Biomechanical Performance of Biodegradable Screw Fixation in Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis.

Internal distraction devices are commonly used in congenital micrognathia. The eventual need for device and screw removal can be challenging, requiring extensive dissection and disturbance of bone regenerate. Bioabsorbable poly-L-lactide (PLLA) screws, compared to traditional titanium screws, simplify device removal. Previous in vivo studies have found that the maximal compressive force generated by mandibular distraction is 69.4N. We hypothesized that PLLA screws could support these compressive/distraction forces. Ten mandibles were obtained from 5 canine cadavers. Paired mandibles from the same cadaver were each fixated to a mandibular distractor with eight screws (either titanium or PLLA). Devices were each set to 15 and 30 mm of distraction distance. Compression force of 80 N was then generated parallel to the axis of the distraction device. Distractor displacement was measured to detect any mechanical failure during this pre-set load. Finally, if no failure was observed at 80 N, a load-to-failure compression test was done in the PLLA group to determine the mechanical failure point. All distractors in both the titanium and PLLA screw groups withstood 80 N of compression without failure. When the load-to-failure test was performed in the PLLA group, the average device failure point was 172.8 N (range 148-196 N). Review of high-frame-rate video demonstrated that all failures occurred due to the PLLA screws breaking or falling out. Bioabsorbable PLLA screws can withstand compressive forces more than double that of the maximal in vivo forces needed during mandibular distraction. These screws may be an acceptable alternative for the fixation of internal mandibular distractors.

Intraoral approach for zygomatic sialoadenectomy in dogs: An anatomical study and three clinical cases.

OBJECTIVE: To describe an intraoral approach (IOA) for zygomatic sialadenectomy in dogs and to compare this surgical approach to a modified lateral orbitotomy approach (LOA). STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric study and short case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: Ten canine cadavers and three dogs with clinical disease. METHODS: Bilateral zygomatic sialoadenectomies were performed in six mesocephalic, two brachycephalic and two dolichocephalic cadavers, randomly assigned to IOA on one side and LOA on the contralateral side. Duration of surgery, ease of surgical stage scores (rated on 5-point Likert scale) and completeness of gland removal were recorded. Additionally, IOA was performed in three dogs with zygomatic salivary gland (ZSG) disease. RESULTS: Removal of the ZSG was complete in 8/10 and 10/10 dogs using the IOA and LOA, respectively. Surgery was faster with IOA (42.0 min; 33.5-49.6 min) than LOA (65.7 min; 54.9-76.4 min, p = .005). Ease of removal did not differ between approaches (p = .091). Diseased ZSGs were successfully removed in three dogs without intra- or short-term postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The intraoral approach described here was technically equally challenging but faster than the LOA. Its clinical use led to an uneventful surgery with excellent short-term outcome in three dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The IOA provides an alternative approach for zygomatic sialoadenectomy in dogs with ZSG disease.

Temporomandibular Joint Bioengineering Conference: Working Together Toward Improving Clinical Outcomes.

The sixth temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Bioengineering Conference (TMJBC) was held on June 14-15 2018, in Redondo Beach, California, 12 years after the first TMJBC. Speakers gave 30 presentations and came from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The goal of the conference has remained to foster a continuing forum for bioengineers, scientists, and surgeons and veterinarians to advance technology related to TMJ disorders. These collective multidisciplinary interactions over the past decade have made large strides in moving the field of TMJ research forward. Over the past 12 years, in vivo approaches for tissue engineering have emerged, along with a wide variety of degeneration models, as well as with models occurring in nature. Furthermore, biomechanical tools have become more sensitive and new biologic interventions for disease are being developed. Clinical directives have evolved for specific diagnoses, along with patient-specific biological and immunological responses to TMJ replacement devices alloplastic and/or bioengineered devices. The sixth TMJBC heralded many opportunities for funding agencies to advance the field: (1) initiatives on TMJ that go beyond pain research, (2) more training grants focused on graduate students and fellows, (3) partnership funding with government agencies to translate TMJ solutions, and (4) the recruitment of a critical mass of TMJ experts to participate on grant review panels. The TMJ research community continues to grow and has become a pillar of dental and craniofacial research, and together we share the unified vision to ultimately improve diagnoses and treatment outcomes in patients affected by TMJ disorders.

