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BACKGROUND: The management of febrile neutropenia (FN) in pediatric cancer patients has traditionally been conducted in a hospital setting. However, recent evidence has indicated that outpatient management of FN can be equally effective compared to inpatient care. Based on this evidence, we conducted a cost-minimization analysis (CMA) specifically focused on pediatric cancer patients in Mexico. METHODS: A piggy-back study was conducted during the execution of a non-inferiority clinical trial that compared outpatient treatment to inpatient treatment for FN in children with cancer. A CMA was performed from a societal perspective using patient-level data. In the previous study, we observed that step-down oral outpatient management of low-risk FN was as safe and effective as inpatient intravenous management. Direct and indirect costs were collected prospectively. The costs were adjusted for inflation and converted to US dollars, with values standardized to July 2022 costs. Statistical analysis using bootstrap methods was employed to obtain robust estimations for decision-making within the Mexican public health care system. RESULTS: A total of 117 FN episodes were analyzed, with 60 in the outpatient group and 57 in the inpatient group; however, complete cost data were available for only 115 FN episodes. The analysis revealed an average savings of $1,087 per FN episode managed on an outpatient basis, representing a significant 92% reduction in total cost per FN episode compared to inpatient treatment. Length of hospital stay and inpatient consultations emerged as the primary cost drivers within the inpatient care group. CONCLUSION: This CMA demonstrates that the step-down outpatient management approach is cost-saving when compared to inpatient management of FN in pediatric cancer patients. The mean difference observed between the treatment groups provides support for decision-making within the public health care system, as outpatient management of FN allows for substantial cost savings without compromising patient health.
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Assistência Ambulatorial , Neoplasias , Humanos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/complicações , Criança , Assistência Ambulatorial/economia , México , Feminino , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Febre/terapia , Febre/economia , Neutropenia Febril/terapia , Neutropenia Febril/economia , Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that low-risk febrile neutropenia (FN) episodes can be treated in a step-down manner in the outpatient setting. This recommendation has been limited to implementation in middle-income countries due to concerns about infrastructure and lack of trained personnel. We aimed to determine whether early step-down to oral antimicrobial outpatient treatment is not inferior in safety and efficacy to inpatient intravenous treatment in children with low-risk FN. PROCEDURE: A noninferiority randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in three hospitals in Mexico City. Low-risk FN was identified in children younger than 18 years. After 48 to 72 hours of intravenous treatment, children were randomly allocated to receive outpatient oral treatment (experimental arm, cefixime) or to continue inpatient treatment (standard of care, cefepime). Daily monitoring was performed until neutropenia resolution. The presence of any unfavorable clinical outcome was the endpoint of interest. We performed a noninferiority test for comparison of proportions. RESULTS: We identified 1237 FN episodes; 117 cases were randomized: 60 to the outpatient group and 57 for continued inpatient treatment. Of the FN episodes, 100% in the outpatient group and 93% in the inpatient group had a favorable outcome (P < 0.001). The mean duration of antibiotics was 4.1 days (SD 2.5; 95% CI, 3.4-4.8 days) in the outpatient group and 4.4 days (SD 2.5; 95% CI, 3.7-5.0 days) in the inpatient group (P = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: In our population, step-down oral outpatient treatment of low-risk FN was as safe and effective as inpatient intravenous treatment. Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT04000711.
