Current and Emerging Approaches for Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease Using Cardiac Computed Tomography.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the current use of cardiac computed tomography (CT) technologies as well as their pertinent evidence in regards to prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). RECENT FINDINGS: Cardiac CTA has now become a main non-invasive method for the evaluation of symptomatic CAD. In addition to coronary calcium score, other CT technologies such as atherosclerotic plaque analysis, fractional flow reserve estimation by CT, pericoronary fat attenuation, and endothelial wall shear stress have emerged. Whether the use of CT modalities can enhance risk prediction and prevention in CAD has not been fully answered. We discuss the evidence for coronary artery calcium scoring and coronary CT angiography in primary prevention and the current barriers to their use. We attempt to delineate what can be done to expand use and what studies are needed to broaden adoption in the future. We also examine the potential roles of emerging CT technologies. Finally, we describe potential clinical approaches to prevention that would incorporate cardiac CT technologies.

Aortic valve neocuspidization using the Ozaki technique: A meta-analysis of reconstructed patient-level data.

BACKGROUND: Aortic valve neocuspidization using the Ozaki technique has shown promising results both in adults and children. METHODS: A systematic search of the PubMed and Cochrane databases was performed up to November 13, 2021. Individual patient data were reconstructed and analyzed from the Kaplan-Meier curves of all eligible studies for time-to-event outcomes. RESULTS: We included a total of 22 studies reporting on 1,891 patients that underwent Ozaki reconstruction. Mean age at the time of surgery was 43.2 ± 24.5 years (65 ± 12.3 years for adult patients and 12.3 ± 3.8 years for pediatric patients). The most common indication was aortic stenosis (46.4%, 95% CI 34.1-58.6). Mean cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass duration were 106.8 ± 24.8 minutes and 135.2 ± 35.1 minutes, respectively. Permanent pacemaker was implanted in 0.7% (95% CI 0.4-1.2) of the patients. At discharge, mean effective orifice area was 2.1 ± 0.5 cm2/m2. At latest follow-up, peak gradient was 15.7 ± 7.4 mm Hg and only 0.25% (95% CI 0-2.3) had moderate aortic insufficiency. In-hospital mortality was 0.7% (95% CI 0.1-1.7). Late mortality was 1.9% during a mean follow-up of 38.1 ± 23.8 months. One-year, 3-year, and 5-year freedom from reoperation rates were 98.0 %, 97.0 % and 96.5%, respectively. More than half of the reoperations were due to infective endocarditis (51.5%, 95% CI 18.3-84.0). In our cohort, the risk of endocarditis per patient per year was 0.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The midterm outcomes of the Ozaki procedure are excellent in terms of hemodynamics, survival, and freedom from reoperation. Acquiring long-term follow-up will help solidify this technique in the cardiac surgery armamentarium.

Machine learning-based prediction of mortality after heart transplantation in adults with congenital heart disease: A UNOS database analysis.

BACKGROUND: Machine learning (ML) is increasingly being applied in Cardiology to predict outcomes and assist in clinical decision-making. We sought to develop and validate an ML model for the prediction of mortality after heart transplantation (HT) in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). METHODS: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was queried from 2000 to 2020 for ACHD patients who underwent isolated HT. The study cohort was randomly split into derivation (70%) and validation (30%) datasets that were used to train and test a CatBoost ML model. Feature selection was performed using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Recipient, donor, procedural, and post-transplant characteristics were tested for their ability to predict mortality. We additionally used SHAP for explainability analysis, as well as individualized mortality risk assessment. RESULTS: The study cohort included 1033 recipients (median age 34 years, 61% male). At 1 year after HT, there were 205 deaths (19.9%). Out of a total of 49 variables, 10 were selected as highly predictive of 1-year mortality and were used to train the ML model. Area under the curve (AUC) and predictive accuracy for the 1-year ML model were .80 and 75.2%, respectively, and .69 and 74.2% for the 3-year model, respectively. Based on SHAP analysis, hemodialysis of the recipient post-HT had overall the strongest relative impact on 1-year mortality after HΤ, followed by recipient-estimated glomerular filtration rate, age and ischemic time. CONCLUSIONS: ML models showed satisfactory predictive accuracy of mortality after HT in ACHD and allowed for individualized mortality risk assessment.

Three-year survival of transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in dialysis.