Genome-wide association studies in dogs and humans identify ADAMTS20 as a risk variant for cleft lip and palate.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most commonly occurring craniofacial birth defect. We provide insight into the genetic etiology of this birth defect by performing genome-wide association studies in two species: dogs and humans. In the dog, a genome-wide association study of 7 CL/P cases and 112 controls from the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NSDTR) breed identified a significantly associated region on canine chromosome 27 (unadjusted p=1.1 x 10(-13); adjusted p= 2.2 x 10(-3)). Further analysis in NSDTR families and additional full sibling cases identified a 1.44 Mb homozygous haplotype (chromosome 27: 9.29 - 10.73 Mb) segregating with a more complex phenotype of cleft lip, cleft palate, and syndactyly (CLPS) in 13 cases. Whole-genome sequencing of 3 CLPS cases and 4 controls at 15X coverage led to the discovery of a frameshift mutation within ADAMTS20 (c.1360_1361delAA (p.Lys453Ilefs*3)), which segregated concordant with the phenotype. In a parallel study in humans, a family-based association analysis (DFAM) of 125 CL/P cases, 420 unaffected relatives, and 392 controls from a Guatemalan cohort, identified a suggestive association (rs10785430; p =2.67 x 10-6) with the same gene, ADAMTS20. Sequencing of cases from the Guatemalan cohort was unable to identify a causative mutation within the coding region of ADAMTS20, but four coding variants were found in additional cases of CL/P. In summary, this study provides genetic evidence for a role of ADAMTS20 in CL/P development in dogs and as a candidate gene for CL/P development in humans.

A LINE-1 insertion in DLX6 is responsible for cleft palate and mandibular abnormalities in a canine model of Pierre Robin sequence.

Cleft palate (CP) is one of the most commonly occurring craniofacial birth defects in humans. In order to study cleft palate in a naturally occurring model system, we utilized the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NSDTR) dog breed. Micro-computed tomography analysis of CP NSDTR craniofacial structures revealed that these dogs exhibit defects similar to those observed in a recognizable subgroup of humans with CP: Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS). We refer to this phenotype in NSDTRs as CP1. Individuals with PRS have a triad of birth defects: shortened mandible, posteriorly placed tongue, and cleft palate. A genome-wide association study in 14 CP NSDTRs and 72 unaffected NSDTRs identified a significantly associated region on canine chromosome 14 (24.2 Mb-29.3 Mb; p(raw )= 4.64 × 10(-15)). Sequencing of two regional candidate homeobox genes in NSDTRs, distal-less homeobox 5 (DLX5) and distal-less homeobox 6 (DLX6), identified a 2.1 kb LINE-1 insertion within DLX6 in CP1 NSDTRs. The LINE-1 insertion is predicted to insert a premature stop codon within the homeodomain of DLX6. This prompted the sequencing of DLX5 and DLX6 in a human cohort with CP, where a missense mutation within the highly conserved DLX5 homeobox of a patient with PRS was identified. This suggests the involvement of DLX5 in the development of PRS. These results demonstrate the power of the canine animal model as a genetically tractable approach to understanding naturally occurring craniofacial birth defects in humans.