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Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Neutropenia Febril/tratamento farmacológico , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Pacientes Internados/estatística & dados numéricos , Pacientes Ambulatoriais/estatística & dados numéricos , Administração Oral , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Equivalência como Asunto , Neutropenia Febril/patologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Prognóstico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Limited evidence is available about varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection among pediatric cancer patients in developing countries, which raises questions about the generalizability of VZV vaccine recommendations for pediatric cancer patients (derived from developed countries) to these settings. We assessed the incidence and case-fatality of VZV infection at three institutions in developing countries (Argentina, Mexico, and Nicaragua). Individuals eligible for our study were aged <20 years and actively receiving cancer-directed therapy. We estimated a summary incidence rate (IR) and case-fatality risk with corresponding 95 % confidence limits (CL) of VZV infection across sites using random-effects models. Our study population comprised 511 pediatric cancer patients, of whom 64 % were aged <10 years, 58 % were male, and 58 % were diagnosed with leukemia. We observed a total of 10 infections during 44,401 person-days of follow-up across the 3 sites (IR = 2.3, 95 % CL 1.2, 4.2). The summary case-fatality risk was 10 % (95 % CL 1.4, 47 %) based on one death. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest low incidence and case-fatality of VZV infections among pediatric cancer patients in three developing countries. VZV vaccine recommendations for pediatric cancer patients in developed countries may be generalizable to developing countries. WHAT IS KNOWN: ⢠Current recommendations, based on evidence from pediatric cancer patients in developed countries, contraindicate varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccination until completion of cancer-directed therapy and recovery of immune function. ⢠The generalizability of these VZV vaccine recommendations to pediatric cancer patients in developing countries is unknown because of limited information about the incidence and case-fatality of VZV in these settings. What is New: ⢠Our results suggest low incidence and case-fatality of VZV infections among pediatric cancer patients in three developing countries. ⢠VZV vaccine recommendations based on evidence from pediatric cancer patients in developed countries may be generalizable to pediatric cancer patients in developing countries.
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Varicela/epidemiologia , Herpes Zoster/epidemiologia , Herpesvirus Humano 3 , Neoplasias/complicações , Adolescente , Argentina/epidemiologia , Varicela/complicações , Varicela/mortalidade , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Herpes Zoster/complicações , Herpes Zoster/mortalidade , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Pediatria , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are among the most epidemiologically relevant health care-associated infections. The aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) is a standardized practice used to prevent CLABSIs. In a pediatric hospital, the overall CLABSI rate was 1.92/1000 catheter days (CD). However, in one unit, the rate was 5.7/1000 CD. METHODS: Nurses were trained in ANTT. For the implementation, plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles were completed. Adherence monitoring of the ANTT and epidemiological surveillance were performed. RESULTS: ANTT adherence of 95% was achieved after 6 PDSA cycles. Hand hygiene and general cleaning reached 100% adherence. Port disinfection and material collection had the lowest adherence rates, with 76.2% and 84.7%, respectively. The CLABSI rate decreased from 5.7 to 1.26/1000 CD. CONCLUSION: The implementation of ANTT helped reduce the CLABSI rate. Training and continuous monitoring are key to maintaining ANTT adherence.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones relacionadas con catéteres venosos centrales son unas de las infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud con mayor relevancia epidemiológica. La técnica aséptica «no tocar¼ es una práctica estandarizada que se utiliza para prevenir estas infecciones. En un hospital pediátrico, la tasa de infecciones relacionadas con catéteres venosos centrales fue de 1.92/1000 días de catéter. Sin embargo, en una de las unidades la tasa fue de 5.7/1000 días de catéter. MÉTODO: Se capacitaron enfermeras en la técnica aséptica «no tocar¼. Para la implementación se cumplieron ciclos de planificar-hacer-estudiar-actuar (PHEA). Se realizaron seguimiento de la adherencia a la técnica y vigilancia epidemiológica. RESULTADOS: Se logró una adherencia a la técnica aséptica «no tocar¼ del 95% después de seis ciclos. La higiene de manos y la limpieza general alcanzaron un 100% de cumplimiento. La desinfección de los puertos y la recolección de material alcanzaron la menor adherencia, con un 76.2% y un 84.7%, respectivamente. La tasa de infecciones relacionadas con catéteres venosos centrales disminuyó de 5.7 a 1.26 por 1000 días de catéter. CONCLUSIONES: La implementación de la técnica aséptica «no tocar¼ ayudó en la reducción de infecciones relacionadas con catéteres venosos centrales. La capacitación y el seguimiento continuo son clave para mantener el cumplimiento de la técnica.
