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Increasing the proportion of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) health practitioners is identified as one strategy to address healthcare disparities that individuals from minority or under-represented backgrounds experience. However, professional and institutional cultures and structures are known to contribute to the challenges for CALD practitioners who work in dominant culture practice contexts. This scoping review used the theory of Legitimate Peripheral Participation to describe and interpret literature about the experiences of CALD health practitioners in view of informing strategies to increase their representation. A systematised search was conducted across four allied health, medicine and nursing databases. Following abstract and full text screening, articles which fit the inclusion criteria (n = 124) proceeded to data extraction. Categories relating to the experiences of practitioners were extracted, and three themes were identified that were subsequently theoretically interpreted: Discrimination, Consequences and Hierarchy. Discrimination functioned as a barrier to CALD practitioners being legitimised and able to participate equally in healthcare practice, retaining their position at the periphery of the practice community; Consequences reinforced this peripheral position and further impeded legitimation and participation; and Hierarchy was maintained through structures that reinforced and reproduced these barriers. The findings summarise how these barriers are reinforced through the intersections of professional and racial hierarchies, and highlight a need for strategies to address discrimination and structures that marginalise CALD practitioners' identity, practices and participation in their health professional communities.
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Introduction: Telehealth in India is growing rapidly and represents a strategy to promote affordable, inclusive, timely and safe access to healthcare. Yet there is a risk that telehealth increases inequity due to the digital divide and existing poor health literacy. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to explore use of telehealth in India during and following the COVID-19 pandemic by people with disabilities to inform strategies to increase equity of telehealth for people with disabilities. Of 1966 studies from the initial search in four databases and three specific telehealth journals, 20 sources met the inclusion criteria, limited to a focus on physical disability in India. Results: Findings showed examples of how people with disabilities can exercise increased control in the timing of appointments, convenience of receiving services from home and not having to travel to clinics or hospitals, and platform preference through tools and applications already familiar to them. Carers and families of people with disabilities were described as highly valued stakeholders with important roles in the uptake and effectiveness of telehealth for people with disabilities. The identified benefits of telehealth resulted in high levels of user satisfaction due to increased control and convenience, however, systemic barriers for accessibility remain. Conclusion: This review suggested that if telehealth is not designed intentionally to change the status quo for people with disabilities and prioritize equity, then the benefits may not be sustainable. Recommendations for telehealth India are provided, based on both findings from the literature and analysis of results.
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COVID-19 , Pessoas com Deficiência , Equidade em Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , SARS-CoV-2 , Telemedicina , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Índia/epidemiologia , Telemedicina/organização & administração , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , PandemiasRESUMO
IMPORTANCE: Sleep disorders are associated with a range of health conditions, with poor sleep often further exacerbating individuals' health, well-being, and ability to participate in daily occupations. Weighted blankets offer a potentially simple nonpharmacological sleep intervention option. OBJECTIVE: To summarize available literature on instrumentation and outcomes associated with overnight use of weighted blankets for therapeutic purpose. EVIDENCE REVIEW: A scoping review following the PRISMA review guidelines was conducted. Sources included MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Embase, and Google. Included studies reported on overnight use of weighted blankets. Critical appraisal of studies was conducted with standardized tools. FINDINGS: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Positive outcomes were reported for adults, including improved sleep, reduction in medication use, and improved mood. Sleep outcomes were mixed for children and adolescents but included improved occupational performance. Methodological quality of included studies regarding effectiveness was variable. Ten studies included details of the intervention, whereas only one study reported on implementation. No specific guidelines for use were included. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Weighted blankets are used as a sleep intervention for individuals across the life span experiencing a range of health conditions. Currently, there is more evidence of effectiveness with adults, although parents are favorable regarding weighted blanket use for children. Implementation and recommendation of weighted blankets are typically led by occupational therapists, with knowledge of the intervention facilitating use. This review provides information to inform occupational therapists' clinical decision-making and continued implementation of weighted blankets for individuals with sleep problems. Plain-Language Summary: This scoping review summarizes what is known about the use of weighted blankets as a sleep intervention for people of all ages. There is more evidence for overnight use of weighted blankets for adults, with improvements reported in sleep, mood, medication use, and pain. Although there is little evidence of improvement in sleep for children, some children show improvement in everyday functioning, and parents report positive outcomes from overnight use of weighted blankets. These findings suggest that occupational therapists should consider offering or recommending weighted blankets as a sleep intervention option for people of all ages, alongside consideration of individuals' preferences. Development of practice guidelines that incorporate current research findings is urgently needed to support occupational therapists' use of weighted blankets.