The application of 3-dimensional printing for preoperative planning in oral and maxillofacial surgery in dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the application of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in advanced oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) and to discuss the benefits of this modality in surgical planning, student and resident training, and client education. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs (n = 28) and cats (n = 4) with 3D printing models of the skulls. METHODS: The medical records of 32 cases with 3D printing prior to major OMFS were reviewed. RESULTS: Indications for 3D printing included preoperative planning for mandibular reconstruction after mandibulectomy (n = 12 dogs) or defect nonunion fracture (n = 6 dogs, 2 cats), mapping of ostectomy location for temporomandibular joint ankylosis or pseudoankylosis (n = 4 dogs), assessment of palatal defects (n = 2 dogs, 1 cat), improved understanding of complex anatomy in cases of neoplasia located in challenging locations (n = 2 dogs, 1 cat), and in cases of altered anatomy secondary to trauma (n = 2 dogs). CONCLUSION: In the authors' experience, 3D printed models serve as excellent tools for OMFS planning and resident training. Furthermore, 3D printed models are a valuable resource to improve clients' understanding of the pet's disorder and the recommended treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Three-dimensional printed models should be considered viable tools for surgical planning, resident training, and client education in candidates for complex OMFS.

Internal fixation of severe maxillofacial fractures in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe internal fixation for maxillofacial fractures using titanium miniplates and report outcome in 7 dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: Skeletally mature dogs (n = 7) with maxillofacial fractures. METHODS: After CT evaluation of fracture configuration, using a combination of extraoral and intraoral approaches as needed, non-locking titanium miniplates were contoured to match the normal anatomy of the fractured bones. Plates were secured using non-locking titanium screws and then covered with a soft-tissue envelope followed by routine intraoral and extraoral closure. RESULTS: Fractures healed rapidly after reconstruction with immediate return to normal function and occlusion. Follow-up time of up to 94 months indicated excellent long-term function and general lack of complications. One dog developed nasal aspergillosis 1.5 years after surgery and the miniplates were removed without adverse consequences. CONCLUSION: Internal fixation for maxillofacial reconstruction using titanium miniplates is an excellent solution for the treatment of comminuted and displaced maxillofacial fractures in dogs.

Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP--2: Part 2-Treatment of Chronic, Defect Non-Union Fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical technique using a regenerative approach and internal fixation for reconstruction of critical size bone defect non-union mandibular fractures. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: Dogs (n = 6) that had internal fixation of defect non-union mandibular fracture. METHODS: In 5 dogs, the repair was staged and extraction of teeth performed during the initial procedure. After 21-98 days (mean, 27 days) pharyngotomy intubation and temporary maxillomandibular fixation were performed. Using an extraoral approach, a locking titanium miniplate was contoured and secured to the mandible. A compression resistant matrix (CRM) infused with rhBMP-2 was implanted in the defect. The implant was then covered with a soft tissue envelope followed by surgical wound closure. RESULTS: All dogs healed with intact gingival covering over the mandibular fracture site defect and had immediate return to normal function and correct occlusion. Hard-tissue formation was observed clinically within 2 weeks and solid cortical bone formation within 3 months. CT findings in 1 dog at 3 months postoperatively demonstrated that the newly regenerated mandibular bone had 92% of the bone density and porosity compared to the contralateral side. Long-term follow-up revealed excellent outcome. CONCLUSION: Mandibular reconstruction using internal fixation and CRM infused with rhBMP-2 is an excellent solution for the treatment of critical size defect non-union fractures in dogs.

Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1-Immediate Reconstruction of Segmental Mandibulectomies.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical technique using a regenerative approach and internal fixation for immediate reconstruction of critical size bone defects after segmental mandibulectomy in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: Dogs (n = 4) that had reconstruction after segmental mandibulectomy for treatment of malignant or benign tumors. METHODS: Using a combination of extraoral and intraoral approaches, a locking titanium plate was contoured to match the native mandible. After segmental mandibulectomy, the plate was secured and a compression resistant matrix (CRM) infused with rhBMP-2, implanted in the defect. The implant was then covered with a soft tissue envelope followed by intraoral and extraoral closure. RESULTS: All dogs that had mandibular reconstruction healed with intact gingival covering over the mandibular defect and had immediate return to normal function and occlusion. Mineralized tissue formation was observed clinically within 2 weeks and solid cortical bone formation within 3 months. CT findings at 3 months showed that the newly regenerated mandibular bone had ∼50% of the bone density and porosity compared to the contralateral side. No significant complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Mandibular reconstruction using internal fixation and CRM infused with rhBMP-2 is an excellent solution for immediate reconstruction of segmental mandibulectomy defects in dogs.

