in poultry in 2014/2015 was probably not due to a shift in virulence from earlier viruses.
Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/patogenicidade , Influenza Aviária/patologia , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Animais , Galinhas , Patos , Egito , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/classificação , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/mortalidade , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Análise de Sobrevida , Perus , VirulênciaRESUMO
Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) represent a major threat to poultry production worldwide. Recently in Egypt NDV circulated extensively, even in vaccinated farms. In the present study samples were collected from sixteen vaccinated broiler farms in animals exhibiting the typical gross lesions of NDV. Virus isolation and pathogenicity studies for positive samples were carried out in accordance to reference procedures and phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on partial sequences of the Fusion gene. Furthermore, in vivo investigation of the ability of heterologous antibody, induced by commercially available lentogenic strain-based vaccines, to efficiently reduce viral shedding was examined. Results revealed that all the sixteen farms were positive for the presence of NDV. Out of these fifteen were confirmed to due to velogenic viruses, based on a main death time (MDT) ≤ 48 hours and partial sequencing of the F gene that showed the presence of a polybasic amino acid motif. However, three patterns in the cleavage site of these velogenic viruses were identified in the present study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all fifteen isolates were clustered with class II genotype VIIb while the remaining isolate (B81) was class II genotype II. Results of the in vivo study revealed that adequate heterologous antibody levels, induced by the proposed vaccination program, sufficiently protected birds from morbidity and mortality. However, virus shedding was quantitatively affected in relation to the time of challenge after vaccination. Altogether, with an absence of vaccines able to induce homologous antibody to the presently circulating viruses, higher antibody levels, which depend on efficient and timely implementation of the vaccination program, are considered as highly important in relation to the reduction of virus shedding.
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Doença de Newcastle/virologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Galinhas , Egito/epidemiologia , Doença de Newcastle/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
In this study, a recombinant DNA plasmid was constructed, encoding for HA1 of a selected Egyptian H5N1 virus (isolated during the 2012 outbreaks). In the immunization and challenge experiments, SPF chickens received 1 or 2 doses of H5-DNA plasmid prime, and boosted with the inactivated H5N2 vaccine. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, protection levels, and the magnitude of virus shedding were compared to that of the chickens that received either DNA plasmid or inactivated H5N2 vaccine alone. H5N1 virus A/chicken/Egypt/128s/2012 (H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.2.1/C was used for the challenge. Chickens immunized with 1 or 2 doses of H5-DNA vaccine failed to overcome the challenge with 0% and 10% protection, respectively. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed virus shedding of 2.2 x 104 PCR copies/ml 3 days post challenge (dpc) in the only surviving bird from the group that received 2 doses of plasmid. However, chickens immunized with 1 or 2 doses of H5-DNA plasmid as prime and inactivated H5N2 vaccine as booster, showed 80% protection after challenge, with a viral shedding of 1.2 x 104 PCR copies/ml (1 dose) and 1.6 x 104 PCR copies/ml (2 doses) 3 dpc. The surviving birds in both groups did not shed the virus at 5 and 7 dpc. In H5N2-vaccinated chickens, protection levels were 70% with relatively high virus shedding (1.8 x 104 PCR copies/ml) 3 dpc. HI titers were protective to the surviving chickens. This study reports the efficacy of H5-DNA plasmid to augment reduction in viral shedding and to provide better protection when applied in a prime-boost program with the inactivated AI vaccine.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N2/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Plasmídeos/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Imunização Secundária , Influenza Aviária/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologiaRESUMO
The ability of biofilm formation seems to play an essential role in the virulence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The present work aimed to: (a) evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of different strains of CNS field isolates; (b) evaluate their virulence potential through the assessment of the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cytotoxicity assay; (c) determine the frequency of biofilm-associated genes among these CNS isolates. Biofilm markers associated with biofilm formation and MDCK cells cytotoxicity were compared to find possible associations with pathogenicity. CNS isolates (n = 94) belonging to 11 different species were tested for slime production using the tube test (TA) and the Congo red agar plate test (CRA), while the presence of icaA and icaD genes were evaluated by d-PCR. Two points were addressed for the first time: (1) the specific relationship between slime phenotype and icaD gene expression; (2) the specific relationship between slime phenotype, icaAD genes, and MDCK cytotoxicity. The proportion of biofilm-positive/icaD-positive versus biofilm-positive/icaD-negative strains was 9:0 and 9:0 (81.8%) by the TA and CRA, which clearly indicates that icaD was a more reliable gene to be accounted for in the biofilm formation. MDCK recorded a higher proportion than that recorded by the CRA and TA results (MDCK-positive/icaD-positive versus MDCK-positive/icaD-negative 10:0, 90.9%). Evaluation of the ica operon, CRA plate test, TA, and MDCK can contribute to the high clinical impact in the management of antibiotic therapy, in infections associated with devices in veterinary medicine, the dairy industry, and food processing.
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Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coagulase/metabolismo , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Staphylococcus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Staphylococcus/genética , Virulência/genética , Animais , Biomarcadores , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A distinct cluster of highly pathogenic avian influenzaviruses of subtype A(H5N1) has been found to emergewithin clade 2.2.1.2 in poultry in Egypt since summer2014 and appears to have quickly become predominant.Viruses of this cluster may be associated withincreased incidence of human influenza A(H5N1) infectionsin Egypt over the last months.
