RESUMO
In this study we report on the development of a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) method for the molecular typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The genomic content of M. pneumoniae M129 was analyzed for VNTRs, and 5 of the 17 VNTRs identified were selected for use in an MLVA assay. The method was based on a GeneScan analysis of VNTR loci labeled with fluorescent dyes by multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis. This approach was applied to a collection of 265 isolates from various European countries, Japan, and Tunisia; and 26 distinct VNTR types were found. The VNTR assay was compared to the P1 adhesin PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing method and showed a far better resolution than the P1 PCR-RFLP method. The discriminatory power of MLVA (Hunter-Gaston diversity index [HGDI], 0.915) for the 265 isolates was significantly higher than that of the P1 PCR-RFLP method (HGDI, 0.511). However, there was a correlation between the typing results obtained by MLVA and the P1 gene PCR-RFLP method. The potential value of MLVA of M. pneumoniae as an epidemiological tool is discussed, and the use of the VNTR markers in further investigations of the potential use of MLVA in outbreaks of M. pneumoniae infections is proposed.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/métodos , Impressões Digitais de DNA/métodos , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Repetições Minissatélites , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/classificação , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Análise por Conglomerados , Eletroforese Capilar , Europa (Continente) , Genótipo , Humanos , Japão , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , TunísiaRESUMO
The performances of five commercial TaqMan real-time PCR assays for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract specimens were evaluated in comparison with an in-house real-time PCR. All kits allowed prompt and specific results, validated by the use of an internal control. The Nanogen kit showed the best clinical sensitivity.
Assuntos
Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sistema Respiratório/microbiologia , Humanos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common aetiological agent of community-acquired respiratory tract infections for which macrolides are the treatment of choice. In France, only two macrolide-resistant isolates were reported in 1999. In contrast, several recent data reported that macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae isolates have been spreading since 2000 in Japan. Mutations A2058G (Escherichia coli numbering), A2058C, A2059G, A2062G, C2611A and C2611G in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene were associated in vivo or in vitro with this resistance. The aim of this study was to determine whether macrolide resistance of M. pneumoniae is emerging in France. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We developed a duplex real-time PCR for the detection of the six 23S rRNA mutations associated with macrolide resistance in M. pneumoniae and a simplex real-time PCR for the identification of the A2058G mutation, the most common one. Both methods rely on fluorescence resonance energy transfer coupled to melting curve analysis and are directly applicable to clinical samples. The duplex real-time PCR assay, first validated on 40 genetically characterized M. pneumoniae strains, was then applied directly on 248 French respiratory tract clinical samples. RESULTS: Among M. pneumoniae-positive specimens collected before 2005, no macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae isolate was detected. In contrast, among 51 samples collected between 2005 and 2007, five (9.8%) yielded a resistant genotype, suggesting a recent increase in macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae isolates in France. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological monitoring of macrolide resistance in this species has become necessary in France and Europe, and will be made easier by using these PCR assays.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Macrolídeos/farmacologia , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , França , Humanos , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Mutação Puntual , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Temperatura de TransiçãoRESUMO
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the only mycoplasma clearly involved in respiratory tract infections in man. Implicated most often in tracheobronchitis, it is the second most frequent agent responsible for community-wide bacterial pneumonia, and in addition it probably causes asthma exacerbations. M. pneumoniae infection occurs endemically, with epidemic peaks every four to seven years, mostly in children above five years of age. The laboratory diagnosis of these infections, mainly by serology, is made only in severe cases because of the fastidious growth of this microorganism. M. pneumoniae can, however, be detected easily by molecular amplification techniques. Macrolides and related antibiotics are considered the treatment of choice for M. pneumoniae infection in both adults and children. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of M. pneumoniae is not done routinely because resistant isolates have only rarely been described, the results are delayed, and they have no immediate therapeutic consequence.
Assuntos
Pneumonia por Mycoplasma , Adulto , Animais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Testes de Fixação de Complemento , Cricetinae , Meios de Cultura , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Pan troglodytes , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/etiologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/microbiologiaRESUMO
Resistant mutants of Ureaplasma parvum were selected by serial passages of a susceptible strain in subinhibitory concentrations of different macrolides and related antibiotics (erythromycin, azithromycin, josamycin, quinupristin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, pristinamycin and telithromycin). Mechanisms of resistance were characterised by sequencing portions of genes encoding 23S rRNA and ribosomal proteins L4 and L22. Mutants with significantly increased minimum inhibitory concentrations could be selected with all the selector antibiotics, except quinupristin and pristinamycin. Mutants harboured mutations in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene at nucleotides G2056, G2057 or A2058 (Escherichia coli numbering) and in conserved portions of ribosomal proteins L4 and L22. Most of the mutations were associated with complete loss of macrolide and ketolide activity, whereas streptogramin combinations were less affected.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Macrolídeos/farmacologia , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Ureaplasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mutação , Óperon , Proteínas Ribossômicas/genética , Ureaplasma/genéticaRESUMO
This study examined tap water as a source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a medical intensive care setting. We prospectively screened specimens of patients, tap water and hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) over a six-month period in a 16-bed medical intensive care unit. Molecular relatedness of P. aeruginosa strains was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 657 tap water samples were collected from 39 faucets and 127 hands of HCWs were sampled. P. aeruginosa was found in 11.4% of 484 tap water samples taken from patients' rooms and in 5.3% of 189 other tap water samples (P<0.01). P. aeruginosa was isolated from 38 patients. Typing of 73 non-replicate isolates (water samples, hands of HCWs and patients) revealed 32 major DNA patterns. Eleven (52.4%) of the 21 faucets were contaminated with a patient strain, found before isolation from tap water in the corresponding room in nine cases, or from the neighbouring room in two cases. Among seven P. aeruginosa strains isolated from HCW hands, the genotype obtained was the same as that from the last patient they had touched in six cases, and in the seventh with the last tap water sample used. More than half of P. aeruginosa carriage in patients was acquired via tap water or cross-transmission. Carriage of P. aeruginosa by patients was both the source and the consequence of tap water colonisation. These results emphasise the need for studies on how to control tap water contamination.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Água Doce/microbiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/classificação , Abastecimento de Água/análise , Desinfecção , França/epidemiologia , Genótipo , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , SorotipagemRESUMO
The diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection can be based either on direct detection of the organism or its components or indirectly by measuring antibodies as markers of the individual's response to the infection. The latter is currently of limited value. Neither IgG or IgA antibodies can be used to diagnose current genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis or to exclude such an infection. There is no solid ground as yet for the use of IgA antibodies as a marker of persistant or unresolved infection. Commercial tests in the Elisa format based on peptides from the MOMP of Chlamydia trachomatis are available and show good specificities and sensitivities. Hsp60 seems to have a unique role in the development of tubal scarring and antibodies to chsp60 could predict tubal factor infertility. Serology is the main diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The serologic assays are the complement fixation test (CF), immunofluorescence, the microparticle agglutination and recently EIAs. The CF test is still used for serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection because of the sensitivity of 90%. Single titer of >or= 64 are considered to be indicative of recent infection. A number of commercial EIAs have been developped. The difficulty for IgG interpretation is a definition of a cutoff value for discriminating infected and healthy subjects. Most of the IgM assays show good diagnostic sensitivities and are valuable tools for the early diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children. There are no wholly satisfactory serological methods for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Problems arise from the high background of IgG antibody prevalence, the lack of standardized testing methods.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Chlamydia trachomatis , Infecções por Chlamydophila/diagnóstico , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/imunologia , Infecções por Chlamydophila/imunologia , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/imunologia , Testes de Fixação de Complemento , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Imunofluorescência , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/imunologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/imunologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Testes SorológicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of nocardiosis in the Bordeaux teaching hospital, between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2003. DESIGNS: The retrospective study included patients examined between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2003 in whom a Nocardia bacterium had been identified from a biological sample. RESULTS: Twenty-four out of 30 Nocardia sp. strains identified during the study period were classified as colonizing strains. 19 patients presented with risk factors for nocardiosis. Nocardia asteroïdes were found in 22 samples, mainly from pulmonary samples. 11 cases of infection due to Nocardia sp. were reported during the study period. Immunosuppression was reported in 7 cases. The clinical forms were not specific. The species incriminated belonged to the N. asteroïdes complex in 8 cases. Treatment consisted in a combination of 2 or 3 molecules including cotrimoxazole for an average duration of 9 months. 9 patients recovered. CONCLUSIONS: The variability of clinical presentation and the lack of standard identification methods delayed the diagnostic. The treatment is not well defined. Clinical strains should be reported to the reference laboratory and prospective studies are necessary.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Nocardiose/epidemiologia , Nocardia asteroides , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , França , Humanos , Terapia de Imunossupressão/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/microbiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nocardiose/transmissão , Nocardia asteroides/isolamento & purificação , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pathogenic mycoplasma responsible for respiratory tract infections in humans, occurring worldwide in children and adults. This review briefly focuses on its antibiotic susceptibility profile and on the development of acquired resistance for this microorganism. The lack of a cell wall in mycoplasmas makes them intrinsically resistant to beta-lactams and to all antimicrobials which target the cell wall. Intrinsic resistance related to specific mycoplasma species concerns essentially the acrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin-ketolide (MLSK) antibiotic group. M. pneumoniae is susceptible to all MLSK antibiotics, except to lincomycin. Among the three antibiotic classes used for the treatment of mycoplasmal infections including tetracyclines, MLSK group, and fluoroquinolones, macrolides and related antibiotics are the drug of choice for respiratory infections caused by M. pneumoniae. Both target alterations and efflux mechanisms implicated in acquired antibiotic resistance have been described in mycoplasmas either by genetic mutation or transfer of new genes carried by transposons. At present, M. pneumoniae remains greatly susceptible to antibiotics, but as this mycoplasma is difficult to isolate, the number of clinical strains tested is limited and the occurrence of acquired resistance not well documented. However some strains having acquired resistance to MLSK have been decribed in vivo and erythromycin-resistant isolates are spreading now in Japan. To date, no clinical isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines have been described in the literature, but some strains having acquired resistance to both classes have been selected in vitro. Molecular diagnosis of this acquired resistance has been related to target alterations, in ribosome for macrolides and tetracyclines, or in topoisomerase II genes for fluoroquinolones.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Antibacterianos/classificação , Criança , Eritromicina/uso terapêutico , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Mutação , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Tetraciclinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Several methods can be used for the diagnosis of mycoplasmal human infections. Culture is not satisfactory for fastidious species, while serological procedures allow only a retrospective diagnosis. Recently, rapid methods have become available. Antigenic detection proposed for Mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks sensitivity. Hybridization based techniques include DNA probes and mainly DNA amplification. The main usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the detection of fastidious organisms such as M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. fermentans, M. penetrans, but PCR can also be used for characterization of the strains for epidemiological purposes, or for detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. The major advantage of PCR for detection is its very high sensitivity. However, until now, the major drawback of this technique has been the lack of commercial kits. When available, they should provide better standardization of the technique and, if available at a reasonable cost, become the major technique for the diagnosis of mycoplasma infections. The antibiotics used for the treatment of mycoplasmal infections belong to tetracyclines, macrolides-lincosamides and fluoroquinolones. These products are highly active in vitro against mycoplasmas. However, some of them have a differential activity according to the species, and acquired resistance has been reported, mainly in genital mycoplasmas. Most of mycoplasmal infections are cured by adapted antibiotics, but they may be difficult to cure in immunosuppressed patients.
Assuntos
Infecções por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antígenos de Bactérias/sangue , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycoplasma/imunologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oportunistas/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas/tratamento farmacológico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , PrognósticoAssuntos
Mutação , Mycoplasma hominis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Resistência a Tetraciclina/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mycoplasma hominis/genética , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Three isolates of Mycoplasma amphoriforme, a new Mycoplasma species rarely described to date, were obtained from respiratory tract specimens from two children and one adult with respiratory tract infections. Molecular methods were required to distinguish them from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. MICs of macrolides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones were identical to those for M. pneumoniae, except for that of ciprofloxacin, which was slightly more potent against M. amphoriforme. M. amphoriforme could possibly have been involved in one case of severe respiratory infection with sepsis, but further studies are needed to specify its role as a potential respiratory tract pathogen.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Mycoplasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , DNA Bacteriano/análise , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Humanos , Macrolídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycoplasma/classificação , Mycoplasma/metabolismo , Infecções por Mycoplasma/tratamento farmacológico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Tetraciclinas/farmacologiaAssuntos
Infecções por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Doenças Urogenitais Femininas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Mycoplasma hominis , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Gravidez , Infecções por Ureaplasma/diagnóstico , Ureaplasma urealyticumRESUMO
Twenty-four of 128 clinical isolates of Mycoplasma hominis and 6 of 276 clinical isolates of Ureaplasma spp. from Bordeaux, France (1999 to 2002), were resistant to tetracycline and harbored the tet(M) gene. For M. hominis, we also found an increase in tetracycline resistance and two tet(M)-positive isolates that were susceptible to tetracyclines.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Mycoplasma hominis/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Tetraciclina , Tetraciclinas/farmacologia , Ureaplasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Prevalência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Ureaplasma/classificação , Infecções por Ureaplasma/epidemiologia , Infecções por Ureaplasma/microbiologiaRESUMO
The activity of moxifloxacin was compared with that of other antimicrobial agents against 54 strains of Ureaplasma spp., 54 strains of Mycoplasma hominis, 14 strains of Mycoplasma genitalium, and 44 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. Moxifloxacin inhibited 90% of all isolates at a concentration =1 mg/L, being the most active compound against C. trachomatis and sharing the highest activity with garenoxacin and gemifloxacin against mycoplasmas. Moxifloxacin killed the 30 mycoplasma isolates tested at a concentration =1 mg/L, except those resistant to fluoroquinolone. Thus, moxifloxacin has attracted interest as a potential therapy for mycoplasmal or chlamydial urogenital infections.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Compostos Aza/farmacologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycoplasma genitalium/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycoplasma hominis/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Ureaplasma/classificação , Ureaplasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Doenças Urogenitais Femininas/microbiologia , Fluoroquinolonas , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Urogenitais Masculinas/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Moxifloxacina , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Mycoplasma genitalium/isolamento & purificação , Mycoplasma hominis/isolamento & purificação , Ureaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Ureaplasma/microbiologiaRESUMO
Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates are divided in two types based on the sequence variations in the P1 adhesin gene. The type of P1 adhesin gene of 155 clinical isolates of M. pneumoniae collected in France between 1994 and 2006 was determined by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Until 1995, all strains belonged to type 1. In 1996 and 1997, type 1 was still predominant, but type 2 increased. Finally, since 1998, both types were present in about the same proportion. In our study, a novel sequence of the P1 adhesin gene was described in one strain. This strain could not be classified into type 1 or 2 because of variability in both P1 gene repeat elements, RepMP4 and RepMP2/3. This new sequence was certainly issued from recombination with repetitive sequences localized outside of the P1 gene in the M. pneumoniae chromosome. Moreover, MICs of erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin were determined for the 155 isolates. All isolates remained susceptible to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, but two macrolide-resistant strains, isolated from two children in 1999, were identified. They harbored an A-to-G substitution at position 2058 or 2059 (Escherichia coli numbering) in domain V of 23S rRNA, associated with resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and ketolides. To our knowledge, this is the first description of macrolide-resistant isolates of M. pneumoniae in France, but at this time, there is no sign of recent diffusion of resistant strains.
Assuntos
Adesinas Bacterianas/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , DNA Bacteriano/química , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/classificação , Criança , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Mycoplasma hominis is intrinsically resistant to 14- and 15-membered macrolides and to the ketolide telithromycin but is susceptible to josamycin, a 16-membered macrolide, and lincosamides. The aim of our study was to investigate the in vitro development of macrolide resistance in M. hominis and to study the impact of ribosomal mutations on MICs of various macrolides and related antibiotics. METHODS: Selection of macrolide-resistant mutants was performed by serial passages of M. hominis PG21 in broth medium containing subinhibitory concentrations of clindamycin, pristinamycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and telithromycin. Stepwise selection of josamycin-resistant mutants was performed onto agar medium containing increasing inhibitory concentrations of josamycin. Resistant mutants were characterized by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of 23S rRNA, L4 and L22 ribosomal protein genes. RESULTS: Various mutations in domain II or V of 23S rRNA were selected in the presence of each selector antibiotic and were associated with several resistance phenotypes. Josamycin was the sole antibiotic that selected for single amino acid changes in ribosomal proteins L4 and L22. Unexpectedly, the C2611U transition selected in the presence of clindamycin and the quinupristin/dalfopristin combination was associated with decreased MICs of erythromycin, azithromycin and telithromycin, leading to a loss of the intrinsic resistance of M. hominis to erythromycin and azithromycin. CONCLUSIONS: Ribosomal mutations were associated with resistance to macrolides and related antibiotics in M. hominis. Some mutants showed a loss of the intrinsic resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Azitromicina/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Mutação , Mycoplasma hominis/genética , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Sequência de Bases , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mycoplasma hominis/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Ribossômico 23S/químicaRESUMO
Two genes, md1 and md2, coding for multidrug resistance ATP-binding cassette transporters were identified in Mycoplasma hominis PG21. Expression of these two genes, quantified by quantitative competitive reverse transcription-PCR, was significantly increased in ethidium bromide-resistant strains of M. hominis compared to that in M. hominis PG21.
Assuntos
Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Etídio/farmacologia , Proteínas Associadas à Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/metabolismo , Mycoplasma hominis/efeitos dos fármacos , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/química , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas Associadas à Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/genética , Mycoplasma hominis/genética , Mycoplasma hominis/metabolismo , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Selection of resistant mutants in sequential subcultures with increasing concentrations of six and four different fluoroquinolones was studied for one reference strain each of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma hominis, respectively. All fluoroquinolones tested selected for resistance, with alterations affecting the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the four target topoisomerase genes.