[Experienced violence and enacted violence: The place of somatic expression]. / Violences subies, violences agies : la place de l'expression somatique du repérage à l'expertise.

Being a victim of violence and neglect during childhood can expose minors to significant health repercussions on the physical, psychological, psycho-affective and neuro-developmental levels.. Self- and hetero-aggressive violences in all age groups are now considered to be possible consequences of these severe adverse experiences. The place of the body is essential in this context. The body, often considered as the only tangible and opposable marker of violence, has a singular and integral place in the psyche and overall health. It is an important vector in order for professionals to have access to the child. The examination of the body allows the expression of violence and its formulation from a very young age, especially during clinical examinations in situations of possible danger. It also "speaks" in situations of malaise, growth disorder, self or heteroaggressive acts. During the adolescence, it can also be attacked by scarification, dietary restrictions, mutilations, early and risky sexual activity, prostitution.. By taking jointly both the body and the psyche, children and adolescents find a unity, are no longer fragmented. It is this unity that will allow the continuation of more specific care and more specifically child psychiatric support. This joint concern of paediatricians, general practitioners, child psychiatrists and psychologists will also ensure, particularly during adolescence, the continuation of health monitoring. It is essential to think about these collaborations from the first meeting with children and adolescents who are victims or perpetrators of violence. Encountering child and adolescent victims of violence confronts practitioners with a reality that is difficult to see and to conceive. Although the continuum between suffered violence and perpetrated violence seems to be better known today, these different situations remain difficult to understand and to manage. We believe that the violence that is perpetrated can be a screen for the causes of the violence and for the response to the needs of minors, particularly in terms of health. For practitioners, going to meet children and adolescents who are perpetrators of violence entails to be able to take a "step aside" from the classical representations of aggression or aggressiveness, whether they are directed towards third parties or towards the minor himself. Access to the somatic examination and medical history of these children or adolescents must be fully integrated from the first meeting. Associating health in all its aspects (somatic, psychic and social) then allows for specific care to be provided, regardless of their nature and place. This initial integrated practice allows us to take care of children and adolescents and highlights the notion of otherness that is undermined in situations of violence or neglect, particularly when they occur in the family environment. This initial joint somatic and psychological care in a single unit enables re-establishment of a dialogue with the minors and their parents. The shared competencies and the links that unite these different professionals together constitutes already therapeutic care. By reintroducing a dialogue about the children and adolescents and their overall health, the response to their needs can be perceived as a common and reachable objective that inscribes the minor in the temporality and extracts him or her from the immediacy of a punctually repressed act.

[Social or judicial alert in child abuse: Announcement guidelines and simulation in child welfare training with standardized patients]. / Information préoccupante ou signalement dans les violences intrafamiliales : construction, validation et mise en application d'une grille d'annonce par technique de simulation en santé avec patients standardisés.

Child abuse is a major health problem that can lead to physical and psychological issues. Its diagnosis can be difficult and sensitive. Physicians are submitted by law to inform the parents when they report to child welfare services or judicial authorities, unless otherwise in the minor's interest. This exercise is destabilizing for both patients and physicians. The physician must be trained to detect and announce a possible diagnosis of child abuse. To facilitate and increase those reports, we have developed guidelines for the physicians to help the exercise of announcement. These guidelines were based on pre-existing recommendations about how to announce bad news. We have also planned to put into practice these guidelines with a communication skills training program based on standardized patients. We propose the acronym PROTECT; P for plural: never stay alone in such situations, R for remaining a caregiver and not becoming an investigator or judge, O for obligation to protect minors, T for time, to take enough time to inform the parents and the child but in a limited time frame, E for explaining to the parents what preoccupy the professionals; C for centring ourselves on the child, his or her symptoms, needs and pain; T for total care of the child that should integrate physical, psychological, and social child health, through a global and interdisciplinary approach in collaboration with child welfare services, and should involve also the child in the process. This tool will be applied by simulation in child welfare training with standardized patients. The evaluation of this tool and its application would need further study.

