RESUMO
ABCG2 is a membrane transport protein that effluxes growth-promoting molecules, such as folates and dihydrotestosterone, as well as chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore it is important to determine how variants of ABCG2 affect the transporter function in order to determine whether modified treatment regimens may be necessary for patients harboring ABCG2 variants. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the ABCG2 Q141K variant and overall survival after a prostate cancer diagnosis. We report here that in patients with recurrent prostate cancer, those who carry the ABCG2 Q141K variant had a significantly shorter time to PSA recurrence post-prostatectomy than patients homozygous for wild-type ABCG2 (P=0.01). Transport studies showed that wild-type ABCG2 was able to efflux more folic acid than the Q141K variant (P<0.002), suggesting that retained tumoral folate contributes to the decreased time to PSA recurrence in the Q141K variant patients. In a seemingly conflicting study, it was previously reported that docetaxel-treated Q141K variant prostate cancer patients have a longer survival time. We found this may be due to less efficient docetaxel efflux in cells with the Q141K variant versus wild-type ABCG2. In human prostate cancer tissues, confocal microscopy revealed that all genotypes had a mixture of cytoplasmic and plasma membrane staining, with noticeably less staining in the two homozygous KK patients. In conclusion, the Q141K variant plays contrasting roles in prostate cancer: 1) by decreasing folate efflux, increased intracellular folate levels result in enhanced tumor cell proliferation and therefore time to recurrence decreases; and 2) in patients treated with docetaxel, by decreasing its efflux, intratumoral docetaxel levels and tumor cell drug sensitivity increase and therefore patient survival time increases. Taken together, these data suggest that a patient's ABCG2 genotype may be important when determining a personalized treatment plan.
Assuntos
Membro 2 da Subfamília G de Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Taxoides/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Docetaxel , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , MicroRNAs/biossíntese , MicroRNAs/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biossíntese , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologiaRESUMO
Fatty acid synthase is up-regulated in a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer. Up-regulation of fatty acid synthase not only increases production of fatty acids in tumors but also contributes to the transformed phenotype by conferring growth and survival advantages. In addition, increased fatty acid synthase expression in prostate cancer correlates with poor prognosis, although the mechanism(s) by which this occurs are not completely understood. Because fatty acid synthase is expressed at low levels in normal cells, it is currently a major target for anticancer drug design. Fatty acid synthase is normally found in the cytosol; however, we have discovered that it also localizes to the nucleus in a subset of prostate cancer cells. Analysis of the fatty acid synthase protein sequence indicated the presence of a nuclear localization signal, and subcellular fractionation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells, as well as immunofluorescent confocal microscopy of patient prostate tumor tissue and LNCaPs confirmed nuclear localization of this protein. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of prostate cancer tissue indicated that nuclear localization of fatty acid synthase correlates with Gleason grade, implicating a potentially novel role in prostate cancer progression. Possible clinical implications include improving the accuracy of prostate biopsies in the diagnosis of low- versus intermediate-risk prostate cancer and the uncovering of novel metabolic pathways for the therapeutic targeting of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Núcleo Celular/enzimologia , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/enzimologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Feminino , Imunofluorescência , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Microscopia Confocal , Gradação de Tumores , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologiaRESUMO
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused unprecedented worldwide infections from persistent mutant variants with various degrees of infectivity and virulence. The elusiveness of a highly penetrant, worldwide vaccination strategy suggests that the complete eradication of SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely. Even with the advent of new antiviral agents, the disease burden worldwide continues to exceed current preventative and therapeutic strategies. Greater interest has been placed towards the development of affordable,broadly effective antiviral therapeutics. Here, we report that the small branched-chain fatty acid Valproic acid (VPA), approved for maintenance of seizure and bipolar disorder, has a novel anti- coronavirus activity that can be augmented with the addition of a long-chain, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). An EMR-based epidemiological study of patients tested for COVID-19 demonstrated a correlation exists between a reduced infection rate in patients treated withVPA of up to 25%, as well as a decreased risk of emergency room visits, hospitalization, ICU admission,and use of mechanical ventilation. In vitro studies have demonstrated that VPA modifies gene expression in MRC5 cells. Interestingly, VPA correlates with the inhibition of several SARS-CoV2 interacting genes and the greater inhibition of alpha-coronavirus HCoV-229E (a "common cold" virus) and SARS-CoV2. The VPA-DHA combination activates pre-existing intracellular antiviral mechanisms normally repressed by coronaviruses. Gene expression profiles demonstrate subtle differences in overall gene expression between VPA-treated and VPA-DHA-treated cells. HCoV-229E infection caused an intensely different response with a marked induction of multiple intracellular inflammatory genes. Changes in gene expression took at least 24 hours to manifest and most likely why prior drug screens failed to identify any antiviral VPA activity despite in silico predictions. This report demonstrates an interaction between HDAC inhibition and the potent activation of cellular antiviral responses. A foundation now exists for a low-cost, highly effective antiviral strategy when supplemented with DHA.