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Terapia Ocupacional , Humanos , Terapia Ocupacional/métodos , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/terapia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/reabilitação , Sono , Criança , AdultoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health, disability, and community services are increasingly transitioning from government-led to participant-led funding models, which intend to increase choice and control for service users. Allied health practitioners, who provide many frontline services within the resultant marketised environment, must adjust their knowledge and skills to meet participants' expectations. However, future workforce strategies to address allied health student capabilities to provide these services have received limited attention. This study explored shifting understandings and practices related to allied health student placements during the implementation of a participant-led funding model within the Australian disability sector: the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). METHODS: Data for this study came from a two-year disability workforce project exploring allied health placements. Service providers, participants, university representatives, disability advocates and students participated in 48 interviews and two focus groups to provide perspectives on allied health workforce and student placements. The findings result from secondary deductive analysis undertaken following project completion that used Gidden's (1984) Structuration Theory as a conceptual lens to identify structures and actions related to the marketised service environment that influenced how allied health student placements were undertaken. RESULTS: The findings were organised using two Structuration concepts: knowledgeability, and duality of structure. These described how service providers, supervisors and students understood, legitimised and prioritised placement activities, and how these structures influenced and were influenced by the actions of stakeholders across NDIS settings, contexts and time. Initially, existing placement structures were not compatible with new structures emerging in the disrupted NDIS service environment. However, over time, and responding to new knowledgeability of service providers, supervisors and students, placement structures were identified, monitored and adjusted to reflect perspectives of all stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS: Participant-led funding invoked structural changes in disability service provision that transformed how stakeholders understood placements and the role of students in service provision. Whilst there were new opportunities for placement, tensions were identified in how learning activities can be enacted within a marketised system in which resources are aligned to participant needs, and structures for workforce development and learning activities are less visible. Further conceptualisation of how student learning and workforce development activities can fit with contemporary funding models is necessary to meet participant, service provider and student needs.
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Pessoal Técnico de Saúde , Pessoas com Deficiência , Seguro por Deficiência , Serviços de Saúde Rural , Humanos , Austrália , Mão de Obra em Saúde , EstudantesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mealtimes are embedded routines of residents living in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) that directly impact their health and quality of life. Little is known about how mealtime experiences are informed and affected by structures such as government and organisational policies and processes. This scoping review used Giddens' (The constitution of society: outline of the theory of structuration, 1984) Structuration Theory to investigate how governance structures related to mealtime practices inform residents' mealtime experiences. METHODS: Using Arksey and O'Malley's (Int J Soc Res Methodol 8:19-32, 2005) scoping review framework, a systematic database, grey literature and policy search was completed in May 2020 and updated in July 2021. From 2725 identified articles, 137 articles were included in data charting and deductive analysis, and 76 additional Australian government policy papers were used interpretatively. RESULTS: Data charting identified that the included studies were prominently situated in Western countries, with a progressive increase in publication rate over the past two decades. Qualitative findings captured structures that guide RACF mealtimes, how these relate to person-centred mealtime practices, and how these facilitate residents to enact choice and control. CONCLUSIONS: Current policies lack specificity to inform the specific structures and practices of RACF mealtimes. Staff, residents, organisational and governance representatives possess different signification, legitimation and domination structures, and lack a shared understanding of policy, and how this influences processes and practices that comprise mealtimes.