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Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter , Cateterismo Venoso Central , Infecção Hospitalar , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/prevenção & controle , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Cateterismo Venoso Central/efeitos adversos , Higiene das Mãos/normas , Higiene das Mãos/métodos , Criança , Assepsia/métodos , Desinfecção/métodosRESUMO
Introduction: Despite the end of the COVID-19 pandemic being declared by the WHO, the economic consequences are far from over. One of these implications was the cost of inpatient care for health institutions. To date, some studies have examined the economic burden of COVID-19 in the adult population but only a few have focused on child populations. Objective: To estimate the direct medical costs of COVID-19, focusing on children in Mexico. Method: Data about resources consumed during hospital stays were extracted from the medical records of patients hospitalized at a Mexican tertiary healthcare institution. Other sources of information were the unit prices of inputs and the salaries of health personnel. A micro-costing methodology was used to obtain cost results by age group over different hospital areas. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics and regression models to evaluate the predictors of total cost. Results: One hundred and ten medical records were reviewed of which 57.3% corresponded to male patients and the mean age was 7.2 years old. The estimated average cost per patient was US$5,943 (95% CI: US$4,249-7,637). When the costs of the three clinical areas were summed, only the 5-10 years old group showed a maximum cost of US$14,000. The regression analysis revealed the following factors as significant: sex, age, staying at an emergency room, having a positive bacterial culture, and having comorbidities. Discussion: The cost results were somewhat similar to those reported in children from the USA, but only regarding low severity COVID-19 cases. However, comparability between these types of studies should be done with caution due to the huge differences between the healthcare systems of countries. The study cost results may help public decision-makers in budget planning and as inputs for future cost-effectiveness studies about interventions regarding COVID-19.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , México/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Atenção à SaúdeRESUMO
Introduction: Acute leukemia accounts for more than 30% of all pediatric cancer cases, and of these, 15-20% are acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Children who super from AML are more likely to develop infections due to the humoral and cellular immune deficits generated by the disease and its treatment. The incidence of fungal infections is underestimated; reports show that up to 75% of fungal infections go undiagnosed until autopsy. In only 30 years, the incidence of invasive candidiasis has increased by 40-fold. Thus, the high morbidity and mortality associated with fungal infections in hematological patients make it necessary to adopt preventive measures. Methods: This work aimed to retrospectively identify pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia and invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) in a Latin American tertiary care hospital. A retrospective analysis of 36 clinical records of pediatric patients diagnosed with AML from 2007 to 2017 was carried out. Results: One hundred and twenty-nine hospitalizations were associated with infectious events. Thirteen patients in our study presented 15 infectious events associated with IFDs (11.6%). Two patients died because of complications related to IFDs (15.3%). The most frequent IFD type was aspergillosis, which was observed in 7 cases, followed by Candidemia, which was observed in 4 cases. The most frequent clinical manifestations were fever and respiratory distress. Discussion: Mortality due to IFD can be prevented with effective pharmacotherapy. An appropriate antifungal prophylaxis strategy still needs to be developed through larger prospective studies in Latin America.
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Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Micoses , Humanos , Criança , Estudos Retrospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Estudos Prospectivos , Micoses/epidemiologia , Micoses/microbiologia , Micoses/prevenção & controle , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/epidemiologia , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/prevenção & controle , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/complicações , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adjunctive diagnostic studies (aDS) are recommended to identify occult dissemination in patients with candidemia. Patterns of evaluation with aDS across pediatric settings are unknown. METHODS: Candidemia episodes were included in a secondary analysis of a multicenter comparative effectiveness study that prospectively enrolled participants age 120 days to 17 years with invasive candidiasis (predominantly candidemia) from 2014 to 2017. Ophthalmologic examination (OE), abdominal imaging (AbdImg), echocardiogram, neuroimaging, and lumbar puncture (LP) were performed per clinician discretion. Adjunctive diagnostic studies performance and positive results were determined per episode, within 30 days from candidemia onset. Associations of aDS performance with episode characteristics were evaluated via mixed-effects logistic regression. RESULTS: In 662 pediatric candidemia episodes, 490 (74%) underwent AbdImg, 450 (68%) OE, 426 (64%) echocardiogram, 160 (24%) neuroimaging, and 76 (11%) LP; performance of each aDS per episode varied across sites up to 16-fold. Longer durations of candidemia were associated with undergoing OE, AbdImg, and echocardiogram. Immunocompromised status (58% of episodes) was associated with undergoing AbdImg (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.38; 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 1.51-3.74). Intensive care at candidemia onset (30% of episodes) was associated with undergoing echocardiogram (aOR 2.42; 95% CI 1.51-3.88). Among evaluated episodes, positive OE was reported in 15 (3%), AbdImg in 30 (6%), echocardiogram in 14 (3%), neuroimaging in 9 (6%), and LP in 3 (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show heterogeneity in practice, with some clinicians performing aDS selectively, potentially influenced by clinical factors. The low frequency of positive results suggests that targeted application of aDS is warranted.