[Child protection: Pediatricians' knowledge and practices in Brittany]. / Évaluation des connaissances et des pratiques des pédiatres de Bretagne concernant la protection de l'enfance.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: On 5 March 2007, the law concerning the child protection system was reformed. Since then, child protection services have been responsible for the management of child abuse and neglect. Reporting and asking for child protection is now easier for every physician by submitting a "preoccupying information" form. A study conducted in 2014 in the general practitioners (GP) in the Ille-et-Vilaine department showed that they were quite unfamiliar with the child protection updates and that they needed special training. We wished to study the knowledge and practices of the pediatricians in Brittany and compare these results to the previous study. METHODS: An anonymous postal investigation was conducted between May and July 2014. The questionnaire was referred to the previous study so the results would be comparable. RESULTS: A total of 134 pediatricians (including 99 women) of the 316 pediatricians of Brittany answered our questionnaire regarding their activity and their knowledge about child abuse and neglect. These results were analyzed and compared to the data of GPs in Ille-et-Vilaine. Only 4.4 % of the pediatricians obtained more than 80 % correct answers and 12 % of the pediatricians obtained fewer than 50 % correct answers. Among the pediatricians, 41 % of them had not reported a single time since 2007. The pediatricians who obtained better results (P<0.001) had more training and were more often in contact with child abuse and neglect than the GPs. The most common reasons that clinicians gave for not reporting were lack of a return from social services after a report, lack of training and the fear of making a misdiagnosis. Indeed only 9 % had received feedback from social services. To make reporting easier, 92 % of the pediatricians would like training and 97 % found a simple practice guide on child abuse useful. CONCLUSION: Child protection is a neglected subject, including by pediatricians. To fight against professional denial and isolation, a substantial effort is still needed concerning caregivers' training as well as pediatric care organization.

[Infants living with their mothers in the Rennes, France, prison for women between 1998 and 2013. Facts and perspectives]. / Les nourrissons vivant auprès de leur mère incarcérée au centre pénitentiaire des femmes de Rennes entre 1998 et 2013. Constats et perspectives.

Every year in France, nearly 50 infants live in a prison nursery with their mother. According to French law, infants can live with their mother in the prison nursery until they reach 18 months of age. The international community is concerned about the lack of validated social, medical and legal data on these infants living in prison. This was a retrospective and descriptive study. Medical and paramedical files of the General Council of Île-et-Vilaine, France, were studied. Every infant born between 1998 and 2013 while their mother was in prison were included. Fifty-four files were collected. The average length of stay was 6.2 months (n=54). The type of the mother's prison sentence was property damage in 40 % of cases, personal injury in 51.1 % of cases and both in 8.9 % of cases (n=45). The length of the mother's imprisonment was on average 45 months, ranging from 3 to 216 months (n=34). After prison, 42.9 % of the infants were placed in foster care and 57.1 % resided with their family (n=42). This child-mother incarceration could be an opportunity for positive intergenerational paramedical, medical and social services. The lack of data and problems collecting data restrict our knowledge of these families. This should motivate a national follow-up for these children.

[Child protection system: Knowledge and role of the general practitioners in Ille-et-Vilaine]. / Protection de l'enfance : connaissance et place des médecins généralistes en Ille-et-Vilaine.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: On 5 March 2007 the law concerning the child protection system was reformed. Since this date, child protection services are responsible for child abuse and neglect. Child protection services are now attempting to determine the rightful place for parents. Asking for child protection is now easier for the general practitioner (GP), who can submit a "preoccupying information (PI)" form. The aim of this study was to review GPs' knowledge on this issue 6 years after the passage of this new law. METHODS: Prospective postal investigation between 04/01/2013 and 06/01/2013. RESULTS: A total of 298 (113 women) of the 899 GPs of the Ille-et-Vilaine area in Brittany answered a few questions about their activity and their knowledge on child abuse and neglect. The sample's mean age, sex, and practice was representative of the GPs in this area. Only 25.5% of the GPs had any knowledge of this new law. The term "preoccupying information" was unfamiliar to 70.1% of the GPs and what to do with the PI was unknown to 77.2%. The GPs did not know which type of letter to send nor where to send it between legal child protection and social protection services. Only 5% of the GPs had child protection training on PI. The main problem informing the child protection services was the lack of training. Consequently, 91.9% of the GPs would like training. CONCLUSIONS: The GPs in the Ille-et-Vilaine area in Brittany are unfamiliar with the child protection updates and need special training.

[Knowledge of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: Results of a multicenter cross-sectional survey]. / Connaissances des adolescents atteints de maladie inflammatoire chronique intestinale : résultats d'une enquête transversale multicentrique.

AIM: To assess knowledge acquired by adolescents about their inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was given during consultation to adolescents followed for IBD by pediatricians from 13 hospitals between 1 September 2012 and 1 July 2013. After parental consent, these physicians completed a form at the inclusion of each patient, in which the characteristics of IBD were detailed. The patients mailed back their questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 124 patients from 12 to 19 years of age were included with a response rate of 82% (all anonymous); 23% of the patients thought that diet was a possible cause of IBD and 22% that one of the targets of their treatment was to cure their disease for good. Of the patients reported having Crohn disease, 46% knew the anoperineal location and 14% knew that Crohn disease can affect the entire digestive tract. Twenty-five percent of the patients were able to name one side effect of azathioprine (88% had already received this treatment), 24% were able to name one side effect of infliximab (54% had already received this treatment), 70% of the adolescents knew that smoking worsens Crohn disease, 68% declared they had learned about their IBD from their pediatrician, and 81% said they would like to receive more information. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with IBD have gaps in their general knowledge and the different treatments of their disease. Their main source of information is their pediatrician, warranting the implementation of customized patient education sessions.