Distinctive characteristics of extracellular vesicles from feline adipose and placenta stromal cells unveil potential for regenerative medicine in cats.

OBJECTIVE: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising avenues in regenerative medicine, offering unique immunomodulatory and regenerative properties with lower immunogenicity. This study delves into the distinctive features of EVs extracted from feline adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) and placenta-derived MSCs (PMSCs). The tissues were collected from 11 female cats aged between 4 and 7 years old. SAMPLE: EVs extracted from MSCs from discarded fetal membranes from 7 female cats and SC adipose tissue from 11 cats. METHODS: We comprehensively explored morphological characteristics, mitochondrial density, surface markers, and pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, uncovering notable differences between ASCs and PMSCs. RESULTS: Morphologically, ASCs exhibit a spindle-shaped form in contrast to the spherical morphology of PMSCs. Proliferation and clonogenic potential assessments reveal the faster proliferation and robust clonogenic nature of ASCs, suggesting their potential vital role in regenerative processes. Surface marker expression analysis indicates a significantly higher expression of multipotency-associated markers in ASCs, suggesting their superior proregenerative potential. Phenotyping of EVs demonstrates distinctive features, with CD9 expression suggesting varied EV secretion patterns. Notably, PMSCs exhibit superior CD81 expression, indicating their potential as preferred donors of mitochondria. Pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators analyzed at mRNA and microRNA levels reveal higher RNA content in EVs compared to source cells, emphasizing the potential of EVs in directing regenerative processes. Differential microRNA expression in EVs derived from ASCs hints at their regulatory roles in anti-inflammatory and immunometabolic processes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study lays a foundation for understanding the nuances between ASCs and PMSCs, which is crucial for harnessing the full therapeutic potential of MSCs and their EVs in tissue repair and regeneration.

Case report: Management of generalized infection and draining tracts of the frontomaxillary region in a dog.

Objective: This study aims to report the surgical and medical management of generalized chronic maxillofacial infection with multiple intra- and extraoral draining tracts in a dog. Case summary: A 6 years-old, male neutered pit bull terrier dog underwent a staged procedure. First, a diagnostic work-up including hematologic and biochemical analysis, conventional computed tomography (CT) with contrast of the skull, and a rhinoscopic evaluation of the draining tracts was performed. Samples were obtained for histopathological, microbial, and fungal testing. Second, a 4 week course of antimicrobials based on culture and sensitivity results was administered. Third, an extraoral approach to soft tissue reconstruction was accomplished as a first stage in the repair process. Finally, an intraoral approach to repair the oronasal fistulous draining tracts was performed. A 6 months follow-up skull CT revealed various stages of repair and remodeling and adequate soft tissue healing. Clinical relevance: A staged procedure is a suitable option to treat chronic and generalized frontal and maxillary infection with multiple intra- and extraoral fistulous draining tracts in dogs.

Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis Diagnosis and Treatment through Transcriptomic Insights.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating inflammatory oral mucosal disease with a multifactorial etiology. The clinical diagnosis of FCGS is made based on inspection of severe inflammatory lesions and histological confirmation rather than a molecular diagnostic outcome. This gap limits the ability to provide an early diagnosis. In this report, we seek to provide additional diagnostic tools using genomics to aid in providing clinically relevant information. The use of in-depth diagnostic tools, like transcriptomics of diseased tissues, to diagnose FCGS and stratify patients into predictive treatment response groups would dramatically improve both clinical decisions and patient outcomes. In this study, we addressed the gap in diagnostic options using transcriptomic analysis of caudal oral mucosal swab specimens coupled to detailed medical record linkage of FCGS-affected cats undergoing tooth extractions and in some cases administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). To better identify markers of disease and potential response to treatment, the transcriptomes of FCGS-afflicted cats were compared to those of healthy cats and those with chronic periodontitis to clearly establish diagnostic biomarker signal transduction connections. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Ak strain transforming (PI3K/AKT) and stress-activated protein kinases/Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) signaling pathways were significantly differentially regulated in FCGS-afflicted cats. Activation of these pathways also differed in the treatment response groups. In conjunction, the enzymes Caspase 4 (CASP4), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) were identified as potential biomarkers for the prediction of treatment response outcomes. The observations in the case study support the use of transcriptomics of FCGS patients to contribute to improved molecular diagnostics for the diagnosis and treatment of FCGS.

Kinematic performance of a novel temporomandibular joint replacement prosthesis under bite-force conditions in dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the kinematics and stability of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of cats and dogs with and without a TMJ replacement (TMJR) prosthesis under simulated bite forces and mouth opening. ANIMALS: Sixteen cadaver skulls from domestic cats (n = 8) and medium- to large-breed dogs (n = 8). METHODS: Intact TMJs were tested. Following condylectomy and coronoidectomy, the skulls were fitted with a TMJR prosthesis unilaterally and retested. Prosthesis was similarly implanted in the contralateral TMJ in 4 cats and 4 dogs before retesting. Left and right bite motions were evaluated before bite contact to peak bite force (200 N in dogs, 63 N in cats). Mouth opening motion was recorded. Mandibular displacement under load was evaluated in 3 orthogonal planes. Maximal displacement was compared between TMJR groups and native TMJ. Prosthesis-bone motion of the temporal and mandibular components was evaluated during simulated bites and mouth opening. RESULTS: TMJR resulted in joint motion not demonstrably different from the native TMJ, with the ability to fully open and close the mouth and with minimal laterotrusion. The TMJR prosthesis demonstrated similar stability after unilateral and bilateral replacement during bite force and with an open mouth. Mean implant-bone motion during bite simulations for the temporal and mandibular TMJR components was ≤ 60 µm in cats and ≤ 30 µm in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A novel TMJR can be implanted and allows normal jaw motion. Joint stability is maintained after TMJR implantation in the TMJ of dogs and cats TMJ that is devoid of muscular support.

Clinicial-pathologic correlations of non-trauma related Odontodysplasia in 28 dogs: 2013-2023.

Odontodysplasia is an uncommon dental developmental disorder associated with enamel, dentin, pulp abnormalities, and overall tooth morphology. The affected tooth is grossly abnormal in size and contour and is commonly associated with swelling of the affected area and failure of eruption. Histologically, the enamel and dentin are hypoplastic and hypomineralized. Odontodyplasia occurs most commonly in response to direct trauma to the developing tooth bud (enamel organ and dental follicle). Data on the prevalence and features of non-traumatic odontodysplasia are lacking. Medical records of dogs diagnosed with odontodysplasia were reviewed at the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California, Davis, for 10 years (from 2013 to 2023). Dogs with a known history of facial trauma, persistent deciduous tooth or teeth over the region of odontodysplastic tooth or teeth, and endodontic disease of the persistent deciduous tooth or teeth were excluded from the study. Twenty-eight dogs were included in this retrospective study, representing an incidence of 1.4 per 100 dogs presenting over 10 years. Regional odontodysplasia (RO) was identified in twenty-two dogs, and generalized odontodysplasia (GO) was found in six dogs. Both comprehensive oral examination and diagnostic imaging were essential in diagnosing and assessing the presence of odontodysplasia. Awake oral examination failed to identify odontodysplasia in almost 70% of the RO cases. Secondary diseases or lesions in odontodysplastic teeth, such as periodontal disease, endodontal disease, and perio-endo lesions, were commonly seen and were particularly more frequently identified in strategic teeth (canine and carnassial teeth) than non-strategic ones. Similarities, such as female predilection, maxilla more commonly affected, and clinical signs, were observed between RO in dogs and those reported in people. The exact etiology of non-traumatic odontodysplasia remains elusive, and the condition may be of multifactorial causality.

Diagnostic yield of dental radiography and digital tomosynthesis for the identification of anatomic structures in cats.

Introduction: Digital tomosynthesis (DT) has emerged as a potential imaging modality for evaluating anatomic structures in veterinary medicine. This study aims to validate the diagnostic yield of DT in identifying predefined anatomic structures in feline cadaver heads, comparing it with conventional intraoral dental radiography (DR). Methods: A total of 16 feline cadaver heads were utilized to evaluate 19 predefined clinically relevant anatomic structures using both DR and DT. A semi-quantitative scoring system was employed to characterize the ability of each imaging method to identify these structures. Results: DT demonstrated a significantly higher diagnostic yield compared to DR for all evaluated anatomic structures. Orthogonal DT imaging identified 13 additional anatomic landmarks compared to a standard 10-view feline set obtained via DR. Moreover, DT achieved statistically significant higher scores for each of these landmarks, indicating improved visualization over DR. Discussion: These findings validate the utility of DT technology in reliably identifying clinically relevant anatomic structures in the cat skull. This validation serves as a foundation for further exploration of DT imaging in detecting dentoalveolar and other maxillofacial bony lesions and pathologies in cats.

Restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma in a cat--cross-sectional imaging (MRI & CT) appearance, treatment, and outcome.

A 16-year-old spayed female cat was evaluated for lagophthalmos and chronic exposure keratitis in both eyes. Ophthalmic examination revealed upper and lower eyelid entropion of the left eye (OS) and markedly decreased retropulsion, restricted eye movement, marked episcleral congestion, and severe keratitis of both eyes (OU). Magnetic resonance imaging of both orbits revealed extensive, irregular, contrast-enhancing tissue without evidence of osteolysis considered compatible with diffuse inflammatory tissue. Feline herpesvirus DNA was not detected in conjunctival samples. Partial temporary tarsorrhaphies were placed OU, and the cat was treated with topically administered erythromycin ointment OU, orally administered famciclovir and prednisolone, and sublingually administered buprenorphine. Little improvement was noted after 2 weeks. Six weeks after initial presentation, a left exenteration was performed and histopathology was consistent with idiopathic sclerosing orbital pseudotumor (ISOP). Ten weeks after initial presentation, the patient represented for weight loss and jaw pain. Computed tomography demonstrated disease progression in the right orbit and the patient was euthanized. Histopathology of the decalcified skull revealed an aggressive and highly infiltrative mass involving the right orbit with extension to the maxilla, hard palate, nasal cavity and gingiva most consistent with feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma (FROMS). Clinical data from this patient support the reclassification of ISOP as FROMS. MRI and CT may provide supportive evidence for FROMS, but histopathology is necessary for definitive diagnosis. Aggressive and early surgical treatment, including bilateral exenteration, with adjunctive radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy should be considered for patients with FROMS.

Contemporary management of temporomandibular joint fractures in dogs and cats: review and expert insights on diagnostic imaging, treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes.

Management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) fractures is challenging and is a subject of ongoing discussions and controversies in both the veterinary and human medical fields. Regardless of the management strategy, obtaining precise diagnostic imaging in the form of conventional or cone-beam computed tomography and potentially magnetic resonance imaging is pivotal for medical and surgical decision-making and prognostic purposes. The main objective of TMJ fracture management is a rapid return to normal function via restoration of pretrauma occlusion, range of motion, and masticatory function. With that in mind, it is prudent to distinguish between surgical interventions, such as condylectomy and open reduction with internal fixation, or to elect a conservative management approach. Given the diversity in TMJ fracture and patient circumstances, such as age, concomitant trauma, financial situation, and availability of expertise, the formulation of an individualized treatment plan is recommended. Knowledge of potential short- and long-term complications such as infection, malocclusion, ankylosis, fibrosis, and osteoarthritis is essential during TMJ fracture management. Importantly, as our clinical and research knowledge on managing TMJ fractures in dogs and cats grows, we rely on comparative evidence-based overviews, and inspirations from human medical experts to advance the veterinary field. Hence, this review discusses contemporary approaches to managing TMJ fractures and the outcomes in dogs and cats from a one-health perspective.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis current concepts in clinical management.