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Candidemia , Candidíase Invasiva , Humanos , Criança , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Candidemia/diagnóstico , Candidemia/microbiologia , Candidíase Invasiva/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos de Coortes , Fatores de Risco , Antifúngicos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is an early indicator of infection in oncology patients post-chemotherapy. We aimed to determine clinical predictors of septic shock and/or bacteremia in pediatric cancer patients experiencing FN and to create a model that classifies patients as low-risk for these outcomes. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis with clinical data of a cohort of pediatric oncology patients admitted during July 2015 to September 2017 with FN. One FN episode per patient was randomly selected. Statistical analyses include distribution analysis, hypothesis testing, and multivariate logistic regression to determine clinical feature association with outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 865 episodes of FN occurred in 429 subjects. In the 404 sampled episodes that were analyzed, 20.8% experienced outcomes of septic shock and/or bacteremia. Gram-negative bacteria count for 70% of bacteremias. Features with statistically significant influence in predicting these outcomes were hematological malignancy (P < .001), cancer relapse (P = .011), platelet count (P = .004), and age (P = .023). The multivariate logistic regression model achieves AUROC = 0.66 (95% CI 0.56-0.76). The optimal classification threshold achieves sensitivity = 0.96, specificity = 0.33, PPV = 0.40, and NPV = 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: This model, based on simple clinical variables, can be used to identify patients at low-risk of septic shock and/or bacteremia. The model's NPV of 95% satisfies the priority to avoid discharging patients at high-risk for adverse infection outcomes. The model will require further validation on a prospective population.
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Bacteriemia , Neutropenia Febril , Neoplasias , Choque Séptico , Criança , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Prospectivos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/complicações , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Neoplasias/complicações , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neutropenia Febril/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Background: Viral respiratory infections in pediatric patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) significantly impact morbidity and mortality. It is necessary to determine the viral agents and their frequency of presentation to understand their impact on transplantation patients' evolution. Methods: From January 2017 to December 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational study of patients who underwent HSCT with a viral respiratory infection. Viral identification was performed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction for nine respiratory viruses. Descriptive statistics were performed with a report of central tendency measures and percentages. Results: Of the 54 pediatric patients who underwent HSCT, 59.2% presented an airway infection; in turn, at least one viral agent was identified in 59.3% of these patients. The most frequent viral agents were influenza (25.9%), human rhinovirus (18.5%), and respiratory syncytial virus (18.5%). Viral co-infections occurred in 36.8% of the cases. The reported complications were supplemental oxygen requirement (73.6%), support with mechanical ventilation (21%), admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (15.7%), and mortality associated with a viral respiratory infection (10.5%). Conclusions: Viral respiratory infections are frequent in pediatric patients with HSCT; influenza A/B virus was the most frequent agent. As morbidity and mortality increase due to these infections in patients with HSCT, strategies are necessary for its prevention and timely treatment after transplantation.
Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias virales en los pacientes pediátricos con trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (TCPH) impactan significativamente la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Para comprender su impacto en la evolución de los pacientes receptores de trasplantes es necesario conocer la frecuencia de presentación y los agentes virales. Métodos: De enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019 se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, descriptivo y observacional de los pacientes sometidos a TCPH que tuvieron una infección viral de vías respiratorias. La identificación de los virus se realizó por medio de la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa multiplex para nueve virus respiratorios. Se realizó estadística descriptiva con reporte de medidas de tendencia central y porcentajes. Resultados: De los 54 pacientes incluidos, el 59.2% presentaron una infección de vías respiratorias y se identificó al menos un agente viral en el 59.3% de estos casos. Los virus más frecuentes fueron influenza (25.9%), rinovirus humano (18.5%) y virus sincitial respiratorio (18.5%). En el 36.8% de los casos se detectaron coinfecciones virales. Se presentaron las siguientes complicaciones: requerimiento de oxígeno suplementario (73.6%), soporte con ventilación mecánica (21%), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (15.7%) y muerte asociada a infección por virus respiratorios (10.5%). Conclusiones: Las infecciones respiratorias virales en los pacientes pediátricos con TCPH son frecuentes; el virus influenza A/B es el agente más habitual. Debido a que estas infecciones se asocian con mayor morbimortalidad en los pacientes con TCPH, son estrategias necesarias para su prevención y tratamiento oportuno posterior al trasplante.
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Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Vírus da Influenza A , Infecções Respiratórias , Viroses , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Viroses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Introduction: Respiratory viruses are among the leading causes of disease and death among children. Co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV2 can lead to diagnostic and management difficulties given the similarities in the clinical picture. Methods: This is a cohort of all children hospitalized with SARS-CoV2 infection from March to September 3rd 2020, and all children admitted with influenza throughout five flu-seasons (2013-2018) at a pediatric referral hospital. Patients with influenza were identified from the clinical laboratory database. All hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection were followed-up prospectively. Results: A total of 295 patients with influenza and 133 with SARS-CoV2 infection were included. The median age was 3.7 years for influenza and 5.3 years for SARS-CoV2. Comorbidities were frequent in both groups, but they were more common in patients with influenza (96.6 vs. 82.7%, p < 0.001). Fever and cough were the most common clinical manifestations in both groups. Rhinorrhea was present in more than half of children with influenza but was infrequent in those with COVID-19 (53.6 vs. 5.8%, p < 0.001). Overall, 6.4% percent of patients with influenza and 7.5% percent of patients with SARS-CoV2 infection died. In-hospital mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation among symptomatic patients were similar between groups in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Influenza and COVID-19 have a similar picture in pediatric patients, which makes diagnostic testing necessary for adequate diagnosis and management. Even though most cases of COVID-19 in children are asymptomatic or mild, the risk of death among hospitalized patients with comorbidities may be substantial, especially among infants.
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BACKGROUND: Invasive candidiasis is the most common invasive fungal disease in children and adolescents, but there are limited pediatric-specific antifungal effectiveness data. We compared the effectiveness of echinocandins to triazoles or amphotericin B formulations (triazole/amphotericin B) as initial directed therapy for invasive candidiasis. METHODS: This multinational observational cohort study enrolled patients aged >120 days and <18 years with proven invasive candidiasis from January 1, 2014, to November 28, 2017, at 43 International Pediatric Fungal Network sites. Primary exposure was initial directed therapy administered at the time qualifying culture became positive for yeast. Exposure groups were categorized by receipt of an echinocandin vs receipt of triazole/amphotericin B. Primary outcome was global response at 14 days following invasive candidiasis onset, adjudicated by a centralized data review committee. Stratified Mantel-Haenszel analyses estimated risk difference between exposure groups. RESULTS: Seven-hundred and fifty invasive candidiasis episodes were identified. After exclusions, 541 participants (235 in the echinocandin group and 306 in the triazole/amphotericin B group) remained. Crude failure rates at 14 days for echinocandin and triazole/amphotericin B groups were 9.8% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 6.0% to 13.6%) and 13.1% (95% CI: 9.3% to 16.8%), respectively. The adjusted 14-day risk difference between echinocandin and triazole/amphotericin B groups was -7.1% points (95% CI: -13.1% to -2.4%), favoring echinocandins. The risk difference was -0.4% (95% CI: -7.5% to 6.7%) at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: In children with invasive candidiasis, initial directed therapy with an echinocandin was associated with reduced failure rate at 14 days but not 30 days. These results may support echinocandins as initial directed therapy for invasive candidiasis in children and adolescents. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01869829.