[Anemia and limping in a vegetarian adolescent]. / Anémie et boiterie chez un adolescent végétalien.

UNLABELLED: A vegan diet in the child and adolescent can induce severe bone sequelae by rickets and osteomalacia and megaloblastic anemia by cobalamin deficiency. CASE REPORT: A 15-year-old adolescent was hospitalized because of lameness and pallor. The lameness was explained by femoral epiphysiolysis caused by rickets with severe hypocalcemia. The pallor, jaundice and splenomegalia were due to cobalamin-deficiency megaloblastic anemia. A prolonged supplemental diet with calcium, vitamins D and B12 as well as orthopedic treatment stabilized the bone lesions. The megaloblastic anemia was cured by parenteral cobalamin. The adolescent and his brother were victims of a diet imposed by a cult and a lack of care due to their parents refusing that a vegan diet was the cause of the deficient pathology. Penal proceedings led to the incarceration of the parents and to the placement of the children. COMMENTS: Deficiencies in calcium and vitamins D and B12 may be severe in a child's development with a vegan diet. This case report reveals the social and legal problems of an inappropriate diet in infancy imposed by parents who are followers of a fundamentalist church. Beyond the management of children in cults, health professionals have to prevent, screen and supplement the deficient diet.

[Judicial decisions after reporting cases of shaken baby syndrome. Sentences and compensation]. / Traitement judiciaire des cas de « bébés secoués ¼. Aspects répressifs et indemnitaires.

BACKGROUND: Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is defined by the association of intracranial hemorrhage and retinal hemorrhage in infants under 2 years of age, with no obvious external trauma. This syndrome leads to frequent neurological sequelae. Therefore, these infants can claim compensation for damage if sequelae are directly and irrefutably linked to the trauma. Data on the judicial treatment are for the most part inexistent in the medical literature, the reason for which this study was conducted. POPULATION AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study over a period of 10 years. We included all cases of SBS reported to the High Courts of the Ille-et-Vilaine department (Rennes and St Malo). The cases were listed from the archives of the Department of Medical Information, the Specialized Unit for Abused Children and Forensic Department at the Rennes University Hospital. We were able to look the judicial cases up after receiving agreement from the prosecutors of the two courts. RESULTS: Of the 34 cases included, 12 could not be used (lost, ongoing, destroyed, transferred to another court), 16 led to an order of dismissal or to no further action because of an unknown perpetrator, insufficiently described offense, or insufficient evidence. Six authors were sentenced. It was the father (n=5) or the childminder (n=1). All perpetrators had confessed to part or all of the charges brought against them. Five children received compensation: three by the civil court and two by the commission of compensation for victims of an offense. CONCLUSION: Most cases led to no conviction and no compensation. The identification by the physician of the person responsible for the lesions in SBS does not mean that the perpetrator will be convicted because of the strict application of criminal law. The nomination of an administrator representing the infant could resolve the lack of compensation.

[Pregnancy management among teenagers under 15 years old: a multidisciplinary challenge]. / Prise en charge de la grossesse chez la mineure de moins de 15 ans: un challenge multidisciplinaire.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy before 15 years old remains a troublesome issue for medical teams which are not used to working with adolescents. The aim of this work is to study the outcome of the pregnancies among very young adolescents, the psycho-social context, the medical management, the professionals involved in it and the follow-up after pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis from four cases, in the university hospital of Rennes, during the year 2011. RESULTS: All the pregnancies were terminated, half of them on a psychological indication. Three adolescents showed evidence of major psychological distress and two of them had a history of sexual abuse. The medical care was heterogeneous, from the first meet until the follow-up after pregnancy, including the medical abortion. A multidisciplinary teamwork was found in three of the four cases. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy before the age of 15 years old is a rare event and often ends with a medical abortion. The medical management of those vulnerable adolescents is complex and requires a multidisciplinary team approach all along the follow-up. A national evaluation of clinical practice in this area seems to be needed.

Dry aerosol vaccination against Newcastle disease: II. Serological response in chicks.

Day-old chickens with Newcastle disease maternal antibodies are separated in two batches. One batch (S) is vaccinated by liquid spray method with HB1 strain: the other one (NS) is not vaccinated. At 2, 3 or 4 weeks subgroups from S and NS batches are vaccinated with HB1 strain by dry aerosol method. Serological controls reveal an important increase of Newcastle antibodies within two weeks after dry aerosol vaccination. Then a drop of the antibody quantities is observed during weeks 2 to 4 post dry aerosol vaccination. In the following weeks, the antibody level increases very slowly.