To highlight the trends of surgical (open) aortic valve replacement (SAVR) as well as to compare the outcome between transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and SAVR in elderly dialysis patients. TAVR has evolved as an effective alternative to surgery (SAVR) for aortic stenosis. We identified dialysis-dependent patients who underwent SAVR or TAVR from 2000 to 2015 from the United States Renal Data System using ICD-9 codes. We defined high-risk surgical patients as age over 70 or older. The primary endpoint was survival at 3 years and we compared the outcome between SAVR and TAVR groups using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). A total of 4332 and 1280 dialysis patients underwent SAVR and TAVR, respectively, during the study period. Among SAVR cohort, 3312 patients underwent SAVR before June 2012 and 1020 after June 2012. In-hospital mortality was significantly worse before 2012 (14.6% vs. 11.3% after 2012, p = 0.007) as well as estimated 3-year mortality (69.1% vs. 60.3% after 2012, p < 0.001). After June 2012, the TAVR cohort was older and had more comorbidities including coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure compared to the SAVR cohort. After IPTW, in-hospital mortality was significantly lower after TAVR versus SAVR (odds ratio 0.38 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-0.52], p < 0.001). However, TAVR had a significantly higher risk of 3-year mortality than SAVR (hazard ratio 1.24 [95% CI 1.1-1.39], p < 0.001). TAVR may be a reasonable and potentially preferable alternative to SAVR in the elderly dialysis population in the short-term period.

Pericardiectomy and Pericardial Window for the Treatment of Pericardial Disease in the Contemporary Era.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the contemporary practice of pericardiectomy and pericardial window. We discuss the indications, preoperative planning, procedural aspects, postprocedural management, and outcomes of each procedure. RECENT FINDINGS: Surgical approaches for the treatment of pericardial disease have been around even before the emergence of cardiopulmonary bypass. Since the forthcoming of cardiopulmonary bypass, there have been significant changes in the epidemiology and diagnostic approach of pericardial diseases as well as advancements in the surgical techniques and perioperative management used in the care of these patients. Pericardiectomy has an average mortality of almost 7% and is typically performed in patients with advanced symptoms from constrictive pericarditis and relatively few comorbidities. Pericardial window is a safe procedure for the treatment of pericardial effusion that can be performed with different approaches.

Career barriers for women in surgery.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing numbers of female medical students, surgery remains male-dominated. PURPOSE: To highlight the principal career obstacles experienced by aspiring female surgeons. METHODS: A narrative review of literature on the position and career barriers of female surgeons has been conducted, using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. MAIN FINDINGS: Implicit and even explicit biases against female surgeons remain prevalent, negatively impacting their training performance and overall professional trajectory. Female surgeons are globally underrepresented in leadership positions and senior academic rankings, especially that of a full professor. They feel hampered by lack of effective mentorship, whose value for a successful career has been acknowledged by all medical students, surgeons and surgical leaders. Their work-life imbalance is sometimes expressed as lower likelihood than their male contemporaries of getting married or having children and may be attributed to their conventional association with the role of caretaker, their personal desire to accommodate occupational and family duties and the inadequate implementation of parental leave and childcare policies. Female surgeons' "infertility" may be further explained by direct and indirect pregnancy-related difficulties. Female surgeons are also financially undercompensated compared to their male contemporaries. Finally, specialty-specific challenges should not be overlooked. CONCLUSIONS: While encouraging steps have been made, women in surgery feel still hindered by various obstacles. The qualitative, interview-based nature of current literature requires more meticulous studies on these barriers with a more quantitative and objective approach. Attenuation of gender imbalance in surgical specialties requires further changes in mentality and more targeted modifications in relevant policies.

Repeat Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Meta-Analysis of Off-Pump versus On-Pump Techniques in a Large Cohort of Patients.

BACKGROUND: Redo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) can be performed with either the off-pump (OPCAB) or the on-pump (ONCAB) technique. METHOD: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this meta-analysis compared the safety and efficacy of OPCAB versus ONCAB redo CABG. RESULTS: Twenty-three (23) eligible studies were included (OPCAB, n=2,085; ONCAB, n=3,245). Off-pump CABG significantly reduced the risk of perioperative death (defined as in-hospital or 30-day death rate), myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and acute kidney injury. The two treatment approaches were comparable regarding 30-day stroke and late all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Off-pump redo CABG resulted in lower perioperative death and periprocedural complication rates. No difference was observed in perioperative stroke rates and long-term survival between the two techniques.

