Identification of CD8+ T cell subsets that normalize in early-treated people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Although combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the mortality associated with HIV infection, complete immune reconstitution is not achieved despite viral suppression. Alterations of CD8+ T cells and some of their subpopulations, such as interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells, are evidenced in treated individuals and are associated with systemic inflammation and adverse disease outcomes. We sought to evaluate if different CD8+ T cell subsets are differentially normalized during a clinical follow-up of people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving suppressive cART. METHODS: We explored the changes in the frequencies, activation/exhaustion phenotypes (HLA-DR, CD38, PD-1, and TIM-3), and function (total and HIV-specific cells expressing CD107a, perforin, granzyme B, interferon [IFN]-γ and IL-17) of CD8+ T cells from early-treated PLWH receiving cART in a 1-year follow-up, using a multidimensional flow cytometry approach. RESULTS: Despite continuous cART-induced viral suppression and recovery of CD4+ T cells, after a 1-year follow-up, the CD8+ T cell counts, CD4:CD8 ratio, PD-1 expression, and IL-17 production by CD8+ T cells exhibited incomplete normalization compared with seronegative controls. However, the proportion of CD8+ T cells with an exhausted phenotype (co-expressing PD-1 andTIM-3), and cells co-expressing cytotoxic molecules (Perforin and Granzyme B), reached normalization. CONCLUSIONS: Although suppressive cART achieves normalization of CD4+ T cell counts, only particular subsets of CD8+ T cells are more rapidly normalized in PLWH receiving cART, which could be routinely used as biomarkers for therapy efficiency in these patients.

Reactivation of low avidity tumor-specific CD8+ T cells associates with immunotherapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1.

BACKGROUND: CD8+ T cells are a highly diverse population of cells with distinct phenotypic functions that can influence immunotherapy outcomes. Further insights on the roles of CD8+ specificities and TCR avidity of naturally arising tumor-specific T cells, where both high and low avidity T cells recognizing the same peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) coexist in the same tumor, are crucial for understanding T cell exhaustion and resistance to PD-1 immunotherapy. METHODS: CT26 models were treated with anti-PD-1 on days 3, 6 and 9 following subcutaneous tumor implantation generating variable responses during early tumor development. Tetramer staining was performed to determine the frequency and avidity of CD8+ T cells targeting the tumor-specific epitope GSW11 and confirmed with tetramer competition assays. Functional characterization of high and low avidity GSW11-specific CD8+ T cells was conducted using flow cytometry and bulk RNA-seq. In vitro cytotoxicity assays and in vivo adoptive transfer experiments were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of high and low avidity populations. RESULTS: Treatment success with anti-PD-1 was associated with the preferential expansion of low avidity (Tetlo) GSW11-specific CD8+ T cells with Vß TCR expressing clonotypes. High avidity T cells (Tethi), if present, were only found in progressing PD-1 refractory tumors. Tetlo demonstrated precursor exhausted or progenitor T cell phenotypes marked by higher expression of Tcf-1 and T-bet, and lower expression of the exhaustion markers CD39, PD-1 and Eomes compared with Tethi, whereas Tethi cells were terminally exhausted. Transcriptomics analyses showed pathways related to TCR signaling, cytotoxicity and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly enriched in Tetlo found in both regressing and progressing tumors compared with Tethi, whereas genes related to DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy were downregulated. In vitro studies showed that Tetlo exhibits higher cytotoxicity than Tethi. Adoptive transfer of Tetlo showed more effective tumor control than Tethi, and curative responses were achieved when Tetlo was combined with two doses of anti-PD-1. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting subdominant T cell responses with lower avidity against pMHC affinity neoepitopes showed potential for improving PD-1 immunotherapy. Future interventions may consider expanding low avidity populations via vaccination or adoptive transfer.

Reservorios del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1): mecanismos de latencia y estrategias terapéuticas / Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoirs: mechanisms of latency and therapeutic strategies Eliuth

El VIH-1 puede establecer una infección latente en varios tipos de células que constituyen sus reservorios y permiten su mantenimiento en el hospedero indefinidamente. Los principales reservorios del VIH-1 son los linfocitos T CD4 en reposo, aunque también pueden serlo los monocitos/macrófagos, las células dendríticas y otras células. Varios mecanismos contribuyen al establecimiento y mantenimiento de la latencia en estas células, entre ellos la interferencia transcripcional, la baja disponibilidad de factores de transcripción, la condensación de la cromatina y algunos microARN que bloquean la traducción viral. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos es crucial para el desarrollo de nuevas terapias que puedan eliminar el virus del cuerpo y llegar a una posible cura de esta infección.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can establish a latent infection in different kinds of cells, which constitute the reservoirs for the virus and allow its maintenance in the body indefinitely. The main reservoirs of HIV-1 are resting CD4+ T cells, although other cells, among them monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells may also act as such. Different mechanisms contribute to the establishment and maintenance of latency in those cells, among them: transcriptional interference, low availability of transcription factors, chromatin condensation, and some microRNA that block viral translation. Knowledge of these mechanisms is crucial for the development of new drugs that may eliminate the virus from the body and lead to a cure.