Engaging men in women's empowerment: impact of a complex gender transformative intervention on household socio-economic and health outcomes in the eastern democratic republic of the Congo using a longitudinal survey.

BACKGROUND: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, women in (peri-)urban areas are commonly engaged in small trade, which allows them to meet the basic needs of their families. Microsaving approaches are a low-risk option to obtain financing for economic activities. A project combining men's sensitization on gender equity and women's empowerment through village savings and loan associations were implemented in North and South Kivu to raise the household economic level. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed how involving men in gender equity affects women's health and socio-economic outcomes, including food security. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted with 1812 women at the baseline; out of them 1055 were retrieved at the follow-up. Baseline data collection took place from May to December 2017 and the follow-up from July 2018 to January 2019. To identify socio-economic changes and changes of gender relations, linear and logistic regressions were run. RESULTS: Results showed that the household income improved with intervention (coefficient = 0.327; p = 0.002), while the capacity to pay high bills without contracting debts decreased (coefficient = 0.927; p = 0.001). We did not find enough statistically significant evidence of the influence of the intervention on skilled birth attendance (coefficient = 0.943; p = 0.135), or family planning use (coefficient = 0.216; p = 0.435) nor women's participation in the decision-making (coefficient = 0.033; p = 0.227) nor on couple's cohesion (coefficient = 0.024; p = 0.431). Food insecurity levels decreased over time regardless of being in the intervention or control area. CONCLUSION: Empowering women while sensitizing men on gender aspects improves financial well-being (income). Time, security, and strong politics of government recognizing and framing the approach are still needed to maximize the benefit of such projects on social factors such as women's participation in decision-making and social cohesion.

Family planning in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: personal beliefs, intimate partner negotiations and social pressure.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has a low prevalence of family planning use. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role that socio-cultural factors play in the decision to use family planning or not. This qualitative study explored barriers to women's use of family planning methods in an ongoing conflict region, South-Kivu, DRC. Focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews were conducted to understand perceptions and habits regarding family planning. An inductive approach was used to analyse the data. Precariousness of life, religious beliefs and fear of side effects were limiting factors to the use of family planning. Power relations within the couple also played an important role in decision-making. Sole provider ('breadwinner') women were more likely to use family planning, including hormonal methods. Our findings highlight the continued importance of family planning programmes that respond to socio-cultural factors, personal beliefs, and fear of side effects in parallel with addressing availability and accessibility. This will require including the community in their design and implementation in order to meet unmet family planning needs. Health care providers' capacity building and training to help women manage family planning side effects will also be beneficial.

First recourse for care-seeking and associated factors among rural populations in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

BACKGROUND: Access to quality healthcare is a global fundamental human right. However, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, several parameters affect the choices of health service users in fragile, rural contexts (zones). The overarching aim of this study was to identify the first recourse of healthcare-seeking and the determinants of utilization of health centers (primary health care structures) in the rural health zones of Katana and Walungu. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June to September 2017. Consenting respondents comprised 1751 adults. Continuous data were summarized using means (standard deviation) and medians (interquartile range). We used Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher exact test to compare proportions. Logistic regression was run to assess socio-determinants of health center utilization. RESULTS: The morbidity rate of the sample population for the previous month was 86.4% (n = 1501) of which 60% used health centers for their last morbid episode and 20% did not. 5.3% of the respondents patronized prayer rooms and 7.9% resorted to self-medication principally because the cost was low, or the services were fast. Being female (OR: 1.51; p = 0.005) and a higher level of education (OR: 1.79; p = 0.032) were determinants of the use of health centers in Walungu. Only the level of education was associated with the use of health centers in Katana (OR: 2.78; p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that health centers are the first recourse for the majority of the population during an illness. However, a significant percentage of patients are still using traditional healers or prayer rooms because the cost is low. Our results suggest that future interventions to encourage integrated health service use should target those with lower levels of education.

Impact of a complex gender-transformative intervention on maternal and child health outcomes in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: protocol of a longitudinal parallel mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: In the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) programs targeting women are implemented. In the context of the 'Mawe Tatu' program more equitable intra-household decision-making is stipulated by accompanying women's participation in VSLAs with efforts to engage men for more gender equality, expecting a positive effect of this combined intervention on the household economy, on child nutritional status, on the use of reproductive health services including family planning, and on reducing sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). METHODS: A longitudinal parallel mixed method study is conducted among women participating in VSLAs in randomly selected project areas and among a control group matched for socioeconomic characteristics. Descriptive statistics will be calculated and differences between intervention and control groups will be assessed by Chi2 tests for different degrees of freedom for categorical data or by t-tests for continuous data. Structural equation modelling (SEM) will be conducted to investigate the complex and multidimensional pathways that will affect household economic status, child nutritional status and use of reproductive health services. Analysis will be conducted with STATA V.15. Concomitantly, qualitative data collection will shed light on the intra-household processes related to gender power-relations that may be linked to women's participation in economic activities and may lead to improvements of maternal and child health. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews will be conducted. All narrative data will be coded (open coding) with the help of qualitative data analysis software (Atlas TI). DISCUSSION: Women's empowerment has long been identified as being able to bring about progress in various areas, including health. It has been shown that men's commitment to transforming gender norms is a sinequanone factor for greater equity and better health, especially in terms of reproductive health and child nutrition. This study is one of the first in this genre in DRC and results will serve as a guide for policies aimed at improving the involvement of men in changing attitudes towards gender norms for higher household productivity and better health.

Barriers to family planning use in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: an application of the theory of planned behaviour using a longitudinal survey.

OBJECTIVE: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there is a low adherence of the population to the use of family planning (FP) due to various social barriers. This study aimed to understand the drives from social barriers to the use of FP in women in the Kivu, a region particularly affected by poverty and many years of conflicts. A theory of planned behaviour (TPB) using a generalised structural equation modelling has been applied to understand the complex sociocultural drivers to the intention and the ultimate decision to use FP. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SETTING: A community-based approach was used to investigate FP use in the North and South-Kivu regions. PARTICIPANTS: Overall, 1812 women 15 years and older were enrolled in the baseline study and 1055 were retrieved during the follow-up. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: FP use and intention to use FP. RESULTS: The mean age was 36±12.9 years, with a minimum of 15 years old and a maximum of 94 years old. Among sexually active participants, more than 40% used a modern contraceptive method at the last sexual intercourse. Education was positively and significantly associated with intention to use FP (ß=0.367; p=0.008). Being married was positively and marginally significantly associated with intention to use FP (ß=0.524: p=0.050). Subjective norms were negatively and significantly associated with intention to use FP (ß=-0.572; p=0.003) while perceived control was positively associated with intention to use FP (ß=0.578; p<0.0001). Education and perceived control were positively and significantly associated with the use of FP (respectively, ß=0.422, p=0.017; and ß=0.374; p=0.017), while Intention to use FP was positively and marginally significantly associated with the use of FP (ß=0.583; p=0.052). CONCLUSION: TPB helped understand sociocultural barriers to FP use and it can be useful to define adapted strategies in different contexts.