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Moradias Assistidas , Qualidade de Vida , Idoso , Austrália , Humanos , Refeições , PolíticasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Internationally, health and social services are undergoing creative and extensive redesign to meet population demands with rationed budgets. This has critical implications for the health workforces that serve such populations. Within the workforce literature, few approaches are described that enable workforce development for health professions in the service contexts that emerge from large scale service redesign in times of industry shift. We contribute an innovative and robust methodology for workforce development that was co-designed by stakeholders in allied health during the personalisation of disability funding in Australia (the introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme). METHODS: In the context of a broad action research project, we used program logic modelling to identify and enact opportunities for sustainable allied health education and workforce integration amidst the changed service provision context. We engaged with 49 industry stakeholders across 92 research engagements that included interviews (n = 43), a workshop explicitly for model development (n = 8) and a Project Advisory Group (n = 15). Data from these activities were inductively coded, analysed, and triangulated against each other. During the program logic modelling workshop, we worked with involved stakeholders to develop a conceptual model which could be used to guide trial and evaluation of allied health education which was fit-for-purpose to emerging workforce requirements. RESULTS: Stakeholder interviews showed that drivers of workforce design during industry shift were that (1) service provision was happening in turbulent times; (2) new concerns around skills and professional engagement were unfolding for AHP in the NDIS; and (3) impacts to AHP education were being experienced. The conceptual model we co-designed directly accounted for these contextual features by highlighting five underpinning principles that should inform methodologies for workforce development and AHP education in the transforming landscape: being (1) pedagogically sound; (2) person- or family-centred; (3) NDIS compliant; (4) informed by evidence and (5) having quality for all. We use a case study to illustrate how the co-designed conceptual model stimulated agility and flexibility in workforce and service redesign. CONCLUSIONS: Proactive and situated education of the emerging workforce during policy shift is essential to realise future health workforces that can appropriately and effectively service populations under a variety of changing service and funding structures - as well as their transitions. We argue that collaborative program logic modelling in partnership with key stakeholders including existing workforce can be useful for broad purposes of workforce (re)design in diverse contexts.
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Pessoas com Deficiência , Serviços de Saúde Rural , Austrália , Humanos , Desenvolvimento de Pessoal , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic relationships are fundamental in aphasia rehabilitation, influencing patient experience and outcomes. While we have good understandings of the components of therapeutic relationships, there has been little exploration of how and why therapists construct and enact relationships as they do. Sociological theories may help develop nuanced understanding of the values, assumptions and structures that influence practice, and may facilitate critical reflexivity on practice. AIMS: To explore the potential for theoretical approaches from outside speech-language therapy to enable a deeper understanding of the nature and enactment of therapeutic relationships in aphasia rehabilitation. METHODS & PROCEDURES: An explanatory single case study of one speech-language therapist-patient dyad in an in-patient stroke rehabilitation setting. Data included observations of five interactions, two interviews with the client and three interviews with the speech-language therapist. Analysis was guided by analytical pluralism that applied aspects of three sociological theories to guide data analysis and make visible the contextual factors that surround, shape and permeate the enactment of therapeutic relationships. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The analysis of this dyad made visible individual, interactional and broader structural features that illustrate the dynamic processes that practitioners and patients undertake to enact therapeutic relationships. Clinical practice could be viewed as a performance with each person continually negotiating how they convey different impressions to others, which shapes what work is valued and foregrounded. The patient and therapist took up or were placed in different positions within the interactions, each with associated expectations and rights, which influenced what types of relationships could, or were likely to, develop. Organizational, rehabilitation and individual practitioner structures assigned rules and boundaries that shaped how the therapist developed and enacted the therapeutic relationship. Whilst the therapist had some agency in her work and could resist the different influencing factors, such resistance was constrained because these structures had become highly internalized and routinized and was not always visible to the therapist. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: While therapists commonly value therapeutic relationships, social and structural factors consciously and unconsciously influence their ability to prioritize relational work. Sociological theories can provide new lenses on our practice that can assist therapists to be critically reflexive about practice, and to enact changes to how they work to enhance therapeutic relationships with clients. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject Therapeutic relationships are critical in aphasia rehabilitation. We have a good understanding of the different components of therapeutic relationships and how relationships are perceived by patients and practitioners. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study is novel in its use of sociological lenses to explore contexts and complexities inherent in building and maintaining therapeutic relationships. These are often invisible to the practitioner but can have a significant impact on how relational work is enacted and what forms of relationship are possible. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This study will support clinicians to critically reflect on how they enact therapeutic relationships and may enhance awareness of the often-hidden factors which influence the ways in which they work.
