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1.
Bull World Health Organ ; 92(6): 429-35, 2014 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24940017

RESUMO

Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa--the countries known as BRICS--represent some of the world's fastest growing large economies and nearly 40% of the world's population. Over the last two decades, BRICS have undertaken health-system reforms to make progress towards universal health coverage. This paper discusses three key aspects of these reforms: the role of government in financing health; the underlying motivation behind the reforms; and the value of the lessons learnt for non-BRICS countries. Although national governments have played a prominent role in the reforms, private financing constitutes a major share of health spending in BRICS. There is a reliance on direct expenditures in China and India and a substantial presence of private insurance in Brazil and South Africa. The Brazilian health reforms resulted from a political movement that made health a constitutional right, whereas those in China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa were an attempt to improve the performance of the public system and reduce inequities in access. The move towards universal health coverage has been slow. In China and India, the reforms have not adequately addressed the issue of out-of-pocket payments. Negotiations between national and subnational entities have often been challenging but Brazil has been able to achieve good coordination between federal and state entities via a constitutional delineation of responsibility. In the Russian Federation, poor coordination has led to the fragmented pooling and inefficient use of resources. In mixed health systems it is essential to harness both public and private sector resources.


Le Brésil, la Fédération de Russie, l'Inde, la Chine et l'Afrique du Sud ­ les pays connus sous le nom de BRICS ­ représentent quelques-unes des grandes économies ayant connu la croissance la plus rapide dans le monde et près de 40% de la population mondiale. Au cours des 2 dernières décennies, le groupe BRICS a engagé des réformes de son système de santé pour atteindre la couverture de santé universelle. Cet article aborde les 3 aspects clés de ces réformes: le rôle du gouvernement dans le financement de la santé; la motivation profonde derrière ces réformes; et la valeur des leçons tirées pour les pays non-BRICS. Bien que les gouvernements nationaux jouent un rôle majeur dans ces réformes, le financement privé constitue une part importante des dépenses de santé dans le groupe BRICS. Il existe une dépendance à l'égard des dépenses directes en Chine et en Inde et à l'égard d'une présence importante des assurances privées au Brésil et en Afrique du Sud. Les réformes de la santé du Brésil ont fait suite à un mouvement politique qui a fait de la santé un droit constitutionnel, alors que les réformes en Chine, en Inde, en Fédération de Russie et en Afrique du Sud ont représenté des tentatives visant à améliorer la performance du système public et à réduire les inégalités de l'accès aux soins. Les progrès vers la couverture de santé universelle ont été lents. En Chine et en Inde, les réformes n'ont pas abordé suffisamment le problème des paiements restants à charge. Les négociations entre les entités nationales et infranationales ont souvent été difficiles, mais le Brésil a pu parvenir à une coordination adéquate entre les entités fédérales et étatiques grâce à une délimitation constitutionnelle des responsabilités. Dans la Fédération de Russie, le manque de coordination a entraîné un regroupement fragmenté et une utilisation inefficace des ressources. Dans les systèmes de santé à financement mixte, il est essentiel de maîtriser à la fois les ressources des 2 secteurs: public et privé.


Brasil, la Federación de Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica, los países conocidos como BRICS, son algunas de las grandes economías que más rápidamente están creciendo y representan casi el 40% de la población mundial. A lo largo de las últimas dos décadas, los BRICS han emprendido reformas en los sistemas sanitarios para avanzar hacia una cobertura universal de salud. Este artículo analiza tres aspectos clave de estas reformas: el papel del gobierno a la hora de financiar la salud, los motivos subyacentes de las reformas y el valor de las lecciones aprendidas de otros países distintos a los BRICS. Aunque los gobiernos nacionales tienen un papel destacado en las reformas, la financiación privada constituye una parte importante de los gastos sanitarios en estos países. Hay una dependencia de los gastos directos en China e India y una presencia significativa de seguros privados en Brasil y Sudáfrica. Las reformas sanitarias brasileñas tuvieron como resultado un movimiento político que hizo de la salud un derecho constitucional, mientras que las de China, India, la Federación de Rusia y Sudáfrica fueron un intento de mejorar el rendimiento del sistema público y reducir las desigualdades del acceso a este. El avance hacia la cobertura universal de la salud ha sido lento. En China e India, las reformas no han abordado adecuadamente el problema de los pagos directos. A menudo, las negociaciones entre las entidades nacionales y subnacionales han sido difíciles, pero Brasil ha sido capaz de lograr una buena coordinación entre las entidades federales y estatales a través de una descripción constitucional de la responsabilidad. En la Federación de Rusia, una mala coordinación ha tenido como resultado una mancomunación fragmentada y el uso ineficaz de los recursos. En los sistemas sanitarios mixtos, es fundamental emplear recursos tanto del sector público como del privado.