Permanent pacemaker implantation in pediatric heart transplant recipients: A systematic review and evidence quality assessment.

Bradyarrhythmias are a common complication following pediatric OHT and may require permanent pacemaker implantation (PPM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of children undergoing PPM implantation following OHT. A PRISMA-compliant systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed database and the Cochrane Library (end-of-search date: January 27, 2019). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute tool were used to assess the quality of cohort studies and case reports, respectively. We analyzed data from a total of 11 studies recruiting 7198 pediatric patients who underwent heart transplant. PPM implantation was performed in 1.9% (n = 137/7,198; 95% CI: 1.6-2.2) of the patients. Most patients underwent dual-chamber pacing (46%, 95% CI: 32.6-59.7). Male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. Mean patient age at the time of OHT was 10.1 ± 6.3. Overall, biatrial anastomosis was used in 62.2% (95% CI: 52.8-70.6) of the patients. The bicaval technique was performed in the remaining 37.8% (95% CI: 29.4-47.1). Sinus node dysfunction was the most frequent indication for PPM implantation (54.4%; 95% CI: 42.6-65.7) followed by AV block (45.6%; 95% CI: 34.3-57.3). The median time interval between OHT and PPM implantation ranged from 17 days to 12.5 years. All-cause mortality was 27.9% (95% CI: 18.6-39.6) during a median follow-up of 5 years. PPM implantation is rarely required after pediatric OHT. The most common indication for pacing is sinus node dysfunction, and patients undergoing biatrial anastomosis may be more likely to require PPM.

Insurance Status and Socioeconomic Factors Affect Early Mortality After Cardiac Valve Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the effects markers of socioeconomic status (SES), including race and ethnicity, health insurance status, and median household income by zip code on in-patient mortality after cardiac valve surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of adult valve surgery patients included in the State Inpatient Databases and Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. The primary outcome was mortality during the index admission. Bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models were used to assess the independent effects of race and ethnicity, payer status, and median income by patient zip code on in-hospital mortality. DESIGN: Multistate database of hospitalizations from 2007 to 2014 from New York, Florida, Kentucky, California, and Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 181,305 patients ≥18 years old underwent mitral or aortic valve repair or replacement and met the inclusion criteria. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mortality rates were higher among black (5.59%) than white patients (4.28%, p < 0.001) and among Medicaid (4.66%), Medicare (5.22%), and uninsured (4.58%) patients compared with private insurance (2.45%, p < 0.001). After controlling for age, sex, presenting comorbidities, urgent or emergent operative status, and hospital case volume, mortality odds remained significantly elevated for black (odds ratio [OR] 1.127, confidence interval [CI] 1.038-1.223), uninsured (OR 1.213, CI 1.020-1.444), Medicaid (OR 1.270, 95% CI 1.116-1.449) and Medicare (OR 1.316, 95% CI 1.216-1.415) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Markers of low SES, including race/ethnicity, insurance status, and household income, are associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality following cardiac valve surgery. Further research is warranted to understand and help decrease mortality risk in underinsured, less-wealthy and non-white patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery.

Microenvironment in Cardiac Tumor Development: What Lies Beyond the Event Horizon?

Cardiac tumors are found in less than 1% of adult and pediatric autopsies. More than three-fourths of primary cardiac neoplasms are benign, with myxomas and rhabdomyomas being the most common cardiac tumors seen in adults and children, respectively. Primary malignant cardiac tumors are extremely rare, whereas metastatic lesions can be seen in approximately 8% of patients dying from cancer. Attempting to understand why the heart is so resistant to carcinogenesis and which fail-safe mechanisms malfunction when cardiac tumors do develop is particularly challenging considering the rarity of these tumors and the fact that when relevant clinical studies are published, they rarely focus on molecular pathogenesis. Apart from cancer cells, solid tumors are comprised of a concoction of noncancerous cells, and extracellular matrix constituents, which along with pH and oxygen levels jointly constitute the so-called tumor microenvironment (TME). In the present chapter, we explore mechanisms through which TME may influence cardiac carcinogenesis.