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Afasia , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Afasia/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Terapia da Linguagem , Teoria Social , FonoterapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As the need for health care services rise, alternative service delivery models such as student-led health interventions become attractive alternatives to alleviate the burden on healthcare. Predominantly, student-led health interventions were free clinics servicing socially disadvantaged communities in the USA. A 2015 systematic review identified that students value these student-run clinics and reported skill and knowledge attainment from participating. Previous research has reported on patient satisfaction outcomes, but less frequently about the clinical outcomes patients accrue from these student-delivered services. As cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, this review aimed to explore the effectiveness of student-led health interventions through examining their impact on objective clinical outcomes, using the case of patients at risk of, or with, cardiovascular disease. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in eight electronic databases to identify student-led health interventions conducted on adults with a cardiovascular disease risk factor or established cardiovascular disease, and a clinical outcome of interest. Through double-blinded screening and data extraction, sixteen studies were identified for synthesis. RESULTS: The majority of student-led health interventions for patients at risk of cardiovascular disease demonstrated a positive impact on patient health. Statistically significant changes amongst patients at risk of cardiovascular disease appeared to be associated with student-led individualised intervention or group-based interventions amongst patients with diabetes or those who are overweight or obese. The evidence was of moderate quality, as included studies lacked a control group for comparison and detail to enable the intervention to be replicated. CONCLUSIONS: Future research applying a student-led health intervention through a randomised control trial, with rigorous reporting of both student and patient interventions and outcomes, are required to further understand the effectiveness of this alternative service delivery model.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Clínica Dirigida por Estudantes , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Humanos , Fatores de Proteção , Medição de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Professional placements are critical elements of speech-language pathology qualifying programmes that can be complex learning environments for international students. Students are supported by placement educators who facilitate their developing skills and competencies for professional practice in these placements. However, strategies that facilitate international students' learning in placements have not been identified. AIMS: To identify strategies that are reported by speech-language pathology international students and placement educators to facilitate positive learning experiences and competency development in practice placements. METHODS & PROCEDURES: This study used an exploratory research design to gather data from four focus groups with international students and five focus groups with placement educators. Thematic analysis was used to identify strategies, and these were interpreted using two theories of learning. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Four themes were identified that described international students' placement experiences and learning. For each theme, strategies were identified that placement educators can practically and responsively implement with international students to enable positive placement learning experiences. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: These strategies support international students to manage acculturative adjustments for the cultural and learning requirements of placements that may facilitate their successful participation, and provide structure to reduce their cognitive load. However, strategies to develop communication skills for practice were less feasible. Through fostering positive placement experiences, these strategies may also facilitate opportunities for educators and international students to share intercultural skills and knowledge that may be transferable to practice.
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Educação/métodos , Patologia da Fala e Linguagem/educação , Estudantes , Competência Clínica , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Proficient clinical reasoning is a critical skill in high-quality, evidence-based management of swallowing impairment (dysphagia). Clinical reasoning in this area of practice is a cognitively complex process, as it requires synthesis of multiple sources of information that are generated during a thorough, evidence-based assessment process and which are moderated by the patient's individual situations, including their social and demographic circumstances, comorbidities, or other health concerns. A growing body of health and medical literature demonstrates that clinical reasoning skills develop with increasing exposure to clinical cases and that the approaches to clinical reasoning differ between novices and experts. It appears that it is not the amount of knowledge held, but the way it is used, that distinguishes a novice from an experienced clinician. In this article, we review the roles of explicit and implicit processing as well as illness scripts in clinical decision making across the continuum of medical expertise and discuss how they relate to the clinical management of swallowing impairment. We also reflect on how this literature may inform educational curricula that support SLP students in developing preclinical reasoning skills that facilitate their transition to early clinical practice. Specifically, we discuss the role of case-based curricula to assist students to develop a meta-cognitive awareness of the different approaches to clinical reasoning, their own capabilities and preferences, and how and when to apply these in dysphagia management practice.
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Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Transtornos de Deglutição/terapia , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Competência Clínica , Transtornos de Deglutição/diagnóstico , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Patologia da Fala e Linguagem/educaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Healthcare systems internationally are under an ever-increasing demand for services that must be delivered in an efficient, effective and affordable manner. Several patient-related and organisational factors influence health-care expenditure and utilisation, including oropharyngeal dysphagia. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature and meta-analyses investigating how oropharyngeal dysphagia influences healthcare utilisation through length of stay (LOS) and cost. METHODS: Using a standardised approach, eight databases were systematically searched for relevant articles reporting on oropharyngeal dysphagia attributable inpatient LOS and healthcare costs through June 2016. Study methodologies were critically appraised and where appropriate, extracted LOS data were analysed in an overall summary statistic. RESULTS: Eleven studies reported on cost data, and 23 studies were included reporting on LOS data. Descriptively, the presence of dysphagia added 40.36% to health care costs across studies. Meta-analysis of all-cause admission data from 13 cohort studies revealed an increased LOS of 2.99 days (95% CI, 2.7, 3.3). A subgroup analysis revealed that admission for stroke resulted in higher and more variable LOS of 4.73 days (95% CI, 2.7, 7.2). Presence of dysphagia across all causes was also statistically significantly different regardless of geographical location: Europe (8.42 days; 95% CI, 4.3; 12.5), North America (3.91 days; 95% CI, 3.3, 4.5). No studies included in meta-analysis were conducted in Asia. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review demonstrated that the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia significantly increases healthcare utilisation and cost, highlighting the need to recognise oropharyngeal dysphagia as an important contributor to pressure on healthcare systems.
