Fundamental-ray aberration analysis of off-axial optical systems: analytical formulae of first-order aberrations.

In our previous paper [Appl. Opt.59, 4466 (2020)10.1364/AO.389600], we presented a fundamental-ray aberration analysis that extends ray matrix analysis to the third-order aberration region. The analysis results shown in that paper were applicable to coaxial rotationally symmetric optical systems. This time, we have extended the fundamental-ray aberration analysis so that it can be applied to off-axial optical systems. Here we present new analysis formulae for fundamental-ray aberration analysis of the first-order aberration region. In addition, we newly present first-order aberration expansion formulae for four-element fundamental-ray aberrations and calculation formulae for the fundamental-ray aberration coefficients of the first order, which are necessary for this extension.

Fundamental ray aberration analysis: extension of ray matrix analysis to the third-order region using a four-element fundamental ray vector.

We have developed a new fundamental ray aberration analysis that extends conventional ray matrix analysis to the third-order region using a four-element fundamental ray vector. This analysis method can analyze the factors in the generation of the Seidel aberration coefficients by separating them into the transform characteristics of rays unique to the optical system and paraxial trace values representing the conjugate relationship. In establishing this analysis, we first introduce the fundamental ray aberration, and we present calculation formulae for the fundamental ray aberration coefficients of a co-axial rotationally symmetric optical system. Numerical examples employing these analysis results are shown, and it is confirmed that the causes of the Seidel aberration coefficients can be analyzed.

Stereoselective synthesis and physicochemical properties of liquid-crystal compounds possessing a trans-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydropyran ring with negative dielectric anisotropy.

Three stereoselective syntheses and the physicochemical properties of trans,trans-5-(4-ethoxy-2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-(4-propylcyclohexyl)tetrahydropyran, which is an important liquid-crystal compound with a large negative dielectric anisotropy (Δε=-7.3), are described. The key step in the construction of the trans-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydropyran ring in the first approach involved a benzylic cation mediated intramolecular olefin cyclization of a 2-allyloxy-1-arylethanol derivative. The second method included the Et2 Zn-induced 1,2-aryl shift of a bromohydrin obtained from a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction, followed by stereoselective bromination. The third approach utilized the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of trans-4-propylcyclohexanecarboxaldehyde and a 2-aryl-3-(trimethylsilyl)oxy-1,3-butadiene, followed by stereoselective protonation. From results obtained by using a quantum chemical calculation method, the reason why the target compound shows a large negative Δε value is discussed.

Helicity-based particle-relabeling operator and normal mode expansion of the dissipationless incompressible Hall magnetohydrodynamics.

The dynamics of an incompressible, dissipationless Hall magnetohydrodynamic medium are investigated from Lagrangian mechanical viewpoint. The hybrid and magnetic helicities are shown to emerge, respectively, from the application of the particle relabeling symmetry for ion and electron flows to Noether's first theorem, while the constant of motion associated with the theorem is generally given by their arbitrary linear combination. Furthermore, integral path variation associated with the invariant action is expressed by the operation of an integrodifferential operator on the reference path. The eigenfunctions of this operator are double Beltrami flows, i.e., force-free stationary solutions to the equation of motion and provide a family of orthogonal function bases that yields the spectral representation of the equation of motion with a remarkably simple form. Among the double Beltrami flows, considering the influence of a uniform background magnetic field and the Hall term effect vanishing limit, the generalized Elsässer variables are found to be the most suitable for avoiding problems with singularities in the standard magnetohydrodynamic limit.

Prognostic value of glucose transporter 1 expression in patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The increase of glucose transport is a distinguishing marker of tumor cells. We hypothesized that a hypopharyngeal carcinoma, characterized by high frequency of lymph node spread or distant metastasis, was associated with glucose transporter 1 (Glut 1) overexpression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the incidence of Glut1 expression by immunostaining in 99 patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma, and revealed the correlation with the clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The analysis showed 46 patients (46%) of Glut1 overexpression (> 70% tumor cell stained). Glut1 expression did not correlate with gender, subsite, histological grade, tumor size, lymph node status or stage grouping. The 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate of patients with Glut1 overexpression (> 70%) (35%) was significantly lower than that of patients with low Glut1 expression (< or = 70%) (57%) (p = 0.047). Multivariate analysis showed that advanced tumor stage (stages III and IV) and Glut1 overexpression were predictors of reduced RFS (p = 0.031 and 0.021, respectively). CONCLUSION: Glut1 expression is an indicator for predicting the prognosis of hypopharyngeal carcinoma.

Enhancement of glossiness perception by retinal-image motion: additional effect of head-yoked motion parallax.

It has been argued that when an observer moves, a contingent retinal-image motion of a stimulus would strengthen the perceived glossiness. This would be attributed to the veridical perception of three-dimensional structure by motion parallax. However, it has not been investigated whether the effect of motion parallax is more than that of retinal-image motion of the stimulus. Using a magnitude estimation method, we examine in this paper whether cross-modal coordination of the stimulus change and the observer's motion (i.e., motion parallax) is essential or the retinal-image motion alone is sufficient for enhancing the perceived glossiness. Our data show that a retinal-image motion simulating motion parallax without head motion strengthened the perceived glossiness but that its effect was weaker than that of motion parallax with head motion. These results suggest the existence of an additional effect of the cross-modal coordination between vision and proprioception on glossiness perception. That is, motion parallax enhances the perception of glossiness, in addition to retinal-image motions of specular surfaces.

Discovery of a novel series of semisynthetic vancomycin derivatives effective against vancomycin-resistant bacteria.

Novel semisynthetic vancomycin derivatives with antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) were prepared. Replacement of Cl groups of vancomycin by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which gave the title compounds, is described for the first time. Introduction of a carbon substituent at the amino acid residue 2 of vancomycin led to an enhancement of antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant strains, whereas the additional introduction at the amino acid residue 6 resulted in a reduction in activity even against vancomycin-susceptible strains.