Elective proximal aortic surgery in patients with renal insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate preoperative risk factors and postoperative outcomes in patients with preoperative renal insufficiency undergoing open surgical repair of the aortic root, ascending aorta, or aortic arch. METHODS: Our institutional database was reviewed for all patients undergoing elective aortic root, ascending aorta, and aortic arch open repairs. Patients were separated into two groups based on renal function. Patients with preoperative renal insufficiency were compared to those with normal renal function. Regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of short and long term postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 2140 patients, of which 55 had preoperative renal insufficiency (PRI). Patients with PRI were older and had worse cardiovascular risk profiles. On presentation, PRI patients were more likely to have lower ejection fraction. There was no difference in operative mortality between the two groups. The most frequent major postoperative complications among renal insufficiency patients were reoperation for bleeding (9.1%, P = .02). Logistic regression analysis indicated that PRI and left ventricular ejection fraction were independent predictors of major adverse events. Long-term survival was significantly reduced in preoperative renal insufficiency patients in the unmatched cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Aortic patients with preoperative renal insufficiency have a higher risk profile of mortality. Renal insufficiency remains an independent predictor of adverse outcomes following aortic surgery and understanding this patient population can guide physicians to improve outcomes.

Minimally Invasive Surgery vs Device Closure for Atrial Septal Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Device closure is the first-line treatment for most atrial septal defects (ASDs). Minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) has been found safe and effective for ASD closure with comparable mortality/morbidity and superior cosmetic results compared to conventional median sternotomy. Our goal was to compare percutaneous versus MICS of ASDs. A systematic review was performed using PubMed and the Cochrane Library (end-of-search date on May 22, 2019). Meta-analyses were conducted using fixed and random effects models. In the present systematic review, we analyzed six studies including 1577 patients with ASDs who underwent either MICS (n = 642) or device closure (n = 935). Treatment efficacy was significantly higher in the MICS (99.8%; 95% CI 98.9-99.9) compared to the device closure group (97.3%; 95% CI 95.6-98.2), (OR 0.1; 95% CI 0.02-0.6). Surgical patients experienced significantly more complications (16.2%; 95% CI 13.0-19.9) compared to those that were treated with a percutaneous approach (7.1%; 95% CI 5.0-9.8), (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.2). Surgery was associated with significantly longer length of hospital stay (5.6 ± 1.7 days) compared to device closure (1.3 ± 1.4 days), (OR 4.8; 95% CI 1.1-20.5). Residual shunts were more common with the transcatheter (3.9%; 95% CI 2.7-5.5) compared to the surgical approach (0.95%; 95% CI 0.3-2.4), (OR 0.1; 95% CI 0.06-0.5). There was no difference between the two techniques in terms of major bleeding, hematoma formation, transfusion requirements, cardiac tamponade, new-onset atrial fibrillation, permanent pacemaker placement, and reoperation rates. MICS for ASD is a safe procedure and compares favorably to transcatheter closure. Despite longer hospitalization requirements, the MICS approach is feasible irrespective of ASD anatomy and may lead to a more effective and durable repair.

Surgical Outcomes in Syndromic Tetralogy of Fallot: A Systematic Review and Evidence Quality Assessment.

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is one of the most common cyanotic congenital heart defects. We sought to summarize all available data regarding the epidemiology and perioperative outcomes of syndromic ToF patients. A PRISMA-compliant systematic literature review of PubMed and Cochrane Library was performed. Twelve original studies were included. The incidence of syndromic ToF was 15.3% (n = 549/3597). The most prevalent genetic syndromes were 22q11.2 deletion (47.8%; 95% CI 43.4-52.2) and trisomy 21 (41.9%; 95% CI 37.7-46.3). Complete surgical repair was performed in 75.2% of the patients (n = 161/214; 95% CI 69.0-80.1) and staged repair in 24.8% (n = 53/214; 95 CI 19.4-30.9). Relief of RVOT obstruction was performed with transannular patch in 64.7% (n = 79/122; 95% CI 55.9-72.7) of the patients, pulmonary valve-sparing technique in 17.2% (n = 21/122; 95% CI 11.5-24.9), and RV-PA conduit in 18.0% (n = 22/122; 95% CI 12.1-25.9). Pleural effusions were the most common postoperative complications (n = 28/549; 5.1%; 95% CI 3.5-7.3). Reoperations were performed in 4.4% (n = 24/549; 95% CI 2.9-6.4) of the patients. All-cause mortality rate was 9.8% (n = 51/521; 95% CI 7.5-12.7). Genetic syndromes are seen in approximately 15% of ToF patients. Long-term survival exceeds 90%, suggesting that surgical management should be dictated by anatomy regardless of genetics.