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Transtornos de Deglutição/economia , Tempo de Internação/economia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Economia Hospitalar , Europa (Continente) , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Custos Hospitalares , Hospitalização/economia , Humanos , Pacientes Internados , América do NorteRESUMO
Few studies have examined experiences and learning from the viewpoint of interprofessional facilitators of student placements, and limited research has investigated this learning enacted across traditional service boundaries or between health and education practitioners. This study aimed to address these gaps by exploring perceptions about the learning and experiences of Early Childhood Educators (ECEs) who facilitated placements in childcare settings for speech-language pathology students from a health professional background. Lave and Wenger's theory of Legitimate Peripheral Participation was utilised to design and interpret this study. Seven ECEs from two childcare centres and four Centre Directors participated in focus groups and individual semi structured interviews respectively. Thematic analysis revealed five themes that described how the ECEs came to accept the students as legitimate members of their practice community, and how this subsequently facilitated the ECEs' learning. The themes of power described in previous studies that explored status and hierarchical differences between facilitators and students from differing professions were not identified in this study. This absence of observed power differential, in addition to the embedded nature of the placement design, and the students' participation in the ECEs' everyday activities and routines contributed to the ECEs' positive interprofessional learning.
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Relações Interprofissionais , Aprendizagem , Professores Escolares/psicologia , Patologia da Fala e Linguagem/educação , Humanos , Entrevistas como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Professional socialisation and identity arise from interactions occurring within university-based interprofessional education, and workplace-based interprofessional practice experience. However, it is unclear how closely language and concepts of academic learning situations align with workplace contexts for interprofessional learning. This paper reports on a study that brought together university-based educators responsible for teaching health professional students and health service-based practitioners who supervise students in the field. METHODS: Interviews and focus groups with university-based educators and health service-base practitioners were used to explore perceptions of capabilities required for interprofessional practice. The qualitative data were then examined to explore similarities and differences in the language used by these groups. RESULTS: This analysis identified that there were language differences between the university-based educators and health service based practitioners involved in the project. The former demonstrated a curriculum lens, focusing on educational activities, student support and supervision. Conversely, health service-based practitioners presented a client-centred lens, with a focus on communication, professional disposition, attitude towards clients and co-workers, and authenticity of practice. CONCLUSIONS: Building on these insights, we theorise about the need for students to develop the self in order to be an interprofessional practitioner. The implications for health professional education in both university and workplace settings are explored.
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Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Currículo , Grupos Focais , Relações Interprofissionais , Estudantes de Ciências da Saúde , Local de Trabalho , Comunicação , Comportamento Cooperativo , Humanos , Estudantes de Ciências da Saúde/psicologia , Universidades , Local de Trabalho/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health professional education programs attract students from around the world and clinical supervisors frequently report that international students find learning in clinical placement contexts particularly challenging. In existing literature clinical supervisors, who support international students on placement have identified concerns about their communication and interactions within clinical environments. However, clinical supervisors' perspectives about their experiences with international students on placement and the strategies they utilise to facilitate international student learning have not been described. As a result we have little insight into the nature of these concerns and what clinical supervisors do to support international students' competency development. METHODS: Five focus group interviews were conducted with twenty Speech-Language Pathology clinical supervisors, recruited from 2 Australian universities. Interview data were analysed thematically. Themes identified were interpreted using cognitive load and sociocultural learning theories to enhance understanding of the findings. RESULTS: Four themes were identified: 'Complex teaching and learning relationships', 'Conceptions of students as learners'; Student communication skills for professional practice', and 'Positive mutual learning relationships'. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated that clinical supervisors felt positive about supporting international students in clinical placements and experienced mutual learning benefits. However, they also identified factors inherent to international students and the placement environment that added to workload, and made facilitating student learning complex. Clinical supervisors described strategies they used to support international students' cultural adjustment and learning, but communication skills were reported to be difficult to facilitate within the constraints of placements. Future research should address the urgent need to develop and test strategies for improving international students' learning in clinical settings.
