Community lifestyle influences feeding practices among Indonesian infants and young children.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the feeding practices of malnourished infants and young children aged 6-24 months old in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. METHOD: Fourteen mothers or caregivers who had malnourished infants and young children aged 6-24 months were interviewed, focusing on their feeding practices. Informants came from sub-districts in Bogor Regency, Indonesia, which had a higher incidence of malnutrition. The interview process was recorded. Verbatim transcripts of recorded interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Five major themes were identified: (1) Inappropriate practice of early initiation of breastfeeding, (2) Challenges in decision making to maintain breastfeeding, (3) Lack of complementary feeding practices, (4) Failing to follow feeding recommendations, and (5) Infant and young child feeding constraints. CONCLUSION: The feeding practice for malnourished infants and young children is not entirely based on the recommended standards. This situation is caused by several factors such as economic conditions, culture, parental knowledge, family and community health workers' support. Health workers need to provide comprehensive intervention for mothers and families intensively by taking into account the culture and conditions of the related family.

CD8+ TILS Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma (No Special Type).

Invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) is the most cancer in women (24%) and the cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Based on data from globocan 2018 shows the incidence of breast cancer is around 2.08 million (11.6%) which is the second rank of all cancers after lung cancer with a mortality rate of 626.6 thousand (6.6%) which is also the most common cause of death in women. The basic role of the immune system in maintaining homeostasis by immunosurveillance and initiation of the inflammatory reactions that include coordination of innate and adaptive immune cells activation against tumor cells is one of the most important in the mechanism of tumor cell elimination. Prognosis of IBC were influenced by several factors, including tumor histology grade and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs). Infiltration of lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment/TILs through CD8+ T lymphocytes is known to be an important component of adaptive immunity that eliminates tumor cells. CD8+ T cells present tumor antigens on the surface of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I). Based on its importance in clinical application and it's role in biological concepts, this study was conducted to determine the expression of CD8+ in Invasive Breast Carcinoma of No Special Type (IBC-NST) grades 1,2 and 3. Analytical study with a cross-sectional design on IBC-NST samples from 2017 until 2020 at the Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University Makassar from May to August 2021. Immunoexpression data were analyzed to determine its relationship with grade. Eighty samples met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were 17 samples (21.3%) with grade 1, 32 samples (40%) with grade 2, and 31 samples (38.8%) with grade 3. In the high CD8+ TILs group, from a total of 27 samples, 10 samples with grade 1, 6 samples with grade 2, and as many as 11 samples with grade 3. In the low CD8+ TILs group, from a total of 53 samples, there were 7 samples with grade 1, 26 samples with grade 2, and 20 samples with grade 3. Based on the Chi-square test, p value = 0.017 (p <0.05). There is a significant difference in CD8+ TILS in Invasive Breast Carcinoma of No Special Type grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3.

El apoyo de los esposos en sinergia con la distancia al centro de vacunación asociado con el cumplimiento de la vacunación infantil durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Indonesia / Husbands’ Support Synergistically with Distance to Vaccination Centre Associated with Childhood Immunization Compliance During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

Introducción: Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, disminuyó el cumplimiento de la inmunización infantil en Indonesia. Objectivo: Determinar los factores independientes y la relación entre el efecto sinérgico del apoyo de los maridos y la distancia a los centros de vacunación sobre el cumplimiento de la vacunación infantil durante la pandemia. Materiales y Métodos: Un total de 506 madres en la provincia de Jambi, Indonesia, participaron en un estudio transversal desde Marzo hasta Mayo de 2021. Las asociaciones entre los factores se analizaron mediante regresión logística. A partir de las variables más contribuyentes, los investigadores hicieron variables ficticias (2x2) para investigar la asociación sinérgica sobre el cumplimiento de la vacunación infantil del apoyo del marido y la distancia a los centros de vacunación. Resultados: Entre las variables con correlaciones positivas con la vacunación infantil, el apoyo de los esposos y la menor distancia a los centros de vacunación tuvieron un efecto sinérgico en el cumplimiento de la vacunación (AOR IC del 95 % = 4,10 [2–8,41]). Los grupos que recibieron menos apoyo del esposo y la distancia <4 km, así como los grupos que recibieron el apoyo del esposo, pero la distancia > 4 km tuvieron menos cumplimiento (AOR IC del 95 % = 2,47 [1,22–4,97]; 2,83 [1,18–6,81]). Conclusiones: El apoyo familiar y la accesibilidad a la inmunización infantil deben aumentar durante las campañas de vacunación. (AU)

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, compliance with childhood immunization in Indonesia declined. Objective: To determine the independent factors and the relation between the synergistic effect of husbands’ support and distance to vaccination centres on compliance with childhood immunization during the pandemic. Material and Methods: A total of 506 mothers in Jambi Province, Indonesia, participated in a cross-sectional study from March until May 2021. The associations between the factors were analysed using logistic regression. From the most contributing variables, the researchers made dummy variables (2x2) to investigate the synergistic association on compliance with childhood immunization of husband support and the distance to vaccination centres. Results: Among the variables with positive correlations to childhood vaccination, supportive husbands and less distance to vaccination centres had a synergistic effect on compliance with immunization (AOR 95% CI = 4.10 [2–8.41]). Groups that was less supportive from husband and the distance <4km as well as the groups was husband’s support but the distance >4km had less compliance (AOR 95% CI = 2.47 [1.22–4.97]; 2.83 [1.18–6.81]). Conclusions: Family support and accessibility to childhood immunization should be increased during vaccination campaigns. (AU)