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OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of malnourishment among paediatric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in developing countries is poorly documented despite greater potential for malnourishment in such settings. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of malnourishment among paediatric cancer patients in Mexico City, and assess the association between malnourishment and length of hospital stay. METHODS: Individuals eligible for this study were paediatric cancer patients (aged <18â years) admitted to Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez (Mexico City) with febrile neutropaenia. Our exposure of interest, malnourishment, was defined as an age-adjusted and sex-adjusted z-score<-2 (ie, 2 SDs below the expected mean of the WHO reference population). We estimated time ratios (TRs) and 95% confidence limits (CLs) for the association between malnourishment and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Our study population comprised 111 paediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropaenia, of whom 71% were aged <10â years and 52% were males. The prevalence of malnourishment was 14%, equal to a 530% (standardised morbidity ratio=6.3; 95% CL 3.7, 10) excess of malnourishment compared with the world reference population. The median length of hospital stay for malnourished patients was 15â days, which corresponded with a 50% (TR=1.5, 95% CL 1.0, 2.3) relative increase in length of stay compared with patients who were not malnourished. Patients with body mass indices equal to the mean of the world reference population had the shortest length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Future studies should explore potential interventions for malnourishment to reduce the length of hospital stay or other established adverse consequences of malnourishment.
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Neutropenia Febril/epidemiologia , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Criança , Países em Desenvolvimento/estatística & dados numéricos , Neutropenia Febril/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrição/complicações , México/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/complicações , PediatriaRESUMO
A case of disseminated infection caused by Penicillium chrysogenum in a 10-year-old boy with a history of Henoch-Schönlein purpura and proliferative glomerulonephritis, treated with immunosuppressors, is reported herein. The patient had a clinical picture of 2 weeks of fever that did not respond to treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics and amphotericin B. Computed tomography imaging showed diffuse cotton-like infiltrates in the lungs, hepatomegaly, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, and multiple well-defined round hypodense lesions in the spleen. His treatment was changed to caspofungin, followed by voriconazole. One month later, a splenic biopsy revealed hyaline septate hyphae of >1µm in diameter. Fungal growth was negative. However, molecular analysis showed 99% identity with P. chrysogenum. A therapeutic splenectomy was performed, and treatment was changed to amphotericin B lipid complex and caspofungin. The patient completed 2 months of treatment with resolution of the infection. P. chrysogenum is a rare causative agent of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, and its diagnosis is necessary to initiate the appropriate antifungal treatment.
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Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Hialoifomicose/diagnóstico por imagem , Penicillium chrysogenum/isolamento & purificação , Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Caspofungina , Criança , Equinocandinas/uso terapêutico , Febre , Glomerulonefrite/complicações , Humanos , Hialoifomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Hialoifomicose/microbiologia , Vasculite por IgA/complicações , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Lipopeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Penicillium chrysogenum/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/microbiologia , Baço/patologia , Esplenectomia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Voriconazol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Abstract Background: Viral respiratory infections in pediatric patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) significantly impact morbidity and mortality. It is necessary to determine the viral agents and their frequency of presentation to understand their impact on transplantation patients evolution. Methods: From January 2017 to December 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational study of patients who underwent HSCT with a viral respiratory infection. Viral identification was performed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction for nine respiratory viruses. Descriptive statistics were performed with a report of central tendency measures and percentages. Results: Of the 54 pediatric patients who underwent HSCT, 59.2% presented an airway infection; in turn, at least one viral agent was identified in 59.3% of these patients. The most frequent viral agents were influenza (25.9%), human rhinovirus (18.5%), and respiratory syncytial virus (18.5%). Viral co-infections occurred in 36.8% of the cases. The reported complications were supplemental oxygen requirement (73.6%), support with mechanical ventilation (21%), admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (15.7%), and mortality associated with a viral respiratory infection (10.5%). Conclusions: Viral respiratory infections are frequent in pediatric patients with HSCT; influenza A/B virus was the most frequent agent. As morbidity and mortality increase due to these infections in patients with HSCT, strategies are necessary for its prevention and timely treatment after transplantation.
Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias virales en los pacientes pediátricos con trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (TCPH) impactan significativamente la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Para comprender su impacto en la evolución de los pacientes receptores de trasplantes es necesario conocer la frecuencia de presentación y los agentes virales. Métodos: De enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019 se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, descriptivo y observacional de los pacientes sometidos a TCPH que tuvieron una infección viral de vías respiratorias. La identificación de los virus se realizó por medio de la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa multiplex para nueve virus respiratorios. Se realizó estadística descriptiva con reporte de medidas de tendencia central y porcentajes. Resultados: De los 54 pacientes incluidos, el 59.2% presentaron una infección de vías respiratorias y se identificó al menos un agente viral en el 59.3% de estos casos. Los virus más frecuentes fueron influenza (25.9%), rinovirus humano (18.5%) y virus sincitial respiratorio (18.5%). En el 36.8% de los casos se detectaron coinfecciones virales. Se presentaron las siguientes complicaciones: requerimiento de oxígeno suplementario (73.6%), soporte con ventilación mecánica (21%), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (15.7%) y muerte asociada a infección por virus respiratorios (10.5%). Conclusiones: Las infecciones respiratorias virales en los pacientes pediátricos con TCPH son frecuentes; el virus influenza A/B es el agente más habitual. Debido a que estas infecciones se asocian con mayor morbimortalidad en los pacientes con TCPH, son estrategias necesarias para su prevención y tratamiento oportuno posterior al trasplante.
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Resumen El Comité de Infecciones en el Niño Inmunocomprometido de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica, entrega este documento de Consenso, llamado "Manejo de los episodios de neutropenia febril en niños con cáncer. Consenso de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica 2021". El documento contiene recomendaciones sobre aspectos de prevención, predicción, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de los episodios de fiebre y neutropenia, incluyendo recomendaciones específicas sobre: Análisis de ingreso; evaluación, ajustes y duración de terapias antimicrobianas; diagnóstico y manejo de infección fúngica invasora; análisis de los principales focos clínicos de infección; condiciones ambientales necesarias para hospitales que atienden niños con cáncer y quimioprofilaxis. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en entregar las mejores recomendaciones para optimizar el manejo de los episodios de fiebre y neutropenia en niños con cáncer, buscando la equidad y la excelencia a través de todos los centros que atienden estos pacientes en América Latina.
Abstract The Committee for Infections in Immunocompromised Children of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica, presents this Consensus document, titled "Management of episodes of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer. Consensus of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica 2021". The document includes recommendations on prevention, prediction, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of episodes of fever and neutropenia, including specific recommendations on: Analysis at admission; evaluation, adjustments and duration of antimicrobial therapies; diagnosis and management of invasive fungal infection; analysis of the main clinical source of infections; environmental conditions necessary for hospitals caring for children with cancer and chemoprophylaxis. Special emphasis has been placed on providing the best recommendations to optimize the management of episodes of fever and neutropenia in children with cancer, with equity and excellence through all the centers that treat these patients in Latin America.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Doenças Transmissíveis , Neutropenia Febril/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/complicações , Consenso , Febre , América LatinaRESUMO
We assessed the association between bloodstream infections (BSIs) and inpatient length of stay among pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia in Mexico City. The estimated length of stay for BSIs was 19 days, which corresponded with a 100% (95% confidence limits, 60%-160%) relative increase in the length of stay compared with patients for whom no pathogen was identified. Feasible options for reducing the length of stay should be considered to alleviate patient and resource burden.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Neutropenia Febril/etiologia , Neoplasias/complicações , Adolescente , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pacientes Internados , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
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