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Educação Baseada em Competências , Pessoal de Educação/psicologia , Cooperação Internacional , Aprendizagem , Patologia da Fala e Linguagem/educação , Estudantes de Ciências da Saúde/psicologia , Austrália , Educação Baseada em Competências/métodos , Diversidade Cultural , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Percepção , Carga de TrabalhoRESUMO
Service-based caring sectors like disability are increasingly being operated via market logic, including shifts towards personalised funding. These shifts must be brought to life in/through people already located in relation to ideas and values that underpin historical policies. Our manuscript examines how identities are re/shaped in relation to marketised policy change and explores how identity change unfolds (or not) during periods of transition: situated within the transition to the National Disability Insurance Scheme executed in Australia as a major disability funding reform. Our qualitative dataset involves interview and focus group data collected with service recipients/carers (n = 28), providers/managers (n = 17) and advocates (n = 2) during shift from government- to personally-controlled funding of allied health services for people with disability in Australia (2017-2020). We used layered sociological inference to develop and interrogate processes of tension and identity change amidst lived experience(s) of policy change. Our analysis elucidates how various identities were encouraged, desired, resisted and constrained in relation to the policy transition. We bring together sub-themes from analysis of recipient/carer data (getting value-for-money; critiquing service quality; and experiencing system shortfalls) and manager/provider data (learning to transact; the call to care; and structural frictions in/and identity transitions) to interpret that recipients/carers are Feeling (like) the dollar sign and that managers/providers are Troubling profits. In both cases 'hearts' and 'minds' are perceived to be diametrically opposed and symbolic in/against processes of marketisation. We synthesise our data into an illustrative framework that facilitates understanding of how this perception of opposed 'hearts' and 'minds' seems to constrain the identity transitions encouraged by personalised funding, and explore ways in which desired identities might be supported amidst marketising policy transition.
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PURPOSE: To characterise existing knowledge about the design and learning outcomes of education and training programs for supported or shared decision making. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A scoping review was performed to identify academic and grey literature, published between January 2006 and February 2022, that reported on the design and/or learning outcomes of supported or shared decision making education or training programs. Eligible literature was mapped across domains of educational design and Kirkpatrick's hierarchy of learning effectiveness, and then qualitatively synthesised using cross-case analysis. RESULTS: A total of 33 articles were identified (n = 7 for supported decision making and n = 26 for shared decision making) that provided education or training to supporters of persons with mental illness or substance use disorders (n = 14), dementia or neurocognitive disorders (n = 6), cognitive disability (n = 5), mixed populations (n = 1), and those receiving end-of-life care (n = 7). In their design, most programs sought specific changes in practice (behaviour) via experiential learning. Reported educational outcomes also focused on supporter behaviour, with limited evidence for how changes in learner attitudes, skills, or knowledge might be contributing to changes in supporter behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Future education and training would benefit from a closer engagement with theories of teaching and learning, particularly those oriented towards co-design.
Existing education and training programs for supported and shared decision making have a solid focus on modifying supporter behaviour through information provision, reflective practice, and modelling and coaching desired behaviour.To fully realise supported decision making, education and training programs would benefit from a focus on program co-design and working within a socio-ecological model of supported decision making.Future evaluations of supported decision making education should draw from both quantitative and qualitative approaches, with a focus on identifying the learning processes through which education influences supporter behaviour, organisational practices, and client/patient outcomes.