A Simple Scoring System to Predict Survival after Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Patients undergoing consideration for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) require an immediate risk profile assessment in the setting of incomplete or no information. A retrospective cohort study of 100 patients undergoing VA ECMO placement at three institutions was carried out. Variables strongly associated with survival to discharge were used to calculate a risk stratification score. Indications for VA ECMO support included postcardiotomy shock (24%), ischemic etiologies (33%), nonischemic cardiomyopathy (32%), and other etiologies (11%). Pre-VA ECMO arrest occurred in 69%, and 30% of patients underwent cannulation during arrest. Survival to discharge was 38%. Three variables demonstrated a strong trend toward predicting survival to discharge: lactate >10 mmol/L (p = .054), albumin <3 g/dL (p = .062), and platelet count <180 K/uL (p = .064), and these variables were included in a scoring system. The extremes of age and duration of pre-VA ECMO ventilation were associated with a dismal prognosis and were also included. These five variables were used to construct a mortality prediction score. A score of 0 was associated with 10% expected mortality, whereas a score of 4+ was associated with 100% expected mortality. Mortality increased in a stepwise fashion with increasing scores. The expected mortality closely paralleled the observed mortality. A simple scoring system composed of easily collected variables may help predict mortality. However, it is not intended to replace an experienced clinician's judgment, but to enhance it.

Fifteen-year experience and outcomes of pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Constrictive pericarditis has multiple etiologies and can lead to disabling symptoms and severe heart failure with poor quality of life. Surgical pericardiectomy is the cornerstone of management. All patients undergoing pericardiectomy at our institution were reviewed with the goal of analyzing preoperative and intraoperative factors that may be associated with long-term outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review of our cardiac surgery database identified all patients who underwent pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis between 1997 and 2012. Demographic, comorbidity, operative, and outcome data were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients underwent pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis over 15 years. Etiologies included idiopathic (n = 20, 55.6%), postoperative (n = 11, 30.5%), postradiation (n = 3, 8.3%), and tuberculosis (n = 2, 5.6%). Total pericardiectomy was performed in 35 patients. The average preoperative cardiac index was 2.6 L/min/m(2) with a significant increase to 3.1 L/min/m(2) noted in the immediate postoperative period (p = 0.03). There were no perioperative mortalities. The 1-year, 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year survival rates were 97.2%, 94.6%, 86.5%, and 78.3%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, preoperative heart failure (hazard ratio 2.2, p = 0.06), elevated preoperative total bilirubin (>2.7 mg/dL, hazard ratio 6.8, p = 0.02), and elevated creatinine (>1.4 mg/dL, hazard ratio 3.1, p = 0.05) were risk factors for increased long-term mortality. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a significant decrease in overall survival associated with postradiation etiology (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pericardiectomy can be performed with low mortality and immediate improvement in hemodynamics. Those patients with compromised cardiac output, abnormal hepatic or renal function, or with previous radiation therapy have reduced long-term survival.

Artificial intelligence-enabled atrial fibrillation detection using smartwatches: current status and future perspectives.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) significantly increases the risk of stroke and heart failure, but is frequently asymptomatic and intermittent; therefore, its timely diagnosis poses challenges. Early detection in selected patients may aid in stroke prevention and mitigate structural heart complications through prompt intervention. Smartwatches, coupled with powerful artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled algorithms, offer a promising tool for early detection due to their widespread use, easiness of use, and potential cost-effectiveness. Commercially available smartwatches have gained clearance from the FDA to detect AF and are becoming increasingly popular. Despite their promise, the evolving landscape of AI-enabled smartwatch-based AF detection raises questions about the clinical value of this technology. Following the ongoing digital transformation of healthcare, clinicians should familiarize themselves with how AI-enabled smartwatches function in AF detection and navigate their role in clinical settings to deliver optimal patient care. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the characteristics of AI-enabled smartwatch algorithms, their diagnostic performance, clinical value, limitations, and discuss future perspectives in AF diagnosis.