Assuntos
Antivirais , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Ácido Valproico , Ácido Valproico/farmacologia , Ácido Valproico/uso terapêutico , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/farmacologia , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/uso terapêutico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The excision repair cross complementing (ERCC1) gene product plays a vital role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and DNA interstrand crosslink repair pathways, which protect the genome from mutations and chromosomal aberrations, respectively. Genetic deletion of Ercc1 in the mouse causes dramatically accelerated aging. We examined the effect of Ercc1 deletion in the development of prostate cancer in a prostate recapitulation model as Ercc1 deficient mice die within four weeks of birth. METHODS: Prostate tissues from Ercc1(-/-) mice or wild-type littermates were combined with embryonic rat urogenital mesenchyme and grown as renal grafts for a total of 8, 16, and 24 weeks before histological, expression and proliferative evaluation. RESULTS: Invasive adenocarcinoma was observed in Ercc1(-/-) tissue recombinants but not wild-type as early as 8 weeks post-grafting. PIN-like lesions in Ercc1(-/-) tissue recombinants had more cytologic and architectural atypia than wild-type (P = 0.02, P = 0.0065, and P = 0.0003 at the 8, 16, and 24 weeks, respectively), as well as more proliferative cells (P = 0.022 and P = 0.033 at 8 and 16 weeks, respectively). With serial grafting, Ercc1(-/-) tissue recombinants progressed to a more severe histopathological phenotype more rapidly than wild-type (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Results show that ERCC1 and by implication the NER and/or interstrand crosslink repair mechanisms protect against prostate carcinogenesis and mutations or polymorphisms affecting these DNA repair pathways may predispose prostate epithelial cells to transformation.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/genética , Distúrbios no Reparo do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Endonucleases/deficiência , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Animais , Reparo do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/deficiência , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Endonucleases/genética , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A recent clinical trial revealed that folic acid supplementation is associated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer (Figueiredo et al., J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(6): 432-435). As tumor cells in culture proliferate directly in response to available folic acid, the goal of our study was to determine if there is a similar relationship between patient folate status, and the proliferative capacity of tumors in men with prostate cancer. METHODS: Serum folate and/or prostate tissue folate was determined in 87 randomly selected patients undergoing surgery for prostate cancer, and compared to tumor proliferation in a subset. RESULTS: Fasting serum folate levels were positively correlated with prostate tumor tissue folate content (n = 15; r = 0.577, P < 0.03). Mean serum folate was 62.6 nM (7.5-145.2 nM), 39.5% of patients used supplements containing folic acid (n = 86). The top quartile of patients had serum folates above 82 nM, six times the level considered adequate. Of these, 48% reported no supplement use. Among 50 patients with Gleason 7 disease, the mean proliferation index as determined by Ki67 staining was 6.17 ± 3.2% and 0.86 ± 0.92% in the tumors from patients in the highest (117 ± 15 nM) and lowest (18 ± 9 nM) quintiles for serum folate, respectively (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased cancer cell proliferation in men with higher serum folate concentrations is consistent with an increase in prostate cancer incidence observed with folate supplementation. Unexpectedly, more than 25% of patients had serum folate levels greater than sixfold adequate. Nearly half of these men reported no supplement use, suggesting either altered folate metabolism and/or sustained consumption of folic acid from fortified foods.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/sangue , Carcinoma/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Jejum/sangue , Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Incidência , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Concentração Osmolar , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/imunologia , Coloração e RotulagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fortification of the US food supply has increased folic acid intake and resulted in a concomitant decrease in neural tube defects in women. However, a body evidence supports the hypothesis that increased circulating folate levels due to excessive dietary or supplemental folic acid may be harmful for men with prostate cancer. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to investigate the feasibility of a reduced folic acid dietary intervention in men on an active surveillance monitoring program for prostate cancer. METHODS: Men with low-grade prostate cancer enrolled into a 12-week dietary folic acid reduction diet. Primary outcome was red blood cell (RBC) folate reduction at 12 weeks. Other outcomes include serum folate, homocysteine, and vitamin B12 levels. The number of patients who complete the trial and reasons for disenrollment or dropout were also assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight participants were enrolled into the dietary intervention study. Six participants withdrew from the study and a total of 21 participants completed all baseline and week 12 biochemical assessments. Only 18 participants completed all dietary questionnaires. Participants withdrew from the study due to difficulty with the diet or personal reasons. A substantial reduction was noted in serum folate (p < 0.007), RBC folate (p < 0.001) and dietary consumption of folic acid from foods (p = 0.003) and supplements (p = 0.003) without reduction in serum homocysteine or vitamin B12. Although an overall decrease in PSA from baseline to twelve weeks was found, the reduction was not significant (-3.55 ng/mL, p = 0.197). CONCLUSIONS: This phase 1 feasibility study reduced dietary folic acid intake from food and supplements and successfully lowered serum and RBC folate without resulting harmful effects. Data from this study supports future intervention trials with a larger prostate cancer active surveillance population and has the potential to reduce prostate cancer progression. There are no interventions to reduce progression of prostate cancer in man on active surveillance.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata , Conduta Expectante , Estudos de Viabilidade , Ácido Fólico , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Neoplasias da Próstata/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a unique folate hydrolase that is significantly upregulated in prostate cancer. In a mouse model, PSMA is able to facilitate prostate carcinogenesis, however, little is known about the mechanism by which this occurs. As PSMA is able to hydrolyze polyglutamated folates, and cancer cells proliferate directly in response to available folate, we examined if expression of human PSMA in PC-3 cells confers a proliferative advantage in a microenvironment with physiologically relevant folate levels. METHODS: Proliferation and folate uptake of PC-3 prostate cancer cells expressing human-PSMA or vector alone was assessed in media containing low (LF; 1 nM), physiological (PF; 25 nM), or high (HF; 2.3 microM) folate with or without poly-gamma-glutamated folate (Pte-Glu(5)) or folic acid, and a specific inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of PSMA, 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). Folic acid was tested for its ability to competitively inhibit the enzymatic activity of PSMA. RESULTS: Proliferation of PC-3-PSMA cells grown in the presence of poly-gamma-glutamated folate, was significantly higher than that of PC-3-vector cells, an advantage which was attenuated by the addition of 2-PMPA. In media containing physiologic levels of folate, PSMA expression increased folic acid uptake approximately twofold over non-expressing cells. Folic acid was able to inhibit hydrolysis of N-[4-(phenylazo)-benzoyl]-glutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid (PABGgG) by PSMA in a competitive inhibition assay. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate PSMA in both the metabolism of polyglutamated folates, and in the uptake of monoglutamated folates. Under conditions of LF or PF levels, PSMA gives cells expressing it a proliferative advantage.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Superfície/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Ácido Fólico/farmacocinética , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Dipeptídeos/metabolismo , Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Humanos , Hidrólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Compostos Organofosforados/farmacologia , Ácidos Pteroilpoliglutâmicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: High folate has an association with advanced prostate cancer and levels of testosterone. Herein, we perform a translational study to investigate the inverse response of serum folate in prostate cancer patients initiating androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and a mirrored animal model. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using the South Texas Veterans Healthcare System to identify patients with prostate cancer on ADT. We documented testosterone and folate levels before and after ADT initiation (defined by a reduction in testosterone by 50 ng/ml) as compared to those already on ADT (maintenance). Our primary outcome was overall mortality with secondary outcome of prostate cancer-specific mortality. In parallel, we tested castration of C57BL/6J mice on folate-defined diet to determine if folate levels change with response to androgen deprivation. Students' t test on continuous variables and Chi-squared test on dichotomous variables was performed along with Kaplan-Meier for time to event analysis. RESULTS: We identified 56 men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation in which folate levels had been determined. 15 out of 16 (94%) men initiating ADT had increases in their folate, which is substantially more than 67% in maintenance group (Pâ¯=â¯0.04). We identified more rapid time to death from prostate cancer if folate levels increased to levels >200 ng/ml above their baseline (Pâ¯=â¯0.03). Mice models demonstrated a significant rise in serum red blood cell folate after mice were castrated (Pâ¯=â¯0.03) by an average of 1.5x over pre-castrated baseline level. By contrast, sham-castrated mice showed no increase in serum folate levels over baseline. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that men with substantial rises in folate after initiating ADT may be associated with worse prostate cancer-specific and overall survival. Our translational experiments in mice confirmed correlation between rising in folate levels post-castration. Given this study, further investigation is warranted on the role of dietary folate consumption during initiation of ADT and progression to castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Ácido Fólico/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antagonistas de Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Orquiectomia , Neoplasias da Próstata/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Nuclear NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4) is a key component of metabolic reprogramming and is often overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, its prognostic role in RCC remains unclear. Here we examined the significance of nuclear Nox4 on disease progression and development of drug resistance in advanced RCC. We analyzed human RCC tissue from multiple regions in the primary index tumor, cancer-associated normal adjacent parenchyma, intravascular tumor in locally advanced cancer patients. We found that the higher nuclear Nox4 expression was significantly associated with progression and death. These findings were consistent after controlling for other competing clinical variables. In contrast, patients with lower nuclear Nox4, even in higher stage RCC had better prognosis. We identified a subset of patients with high nuclear Nox4 who had rapid disease progression or died within 6 months of surgery. In addition, higher nuclear Nox4 level correlated with resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Western blotting performed on fresh human RCC tissue as well as cell-lines revealed increased nuclear Nox4 expression. Our data support an important prognostic role of Nox4 mediated regulation of RCC independent of other competing variables. Nox4 localizes to the nucleus in high-grade, high-stage RCC. Higher nuclear Nox4 has prognostic significance for disease progression, poor survival, and development of drug resistance in RCC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/enzimologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Núcleo Celular/enzimologia , Progressão da Doença , Neoplasias Renais/enzimologia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , NADPH Oxidase 4/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Intervalo Livre de ProgressãoRESUMO
Thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13 (TRIP13) is a crucial regulator of the spindle apparatus checkpoint and double-stranded break repair. The abnormal expression of TRIP13 was recently found in several human cancers, whereas the role of TRIP13 in the development of bladder cancer (BCa) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we reported that TRIP13 expression was elevated in BCa tissues compared with normal bladder tissues. Notably, the increased expression of TRIP13 was correlated with advanced tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and reduced survival in BCa patients. Knockdown of TRIP13 in bladder cancer cells suppressed proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, promoted apoptosis, and impaired cell motility, ultimately inhibiting tumor xenograft growth. Mechanistic investigations revealed that TRIP13 directly bound to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), modulating the EGFR signaling pathway. Furthermore, TRIP13 expression was positively correlated with EGFR expression in BCa specimens, and the high expression of both TRIP13 and EGFR predicted poor survival. Overall, our results underscore the crucial role of TRIP13 in the tumorigenesis of BCa and provide a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for BCa treatment.