Assuntos
Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde , Financiamento da Assistência à Saúde , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde , Brasil , China , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Índia , Relações Interinstitucionais , Alocação de Recursos/economia , Federação Russa , África do Sul
2.
Bull World Health Organ ; 91(11): 841-6, 2013 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24347708

RESUMO

Human resources for health have been recognized as essential to the development of responsive and effective health systems. Low- and middle-income countries seeking to achieve universal health coverage face human resource constraints - whether in the form of health worker shortages, maldistribution of workers or poor worker performance - that seriously undermine their ability to achieve well-functioning health systems. Although much has been written about the human resource crisis in the health sector, labour economic frameworks have seldom been applied to analyse the situation and little is known or understood about the operation of labour markets in low- and middle-income countries. Traditional approaches to addressing human resource constraints have focused on workforce planning: estimating health workforce requirements based on a country's epidemiological and demographic profile and scaling up education and training capacities to narrow the gap between the "needed" number of health workers and the existing number. However, this approach neglects other important factors that influence human resource capacity, including labour market dynamics and the behavioural responses and preferences of the health workers themselves. This paper describes how labour market analysis can contribute to a better understanding of the factors behind human resource constraints in the health sector and to a more effective design of policies and interventions to address them. The premise is that a better understanding of the impact of health policies on health labour markets, and subsequently on the employment conditions of health workers, would be helpful in identifying an effective strategy towards the progressive attainment of universal health coverage.


Les ressources humaines du secteur de la santé sont essentielles au développement de systèmes médicaux efficaces et réactifs. Les pays à revenu faible et moyen qui cherchent à obtenir une couverture maladie universelle souffrent de restrictions en matière de ressources humaines - que ce soit sous forme de pénurie d'agents de santé, de mauvaise répartition ou de faibles performances des travailleurs - qui compromettent sérieusement leur capacité à créer un système de santé optimal. Même si on a beaucoup écrit au sujet de la crise des ressources humaines dans le secteur de la santé, des cadres économiques de travail ont rarement été appliqués pour analyser la situation, et on connaît ou on comprend peu de choses sur le fonctionnement des marchés du travail dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen. Les approches traditionnelles dans le but de répondre aux restrictions en matière de ressources humaines accordent de l'importance à la planification des effectifs : estimer les besoins en matière de travailleurs de la santé par rapport au profil démographique et épidémiologique d'un pays, et intensifier les capacités de formation et d'enseignement pour réduire l'écart entre le nombre de travailleurs "nécessaire" et le nombre réel. Toutefois, cette approche néglige d'autres facteurs importants qui influent sur la capacité des ressources humaines, notamment les dynamiques du marché du travail et les réponses et préférences comportementales des travailleurs de la santé. Ce document explique comment l'analyse du marché du travail peut aider à mieux comprendre les facteurs qui sont à l'origine des restrictions en matière de ressources humaines dans le secteur de la santé, mais aussi à mettre en oeuvre des politiques et des interventions plus efficaces pour y remédier. L'hypothèse initiale est qu'une meilleure compréhension de l'impact des politiques de santé sur les marchés du travail de la santé et, par ailleurs, sur les conditions d'emploi des travailleurs de la santé, serait utile pour pouvoir identifier une stratégie efficace et progressivement mettre en place une couverture maladie universelle.


El papel de los recursos humanos en el sector sanitario se considera esencial para el desarrollo de sistemas sanitarios eficaces y con capacidad de respuesta. Los países de ingresos bajos y medianos que aspiran a alcanzar la cobertura sanitaria universal se enfrentan a las limitaciones en materia de recursos humanos, sea por escasez de personal sanitario, la distribución ineficaz del personal o el desempeño ineficiente del mismo, factores que socavan gravemente la capacidad para lograr sistemas sanitarios con un funcionamiento adecuado. Aunque se ha vertido mucha tinta acerca de la crisis de recursos humanos en el sector sanitario, rara vez se han aplicado los marcos económicos laborales para analizar la situación y poco se sabe o entiende sobre el funcionamiento de los mercados laborales en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Los enfoques tradicionales para hacer frente a las limitaciones en materia de recursos humanos se han centrado en la planificación del personal, mediante el cálculo de las necesidades de personal sanitario basada en el perfil epidemiológico y demográfico del país y la ampliación de los recursos educativos y formativos para reducir la brecha entre el número «necesario¼ de personal sanitario y el número real. Sin embargo, este enfoque deja de lado otros factores importantes que influyen en la capacidad de los recursos humanos, como la dinámica del mercado de trabajo, las respuestas de comportamiento y las preferencias del personal sanitario. Este informe describe cómo el análisis del mercado laboral pretende mejorar la comprensión de los factores que explican la escasez en materia de recursos humanos en el sector sanitario y ofrecer un diseño más eficaz de las políticas e intervenciones para abordarlos. La premisa para ello es que una mejor comprensión del impacto de las políticas sanitarias en el mercado laboral sanitario, y por consiguiente, en las condiciones laborales del personal sanitario, sería de gran ayuda en la identificación de una estrategia eficaz para alcanzar la cobertura sanitaria universal de forma progresiva.