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OBJECTIVES: Little is known about how cognitive and behavioural decline in MND is managed clinically. This review aimed to summarise clinical management approaches of cognitive and behavioural decline in MND reported in peer-reviewed and grey literature. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted across Embase, Medline, Psychinfo and Emcare in October 2022. Grey literature was also searched across Google Scholar and Google in October 2022. RESULTS: A total of N = 26 studies and 8 documents were included. Thematic analysis revealed six key areas of clinical management: i. Assessment, ii. Education, iii. Advance Care Planning, iv. Adaptation of Care Plan, v. Communication and vi. Carer Support. CONCLUSIONS: The literature on management of cognitive and behavioural decline in MND is sparse. Most peer-reviewed literature consists of expert commentary and there is a lack of primary data to guide practitioners and families on how to manage cognitive and behavioural change in MND. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Determining as early as practicable the presence of cognitive and behavioural changes in pwMND will enable practitioners to make adaptations to communication, provide education and supported decision-making for forward planning. This will enable individualised care, planned in partnership with families with MND, which incorporates personal needs and wishes.
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Planejamento Antecipado de Cuidados , Doença dos Neurônios Motores , Humanos , Doença dos Neurônios Motores/psicologia , Cuidados Paliativos , Comunicação , CogniçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to identify the extent and nature of the existing literature on co-design with residents residing in aged care facilities. INTRODUCTION: Involving older people in their own care is a key challenge facing the aged care sector. Co-design is an approach that focuses on involving end users in the design of services. Mapping the evidence on co-design in residential aged care will identify the nature and extent of how older people living in residential care have been engaged in the design and delivery of their care. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This scoping review will include peer-reviewed primary studies; systematic and scoping reviews; and gray literature, including abstracts and reports of governments and non-governmental organizations. Older people residing in aged care homes, including those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and/or living with dementia, who are involved in the co-design, co-creation, participation, involvement, and engagement in their care will be considered for inclusion. METHODS: This review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The databases to be searched will include AgeLine, Cochrane, CINAHL, Embase, Emcare, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Scopus, Informit Health Collection, and Web of Science. Gray literature searches will include, GreyMatters, BASE, Google Advanced, and World Wide Science. The search will be limited to articles published after December 31, 1999, and to those written in English or with an English-language abstract or summary. Screening and data extraction will occur independently in duplicate. The review outcomes will be presented in tabular format and supported by a narrative summary. REVIEW REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework https://osf.io/6ukty.
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Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Humanos , Idoso , Bases de Dados Factuais , Revisões Sistemáticas como AssuntoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Aphasia is an acquired language impairment that commonly results from stroke. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) might accelerate aphasia recovery trajectories and has seen mounting popularity in recent aphasia rehabilitation research. The present review aimed to: (1) summarise all existing literature on NIBS as a post-stroke aphasia treatment; and (2) provide recommendations for future NIBS-aphasia research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Databases for published and grey literature were searched using scoping review methodology. 278 journal articles, conference abstracts/posters, and books, and 38 items of grey literature, were included for analysis. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis revealed that ipsilesional anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and contralesional 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation were the most widely used forms of NIBS, while qualitative analysis identified four key themes including: the roles of the hemispheres in aphasia recovery and their relationship with NIBS; heterogeneity of individuals but homogeneity of subpopulations; individualisation of stimulation parameters; and much remains under-explored in the NIBS-aphasia literature. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results highlighted systemic challenges across the field such as small sample sizes, inter-individual variability, lack of protocol optimisation/standardisation, and inadequate focus on aphasiology. Four key recommendations are outlined herein to guide future research and refine NIBS methods for post-stroke aphasia treatment.
A comprehensive review of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) post-stroke aphasia literature, including all study designs, was required.Review of this literature revealed that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation is the mostly commonly used type of NIBS in aphasia treatment research.Systemic challenges across the field hinder prospective translation of NIBS into aphasia practice.Aphasia rehabilitation professionals should note that further research is required before NIBS is suitable for translation into clinical practice.
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INTRODUCTION: This scoping review outlines the literature findings that relate to global citizenship and the interconnection between social justice among health professionals, specifically speech-language pathologists. The review aims to provide a synthesis of the relevant literature and thorough thematic identification of common themes. METHOD: Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework was used for the searching of critical databases, specifically CINAHL, Medline, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Following the appraisal and synthesis process of the relevant literature, key themes were identified with particular reference to social justice among health professionals (especially speech-language pathologists). RESULTS: Four (4) key themes were identified, namely, (i) education and ongoing developmental support, (ii) ethical and moral obligations, (ii) cultural competency, and (iv) community engagement for intergroup empathy and helping. CONCLUSION: This review defines the parameters of a speech-language pathologists' practice as a global citizen interconnected with social justice and the accountabilities to enable impactful changes creating culturally sustaining practice.