Assuntos
ATPases Associadas a Diversas Atividades Celulares/metabolismo , Carcinogênese , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Idoso , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Ciclo Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Biologia Computacional , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Metástase Neoplásica , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To study the association of nutrient intake measured by baseline food frequency questionnaire and risk of subsequent prostate cancer (PCa) in the SABOR (San Antonio Biomarkers of Risk) cohort study. METHODS: After IRB approval, more than 1903 men enrolled in a prospective cohort from 2000 to 2010 as part of the SABOR clinical validation site for the National Cancer Institute Early Detection Research Network. Food and nutrient intakes were calculated using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards modeling and covariate-balanced propensity scores were used to assess the associations between all nutrients and PCa. RESULTS: A total of 229 men were diagnosed with PCa by prostate biopsy. Among all nutrients, increased risk of PCa was associated with intake of dietary fat scaled by the total caloric intake, particularly saturated fatty acid (SFA) [HR 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.32), P value < 0.001, False discovery rate (FDR) 0.047] and trans fatty acid (TFA) [HR per quintile 1.21; (95% CI) (1.08-1.35), P < 0.001, FDR 0.039]. There was an increased risk of PCa with increasing intake of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (HR per quintile 1.14; 95% CI 1.03-1.27, P = 0.01, FDR 0.15) and cholesterol [HR per quintile 1.13; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (1.02-1.26), P-value 0.02, FDR 0.19]. CONCLUSION: After examining a large, population-based cohort for PCa diagnosis, we identified dietary total fat and certain fatty acids as associated with increased risk of PCa. We found no factors that were protective from PCa. Dietary modification of fatty acid intake may reduce risk of PCa.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta , Ingestão de Energia , Ácidos Graxos , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/etiologia , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Vigilância da População , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Sistema de Registros , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Texas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge on the biology of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and its translation to therapy. The usual key to discovery is a realistic model for experimentation and for testing a hypothesis. A realistic model is especially needed in the case of the human prostate, which differs significantly from the prostate of species often used as research models. We will emphasize the genetic characterization of PSMA, the nature of the PSMA protein, and its role as a carboxypeptidase, with differing important substrates and products in different tissues. We give special prominence to the importance of PSMA as a target for imaging and therapy in prostate cancer and its underdeveloped role for imaging and targeting the neovasculature of tumors other than prostate cancer. Lastly, we bring attention to its importance in other nonprostatic tissues.
Assuntos
Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/metabolismo , Radioterapia/métodos , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismoRESUMO
Prostate cancer incidence increases with age; along with many other cancers, it could be considered a disease of aging. Prostate cancer screening has led to a significant proportion of men diagnosed with low-grade, low-stage prostate cancer who are now more likely to choose an active surveillance strategy rather than definitive treatments. Definitive treatment, such as surgery and radiation therapy, is useful for high-grade disease; however, because of the low long-term risk of progression of a low-grade disease and side effects of surgery and radiation, these treatments are less commonly used for low-grade disease. While five alpha reductase inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of cancer detection on subsequent biopsies for men on active surveillance, no medications have been proven to prevent progression to high-grade disease. mTOR pathways have long been known to influence prostate cancer and are targets in various prostate cancer patient populations. Low-dose mTOR inhibition with rapamycin has shown promise in pre-clinical models of prostate cancer and appear to affect cellular senescence and immunomodulation in the aging population. We hypothesize that low-dose mTOR inhibition could reduce progression of low-grade prostate cancer patients, allowing them to remain on active surveillance.
Assuntos
Inibidores de 5-alfa Redutase/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/antagonistas & inibidores , Idoso , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Senescência Celular , Progressão da Doença , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Intolerância à Glucose , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Teóricos , Próstata/patologia , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Sirolimo/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: As part of a broader study examining the relationship between serum folate concentrations and prostate cancer progression, we determined if there are age related changes in serum folate concentration compared to folate intake in the U.S. male population. METHODS: Weighted data from the 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 NHANES databases was analyzed. A subpopulation of male participants was selected who were older than one year of age, had completed two days of dietary recall including supplement usage, and had fasted for at least 4 h prior to having their serum folate measured. Total dietary folate equivalent (DFE) intake (mcg) represented the combination of all natural food folate and folic acid from fortification and dietary supplements. Geometric means of serum folate (nM), red blood cell (RBC) folate (nM), and DFE intake were calculated for nine consecutive age groups, with each group generally representing a 10 year span. Analysis was then focused on males older than 20 years