Obesity and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Amidst an aging population and escalating obesity prevalence, elucidating the impact of obesity on transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) outcomes becomes paramount. The so-called "obesity paradox"-a term denoting the counterintuitive association of obesity, typically a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, with improved survival outcomes in TAVR patients relative to their leaner or normal-weight counterparts-merits rigorous examination. This review comprehensively investigates the complex relationship between obesity and the clinical outcomes associated with TAVR, with a specific focus on mortality and periprocedural complications. This study aims to deepen our understanding of obesity's role in TAVR and the underlying mechanisms of the obesity paradox, thereby optimizing management strategies for this patient demographic, tailored to their unique physiological and metabolic profiles.

Klotho as an Early Marker of Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Acute kidney injury is a common complication following cardiac surgery (CSA-AKI). Serum creatinine levels require a minimum of 24-48 h to indicate renal injury. Nevertheless, early diagnosis remains critical for improving patient outcomes. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review of the PubMed and CENTRAL databases was performed to assess the role of Klotho as a predictive biomarker for CSA-AKI (end-of-search date: 17 February 2024). An evidence quality assessment of the four included studies was performed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Among the 234 patients studied, 119 (50.8%) developed CSA-AKI postoperatively. Serum Klotho levels above 120 U/L immediately postoperatively correlated with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.806 and 90% sensitivity. Additionally, a postoperative serum creatinine to Klotho ratio above 0.695 showed 94.7% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity, with an AUC of 92.4%, maintaining its prognostic validity for up to three days. Urinary Klotho immunoreactivity was better maintained in samples obtained via direct catheterization rather than indwelling catheter collection bags. Storage at -80 °C was necessary for delayed testing. Optimal timing for both serum and urine Klotho measurements was from the end of cardiopulmonary bypass to the time of the first ICU lab tests. In conclusion, Klotho could be a promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of CSA-AKI. Standardization of measurement protocols and larger studies are needed to validate these findings.

Mitral Valve Repair of the Anterior Leaflet: Are We There Yet?

Mitral regurgitation is one of the most prevalent valvulopathies with a disease burden that incurs significant healthcare costs globally. Surgical repair of the posterior mitral valve leaflet is a standard treatment, but approaches for repairing the anterior mitral valve leaflet are not widely established. Since anterior leaflet involvement is less common and more difficult to repair, fewer studies have investigated its natural history and treatment options. In this review, we discuss surgical techniques for repairing the anterior leaflet and their outcomes, including survival, reoperation, and recurrence of regurgitation. We show that most patients with mitral regurgitation from the anterior leaflet can be repaired with good outcomes if performed at centers with expertise. Additionally, equal consideration for early repair should be given to patients with mitral regurgitation from both anterior and posterior pathology. However, more studies to better evaluate the efficacy and safety of anterior mitral valve leaflet repair are needed.

Revealing the nature of cardiovascular disease using DERGA, a novel data ensemble refinement greedy algorithm.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to determine the most crucial parameters associated with CVD and employ a novel data ensemble refinement procedure to uncover the optimal pattern of these parameters that can result in a high prediction accuracy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were collected from 369 patients in total, 281 patients with CVD or at risk of developing it, compared to 88 otherwise healthy individuals. Within the group of 281 CVD or at-risk patients, 53 were diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD), 16 with end-stage renal disease, 47 newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus 2 and 92 with chronic inflammatory disorders (21 rheumatoid arthritis, 41 psoriasis, 30 angiitis). The data were analyzed using an artificial intelligence-based algorithm with the primary objective of identifying the optimal pattern of parameters that define CVD. The study highlights the effectiveness of a six-parameter combination in discerning the likelihood of cardiovascular disease using DERGA and Extra Trees algorithms. These parameters, ranked in order of importance, include Platelet-derived Microvesicles (PMV), hypertension, age, smoking, dyslipidemia, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Endothelial and erythrocyte MVs, along with diabetes were the least important predictors. In addition, the highest prediction accuracy achieved is 98.64%. Notably, using PMVs alone yields a 91.32% accuracy, while the optimal model employing all ten parameters, yields a prediction accuracy of 0.9783 (97.83%). CONCLUSIONS: Our research showcases the efficacy of DERGA, an innovative data ensemble refinement greedy algorithm. DERGA accelerates the assessment of an individual's risk of developing CVD, allowing for early diagnosis, significantly reduces the number of required lab tests and optimizes resource utilization. Additionally, it assists in identifying the optimal parameters critical for assessing CVD susceptibility, thereby enhancing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms.