The role of decision criterion in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false recognition memory: False memory falls and rises as a function of restriction on criterion setting.

How much of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory is attributable to decision criterion is so far a controversial issue. Previous studies typically used explicit warnings against accepting the critical lure to investigate this issue. The assumption is that if the false memory results from using a liberally biased criterion, it should be greatly reduced or eliminated by an explicit warning against accepting the critical lure. Results showed that warning was generally ineffective. We asked the question of whether subjects can substantially reduce false recognition without being warned when the test forces them to make a distinction between true and false memories. Using a two-alternative forced choice in which criterion plays a relatively smaller role, we showed that subjects could indeed greatly reduce the rate of false recognition. However, when the forced-choice restriction was removed from the two-item choice test, the rate of false recognition rebounded to that of the hit for studied list words, indicating the role of criterion in false recognition.

The effects of increasing semantic-associate list length on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false recognition memory: Dual false-memory process in retrieval from sub- and supraspan lists.

In this study, the number of semantic associates in Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists was varied from 4 to 14 in a modified Sternberg paradigm. The false alarm (FA) and correct rejection (CR) reaction time (RT)/memory-set size (MSS) functions of critical lures showed a cross-over interaction at approximately MSS 7, suggesting a reversal of the relative dominance between these two responses to the critical lure at this point and also indicating the location of the boundary between the sub- and supraspan MSS. For the subspan lists, FA to critical lures was slower than CR, suggesting a slow, strategic mechanism driving the false memory. Conversely, for the supraspan lists, critical lure FA was faster than its CR, suggesting a spontaneous mechanism driving the false memory. Results of two experiments showed that an automatic, fast, and a slow, controlled process could be error-prone or error-corrective, depending on the length of the DRM memory list. Thus there is a dual retrieval process in false memory as in true memory. The findings can be explained by both the activation/monitoring and the fuzzy-trace theories.

Differences in Hemoglobin A1c Between Hispanics/Latinos and Non-Hispanic Whites: An Analysis of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos and the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether, after adjustment for glycemia and other selected covariates, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) differed among adults from six Hispanic/Latino heritage groups (Central American, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and South American) and between Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic white adults without self-reported diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from 13,083 individuals without self-reported diabetes from six Hispanic/Latino heritage groups, enrolled from 2008 to 2011 in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, and 2,242 non-Hispanic white adults enrolled during the 2007-2012 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We compared HbA1c levels among Hispanics/Latinos and between Hispanics/Latinos and non-Hispanic whites before and after adjustment for age, sex, fasting (FPG) and 2-h post-oral glucose tolerance test (2hPG) glucose, anthropometric measurements, and selected biochemical and hematologic variables and after stratification by diabetes status: unrecognized diabetes (FPG ≥7.1 mmol/L or 2hPG ≥11.2 mmol/L), prediabetes (FPG 5.6-7.0 mmol/L or 2hPG 7.8-11.1 mmol/L), and normal glucose tolerance (FPG <5.6 mmol/L and 2hPG <7.8 mmol/L). RESULTS: Adjusted mean HbA1c differed significantly across all seven groups (P < 0.001). Non-Hispanic whites had significantly lower HbA1c (P < 0.05) than each individual Hispanic/Latino heritage group. Upon stratification by diabetes status, statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) in adjusted mean HbA1c persisted across all seven groups. CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c differs among Hispanics/Latinos of diverse heritage groups and between non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics/Latinos after adjustment for glycemia and other covariates. The clinical significance of these differences is unknown.

Relación entre aislamiento de cepas de Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 y presencia de colitis hemorrágica en niños / Relation between isolation of Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 and hemorrhagic colitis in children

En cinco de 200 niños menores de dos años de edad estudiados durante una investigación sobre agentes etiológicos de diarrea aguda, 100 con presencia de cuadro enteral y 100 controles apareados por edad y sexo, se encontró la presencia de cepas de Escherichia coli (E. coli)0157. Tres de los cinco niños presentaron cuadro enteral, uno diarrea aguda, uno diarrea crónica y otro colitis hemorrágica afebril. Los otros dos pacientes no presentaron sintomatología enteral en el momento del aislamiento de las cepas 0157. Se encontró producción elevada de citotoxina Vero (VT) o tipo Shiga en las bacterias aisladas del paciente con colitis hemorrágica afebril y en uno de los dos controles sin diarrea. Esta citotoxina pudo ser neutralizada con antisuero específico contra VT-I altamente purificada. En los otros tres pacientes las cepas encontradas produjeron sólo trazas de VT, que tambíen pudieron neutralizarse con la misma antitoxina. Ninguna de las bacterias encontradas fue capaz de producir enterotoxina lábil o estable al calentamiento, invadir la córnea de cobayos (Prueba de Séreny) o adherirse a células HEp-2. Desde el punto de vista de las características microbiológicas, a diferencia de lo reportado en la literatura, las cepas 0157 encontradas en el presente estudio fueron capaces de fermentar el sorbitol, por lo que el uso de medios selectivos con este azúcar para su aislamiento hubiera impedido su identificación