of age. RESULTS: A total of 19,142 subjects were in the initial NHANES population, which represented over 294 million people within the United States. Applying our inclusion criteria created a final subpopulation size of 3775. Subsequent analysis of the age groups for all males older than 20 years found the following: The mean serum folate (nM) with 95% CI levels ranged from 28.2 (26.6, 29.9) to 55.1 (47.5, 63.9). RBC folate (nM) concentrations with 95% CI levels without any fasting exclusions ranged from 795.6 (741.5, 853.7) to 1038.4 (910.7, 1184.2). Serum and RBC folate concentrations were significantly higher with age across these age groups (p < 0.001). However, the mean total daily DFE intake did not significantly differ ranging from 640.4 (574.7, 713.7) to 720.2 (665, 780) mcg, (p = 0.373). Serum folate concentrations in men with total daily DFE intake of at least 1000 mcg increased more significantly with increasing age than serum folate concentrations in men with less than 400 mcg of total daily DFE intake (p < 0.001). There was a similar trend with the RBC folate concentrations (p = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: We observed higher serum and RBC folate concentrations and a divergence between dietary folate intake and these folate concentrations in older males. This phenomenon was evident at total DFE intakes that were significantly less than the 1000 mcg tolerable upper intake level currently recommended by the Institute of Medicine.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/sangue , Eritrócitos/química , Ácido Fólico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Alimentos Fortificados , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Progression to androgen independence (AI) leading to uncontrolled cell growth is the main cause of death in prostate cancer. While almost all patients with metastatic prostate cancer will initially respond to anti-androgen treatments, the majority will fail hormonal treatments in less than 2 yrs. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations in gene expression contribute significantly to the development of AI. To investigate this we have used an in vitro cell line model of AI prostate cancer from which we have identified a number of differentially expressed genes associated with progression to AI in prostate cancer. We used an in vitro cell line model of AI prostate cancer, to study differential gene expression using cDNA microarray analysis and corroborated the microarray results with Ribonuclease Protection Assay (RPA). Approximately 4480 out of 7075 (63.3%) cDNA cloned genes were differentially expressed, of which, 6 genes were differentially expressed by at least fivefold. RPA was used to corroborate the microarray results for the five most highly differentially expressed genes. Using an in vitro cell line model and microarray analysis we have identified a number of candidate genes for further investigation in AI prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Androgênios/farmacologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Metástase Neoplásica , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Despite a multitude of detection and treatment advances in the past 2 decades, prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of deaths due to cancer among men in the United States. Technological evolution and expanding knowledge of tumor biomarkers have invigorated exploration in prostate cancer therapeutics. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was one of the first prostate cancer biomarkers successfully cloned. Since then, it has been characterized as the prototypical cell-surface marker for prostate cancer and has been the subject of intense clinical inquiry. In this article, we review the relevant research in PSMA on the 20th anniversary of its cloning. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A PubMed search using the keywords "prostate-specific membrane antigen" or "glutamate carboxypeptidase II" provided 1019 results. An additional 3 abstracts were included from scientific meetings. Articles were vetted by title and abstract with emphasis placed on those with clinically relevant findings. RESULTS: Sixty articles were selected for inclusion. PSMA was discovered and cloned in 1993. Its structure and function were further delineated in the ensuing decade. Consensus sites of expression in normal physiology are prostate, kidney, nervous system, and small intestine. PSMA has been implicated in the neovasculature of several tumors including urothelial and renal cell carcinomas. In prostate cancer, expression of PSMA is directly related to the Gleason grade. PSMA has been tested both in imaging and therapeutics in a number of prostate cancer clinical trials. Several recent approaches to target PSMA include the use of small molecule inhibitors, PSMA-based immunotherapy, RNA aptamer conjugates, and PSMA-targeted prodrug therapy. Future study of PSMA in prostate cancer might focus on its intracellular functions and possible role in tumor neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty years from its discovery, PSMA represents a viable biomarker and treatment target in prostate cancer. Research to delineate its precise role in prostate carcinogenesis and within the therapeutic armamentarium for patients with prostate cancer remains encouraging.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Superfície , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The US diet has been fortified with folic acid to prevent neural tube defects since 1998. The Physician Data Queries from the National Cancer Institute describe folate as protective against prostate cancer, whereas its synthetic analog, folic acid, is considered to increase prostate cancer risk when taken at levels easily achievable by eating fortified food or taking over-the-counter supplements. We review the present literature to examine the effects of folate and folic acid on prostate cancer, help interpret previous epidemiologic data, and provide clarification regarding the apparently opposing roles of folate for patients with prostate cancer. A literature search was conducted in Medline to identify studies investigating the effect of nutrition and specifically folate and folic acid on prostate carcinogenesis and progression. In addition, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database was analyzed for trends in serum folate levels before and after mandatory fortification. Folate likely plays a dual role in prostate carcinogenesis. There remains conflicting epidemiologic evidence regarding folate and prostate cancer risk; however, there is growing experimental evidence that higher circulating folate levels can contribute to prostate cancer progression. Further research is needed to clarify these complex relationships.