Assuntos
Saúde Global , Pessoal de Saúde/organização & administração , Mão de Obra em Saúde/organização & administração , Políticas , Fortalecimento Institucional , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos
3.
Health Syst Reform ; 7(2): e1957537, 2021 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34547982

RESUMO

This paper measures financial protection in health in Brazil by estimating the incidence and describes the profile of catastrophic expenditures and impoverishment due to household out-of-pocket (OOP) health spending. It uses the latest Brazilian consumption survey (POF 2017/2018) to analyze the composition of household health spending and applies two thresholds of household consumption to identify households facing catastrophic expenditures and impoverishment due to health care payments. Results show that a third of households spend more than 10% of their budget on health, and the share of households facing financial hardship is significantly higher among the Brazilian poor (37% among the bottom consumption deciles). Medicines are the main contributor to component of OOP health spending, reaching 85% of all OOP payments for the lowest consumption deciles. Households with women as household head and those with heads with more years of schooling have higher probability of incurring catastrophic health spending. Yearly, more than 10 million Brazilians are pushed into poverty due to OOP health care payments, which represents a larger percentage of individuals (4.87%) than reported globally (2.5%) or among Latin America and Caribbean countries (1.8%). Conclusions: Despite the achievements in implementing universal health coverage in Brazil, challenges remain to guarantee financial protection to its population (especially the Brazilian poor). Policies to expand access and affordability of essential medicines are key to improve financial protection in health in Brazil.


Assuntos
Doença Catastrófica , Pobreza , Brasil , Atenção à Saúde , Feminino , Gastos em Saúde , Humanos
4.
BJHE - Brazilian Journal of Health Economics ; 14(Suplemento 1)Fevereiro/2022.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1366739

RESUMO

Objective: This paper discusses issues related to the efficiency and sustainability of public spending on health in Brazil. Despite the achievements of recent decades, the Unified Health System (SUS) faces structural challenges with consequences on the access to public health services and on the financial protection of the population. Methods: The paper provides a brief overview of the public healthcare financing in Brazil over the last ten years and presents an efficiency analysis of the SUS public health spending, using data envelopment analysis (DEA) models for the years of 2013 and 2017. Results: In terms of public spending, the paradox that Brazil spends little but poorly on health still persists. Public expenditures on health are relatively lower than those observed in countries with health systems with similar characteristics, but public expenditures per capita grow at rates higher than the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In terms of efficiency of public health spending, the analysis shows that there is potential to increase the efficiency of the SUS. In 2017, these inefficiencies amounted R$ 35.8 billion. In general, SUS primary healthcare (APS) is more efficient (63% and 68% in 2013 and 2017) than high and medium complexity care (MAC) (29% and 34% in the same years, respectively). Conclusion: Improving the efficiency of public spending on health is particularly important in the current context of low economic growth and strong fiscal constraints in the post-pandemic environment. Efficiency gains can be achieved with: (i) scale gains in the structure and operation of hospitals, (ii) integration of care in health care networks, (iii) increased density and better distribution of the health workforce, (iv) change in mechanisms and incentives to link payments to providers and professionals to health outcomes, with the PHC as the organizer of the system, (v) innovations in the management of health service providers, with an emphasis on public partnership models and private companies (PPPs) . The consolidation of the SUS depends on public policies to improve the efficiency and quality of services provided to the population.

5.
World Health Popul ; 17(3): 70-80, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29400275

RESUMO

Health workforce challenges remain a critical bottleneck in achieving universal health coverage (UHC) goals in most countries. As it stands, health professional training is primarily clinical, curricular and delinked from the needs of the health system. To achieve global health goals and maximize opportunities for employment and economic growth, all in the context of limited fiscal realities, a paradigm shift is needed with respect to the health workforce and corresponding education systems. There is a need to shift towards fair, gender friendly employment at a rate that matches the overall growth of the health economy, which acknowledges the role of the private sector in education and training. This paper emphasizes the importance and implications of such a paradigm shift. It argues the need for a 21st century framework for health professional education. This framework should represent a more satisfactory interface between supply and demand for health professional labor, in line with the need for UHC, job creation and economic growth.


Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/organização & administração , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Mão de Obra em Saúde/organização & administração , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/organização & administração , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Fortalecimento Institucional/organização & administração , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde Global , Política de Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Seleção de Pessoal/organização & administração , Desenvolvimento de Pessoal/organização & administração
6.
Arq Bras Cardiol ; 113(5): 1006-1056, 2019 11.
Artigo em Inglês, Português | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31800728
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