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Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Aves Domésticas , Animais , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes , Egito/epidemiologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Humanos , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Aviária/diagnóstico , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , RNA Viral/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
The yellow hornpoppy, Glaucium flavum Cr. (Fam. Papaveraceae) is a perennial herb, distributed in the Mediterranean region, including Egypt. The plant contains many benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids from the aporphine type such as glaucine, isoboldine, 1-chelidonine, 1-norchelidonine and 3-O-methylarterenol, making it to display various medicinal activities including antitussive, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, hypoglycemic, analgesic, antipyretic, bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects. The plant is now rare and endangered in the Egyptian flora due to urban sprawl. The present study looks into Glaucium flavum seeds' in vitro germination as well as the ability of the explants taken from the growing seedlings to form stable callus lines in order to enable micropropagation as a way to save the rare plant. The study also scans the production of different medicinally valuable alkaloids, particularly glaucine, in produced callus.
Assuntos
Germinação/fisiologia , Papaveraceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Alcaloides/biossíntese , Alcaloides/química , Aporfinas/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/metabolismo , Sementes , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
The main objective of this study was to use deep learning, and convolutional neural networks (CNN), integrated with field geology to identify distinct lithological units. The Samadia-Tunduba region of the South Eastern Desert of Egypt was mapped geologically for the first time thanks to the use of processed developed CNN algorithms using Landsat 9 OLI-2, which were further enhanced by geological fieldwork, spectral measurements of field samples, and petrographic examination. According to previously published papers, a significant difference was observed in the distribution of rocks and their boundaries, as well as the previously published geological maps that were not accurately compatible with the nature of the area. The many lithologic units in the region are refined using principal component analysis, color ratio composites, and false-color composites. These techniques demonstrated the ability to distinguish between various igneous and metamorphic rock types, especially metavolcanics, metasediments, granodiorite, and biotite monzogranite. The Key structural trends, lithological units, and wadis affecting the area under study are improved by the principal component analysis approach (PC 3, 2, 1), (PC 2, 3, 4), (PC 4, 3, 2), (PC 5, 4, 3), and (PC 6, 5, 4) in RGB, respectively. The best band ratios recorded in the area are recorded the good discrimination (6/5, 4/3, and 2/1), (4/2, 6/7, and 5/6), and (3/2, 5/6, and 4/6) for RGB. The classification map achieved an overall accuracy of 95.27%, and these results from Landsat-9 data were validated by field geology and petrographical studies. The results of this survey can make a significant difference to detailed geological studies. A detailed map of the new district has been prepared through a combination of deep learning and fieldwork.
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In spite of all the efforts to control H5N1 in Egypt, the virus still circulates endemically, causing significant economic losses in the poultry industry and endangering human health. This study aimed to elucidate the role of clinically healthy ducks in perpetuation of H5N1 virus in Egypt in mid-summer, when the disease prevalence is at its lowest level. A total of 927 cloacal swabs collected from 111 household and 71 commercial asymptomatic duck flocks were screened by using a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Only five scavenging ducks from a native breed in three flocks were found infected with H5N1 virus. This study indicates that H5N1 virus can persist in free-range ducks in hot weather, in contrast to their counterparts confined in household or commercial settings. Surveillance to identify other potential reservoirs is essential.
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Patos/virologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Animais , Infecções Assintomáticas , Sequência de Bases , Egito/epidemiologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype was first diagnosed in poultry in Egypt in 2006, and since then the disease became enzootic in poultry throughout the country, affecting the poultry industry and village poultry as well as infecting humans. Vaccination has been used as a part of the control strategy to help to control the disease. Epidemiological data with sequence analysis of H5N1 viruses is important to link the mechanism of virus evolution in Egypt. This study describes the evolutionary pattern of Egyptian H5N1 viruses based on molecular characterization for the isolates collected from commercial poultry farms and village poultry from 2006 to 2011. Genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was done by sequencing of the full-length H5 gene. The epidemiological pattern of disease outbreaks in Egyptian poultry farms seems to be seasonal with no specific geographic distribution across the country. The molecular epidemiological data revealed that there are two major groups of viruses: the classic group of subclade 2.2.1 and a variant group of 2.2.1.1. The classic group is prevailing mainly in village poultry and had fewer mutations compared to the originally introduced virus in 2006. Since 2009, this group has started to be transmitted back to commercial sectors. The variant group emerged by late 2007, was prevalent mainly in vaccinated commercial poultry, mutated continuously at a higher rate until 2010, and started to decline in 2011. Genetic analysis of the neuraminidase (NA) gene and the other six internal genes indicates a grouping of the Egyptian viruses similar to that obtained using the HA gene, with no obvious reassortments. The results of this study indicate that HPAI-H5N1 viruses are progressively evolving and adapting in Egypt and continue to acquire new mutations every season.
Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Aves Domésticas/virologia , Animais , Galinhas/virologia , Surtos de Doenças , Patos/virologia , Egito , Gansos/virologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/classificação , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/patogenicidade , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Neuraminidase/genética , Filogenia , Aves Domésticas/classificação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Estações do Ano , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Perus/virologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Domestic ducks have been implicated in the dissemination and evolution of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In this study, two H5N1 HPAI viruses belonging to clade 2.2.1 isolated in Egypt in 2007 and 2008 were analyzed for their pathogenicity in domestic Pekin ducks. Both viruses produced clinical signs and mortality, but the 2008 virus was more virulent, inducing early onset of neurological signs and killing all ducks with a mean death time (MDT) of 4.1 days. The 2007 virus killed 3/8 ducks with a MDT of 7 days. Full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used to examine differences in the virus genes that might explain the differences observed in pathogenicity. The genomes differed in 49 amino acids, with most of the differences found in the hemagglutinin protein. This increase in pathogenicity in ducks observed with certain H5N1 HPAI viruses has implications for the control of the disease, since vaccinated ducks infected with highly virulent strains shed viruses for longer periods of time, perpetuating the virus in the environment and increasing the possibility of transmission to susceptible birds.