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/fisiopatologia , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Ácido Fólico/fisiologia , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/epidemiologia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Calicreínas/metabolismo , Calicreínas/fisiologia , Masculino , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Antígeno Prostático Específico/metabolismo , Antígeno Prostático Específico/fisiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Complexo Vitamínico B/fisiologiaRESUMO
The peptide neurotransmitter N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is inactivated by the extracellular enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Inhibitors of this enzyme reverse dizocilpine (MK-801)-induced impairment of short-term memory in the novel object recognition test. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that NAAG peptidase inhibition enhances long-term (24h delay) memory of C57BL mice. These mice and mice in which glutamate carboxypeptidase II had been knocked out were presented with two identical objects to explore for 10min on day 1 and tested with one of these familiar objects and one novel object on day 2. Memory was assessed as the degree to which the mice recalled the familiar object and explored the novel object to a greater extent on day 2. Uninjected mice or mice injected with saline prior to the acquisition session on day 1 demonstrated a lack of memory of the acquisition experience by exploring the familiar and novel objects to the same extent on day 2. Mice treated with glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitors ZJ43 or 2-PMPA prior to the acquisition trial explored the novel object significantly more time than the familiar object on day 2. Consistent with these results, mice in which glutamate carboxypeptidase II had been knocked out distinguished the novel from the familiar object on day 2 while their heterozygous colony mates did not. Inhibition of glutamate carboxypeptidase II enhances recognition memory, a therapeutic action that might be useful in treatment of memory deficits related to age and neurological disorders.
Assuntos
Deleção de Genes , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/antagonistas & inibidores , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/genética , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Reconhecimento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Reconhecimento Psicológico/fisiologia , Animais , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Exploratório/fisiologia , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/deficiência , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Compostos Organofosforados/farmacologia , Ureia/análogos & derivados , Ureia/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The sensitivity of the PCR reaction makes it ideal for use when identifying potentially novel viral infections in human disease. Unfortunately, this same sensitivity also leaves this popular technique open to potential contamination with previously amplified PCR products, or "carry-over" contamination. PCR product carry-over contamination can be prevented with uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG), and it is for this reason that it is commonly included in many commercial PCR master-mixes. While testing the sensitivity of PCR assays to detect murine DNA contamination in human tissue samples, we inadvertently discovered that the use of this common PCR reagent may lead to the production of false-negative PCR results. FINDINGS: We show here that contamination with minute quantities of UNG-digested PCR product or any negative control PCR reactions containing primer-dimers regardless of UNG presence can completely block amplification from as much as 60 ng of legitimate target DNA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings could potentially explain discrepant results from laboratories attempting to amplify MLV-related viruses including XMRV from human samples, as none of the published reports used internal-tube controls for amplification. The potential for false negative results needs to be considered and carefully controlled in PCR experiments, especially when the target copy number may be low - just as the potential for false positive results already is.
RESUMO
Increased expression of PSMA, a differentiation antigen with folate hydrolase activity, is an independent marker of prostate cancer progression. Mice expressing moderate levels of human PSMA in their prostate develop PIN-like lesions by 9 months. The aim of this study was to determine whether PSMA is involved in prostate carcinogenesis and progression and, if so, the possible mechanism by which PSMA may exert its effects. Using prostates from PSMA-transgenic mice, we developed a tissue recombinant model that exhibits small atypical glands with features of adenocarcinoma. This was not observed in tissue recombinants that were composed of prostate tissues from the wild-type siblings. Cells from PSMA-transgenic tissue recombinants have the ability to form colonies in semisolid agar. PSMA may facilitate this phenotype by increasing the invasive ability of cells. Ectopic PSMA expression on PC-3 cells increased the invasive capacity of cells in in vitro invasion assays, which could be competed out by folic acid. These results suggest PSMA facilitates the development of prostate cancer, and the invasive ability of these cells may be modulated by folate levels. These findings show a novel mechanism that may contribute to the known role of folate in cancer prevention, and may lead to the use of PSMA inhibitors as novel chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer. Moreover, our model should prove useful for further dissecting pathways involved in prostate carcinogenesis and progression.