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating disease for cats and a challenge for veterinarians and cat caregivers alike. Recent literature indicates that the disease is immune-mediated in nature and likely associated with a chronic viral infection in patients with higher alpha diversity of their subgingival microbiome. The immune-mediated nature of FCGS includes both local as well as systemic effects, and the transcriptomic analysis of affected patients supports these findings. TREATMENT OPTIONS: Localized therapy in the form of surgical extraction of all, or nearly all, teeth continues to be the mainstay of treatment. For cats that do not respond to surgical management, medical management, in the form of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy, remains an option. Analgesia is of fundamental importance. Immunomodulation utilizing mesenchymal stromal cell therapy provides an alternative treatment avenue for refractory patients and likely targets the chronic viral infection present in this disease. The potential for treatment stratification and use of novel systemic treatment options may be revealed as the molecular pathways involved in this disease are better described. AIMS: This review outlines current and emerging concepts linking available science pertaining to FCGS and clinical management of the disease. EVIDENCE BASE: The article draws on the best evidence base at this juncture and is also driven by the authors' collective experience of working on the disease for over a decade.

Importance of early diagnosis, multimodal treatment, and a multidisciplinary approach for oral eosinophilic lesions in cats: a retrospective study of 38 cases (1997-2022).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the clinical and histopathologic features of oral eosinophilic lesions in cats. Animals: 38 client-owned cats. METHODS: The medical records database was searched for cats diagnosed with histologically confirmed eosinophilic oral lesions from 1997 to 2022. Information such as medical history, lifestyle factors, clinical presentation, and radiographic and histopathologic features was included for 38 client-owned cats. Response to treatment and long-term follow-up was also recorded. RESULTS: The most affected site was the tongue, with approximately half of the affected cats showing signs of oral discomfort and difficulty eating or breathing. Ulcerative lesions were common, with two-thirds of patients showing more than 1 site affected. Histological samples had a classic appearance, whereas some had an atypical appearance characterized by degenerate collagen clusters associated with multinucleated giant cells. A significant association between lesion location, clinical signs, and prognosis was also found, with patients with palatal lesions being more likely to show respiratory signs and less likely to respond to treatment. Finally, treatment response was observed in most cases within 2 months of commencing therapy combining antimicrobial, and immunosuppressive treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study demonstrate the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of cases of oral eosinophilic lesions in cats. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for a multimodal approach to treatment which should include antibacterial therapy. Of no less importance is that other systems may be affected in these patients, warranting a multidisciplinary approach to their management.

Stromal cell therapy in cats with feline chronic gingivostomatitis: current perspectives and future direction.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a painful, immune-mediated, oral mucosal inflammatory disease in cats. The etiology of FCGS remains unclear, with evidence pointing potentially toward a viral cause. Full-mouth tooth extraction is the current standard of care, and cats that are non-responsive to extraction therapy may need lifelong medical management and, in some cases, euthanasia. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (adMSCs) have been demonstrated to have advantages in the treatment and potentially the cure of non-responsive FCGS in cats. Therefore, adMSCs have attracted a series of ongoing clinical trials in the past decade. AdMSC therapy immediately after full-mouth tooth extraction was not explored, and we postulate that it may benefit the overall success rate of FCGS therapy. Here, we aim to summarize the current knowledge and impact of adMSCs for the therapeutic management of FCGS and to suggest a novel modified approach to further increase the efficacy of FCGS treatment in cats.