Climate change in the coastal ocean: shifts in pelagic productivity and regionally diverging dynamics of coastal ecosystems.

Climate change has led to intensification and poleward migration of the Southeastern Pacific Anticyclone, forcing diverging regions of increasing, equatorward and decreasing, poleward coastal phytoplankton productivity along the Humboldt Upwelling Ecosystem, and a transition zone around 31° S. Using a 20-year dataset of barnacle larval recruitment and adult abundances, we show that striking increases in larval arrival have occurred since 1999 in the region of higher productivity, while slower but significantly negative trends dominate poleward of 30° S, where years of recruitment failure are now common. Rapid increases in benthic adults result from fast recruitment-stock feedbacks following increased recruitment. Slower population declines in the decreased productivity region may result from aging but still reproducing adults that provide temporary insurance against population collapses. Thus, in this region of the ocean where surface waters have been cooling down, climate change is transforming coastal pelagic and benthic ecosystems through altering primary productivity, which seems to propagate up the food web at rates modulated by stock-recruitment feedbacks and storage effects. Slower effects of downward productivity warn us that poleward stocks may be closer to collapse than current abundances may suggest.

Omnidirectional Transport in Fully Reconfigurable Two Dimensional Optical Ratchets.

A fully reconfigurable two-dimensional (2D) rocking ratchet system created with holographic optical micromanipulation is presented. We can generate optical potentials with the geometry of any Bravais lattice in 2D and introduce a spatial asymmetry with arbitrary orientation. Nontrivial directed transport of Brownian particles along different directions is demonstrated numerically and experimentally, including on axis, perpendicular, and oblique with respect to an unbiased ac driving. The most important aspect to define the current direction is shown to be the asymmetry and not the driving orientation, and yet we show a system in which the asymmetry orientation of each potential well does not coincide with the transport direction, suggesting an additional symmetry breaking as a result of a coupling with the lattice configuration. Our experimental device, due to its versatility, opens up a new range of possibilities in the study of nonequilibrium dynamics at the microscopic level.

Basic life support knowledge of secondary school students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training using a song.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effectiveness of a "cardiopulmonary resuscitation song" in improving the basic life support skills of secondary school students. METHODS: This pre-test/post-test control design study enrolled secondary school students from two middle schools randomly chosen in Córdoba, Andalucia, Spain. The study included 608 teenagers. A random sample of 87 students in the intervention group and 35 in the control group, aged 12-14 years were selected. The intervention included a cardiopulmonary resuscitation song and video. A questionnaire was conducted at three-time points: pre-intervention, one month and eight months post-intervention. RESULTS: On global knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, there were no significant differences between the intervention group and the control group in the trial pre-intervention and at the month post-intervention. However, at 8 months there were significant differences with a p-value = 0.000 (intervention group, 95% CI: 6.39 to 7.13 vs. control group, 95% CI: 4.75 to 5.92), F(1,120)=16.644, p=0.000). In addition, significant differences about students' basic life support knowledge about chest compressions at eight months post-intervention (F(1,120)=15.561, p=0.000) were found. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that incorporating the song component in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation teaching increased its effectiveness and the ability to remember the cardiopulmonary resuscitation algorithm. Our study highlights the need for different methods in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation teaching to facilitate knowledge retention and increase the number of positive outcomes after sudden cardiac arrest.

Clínica de trastornos del ánimo del Instituto Psiquiátrico de Santiago: experiencia de 6 años / A six year assesment of a mood disorder clinic in Santiago, Chile

En este trabajo se informa sobre la evaluación de la Clínica de Trastornos del Animo (CTA) del Instituto Psiquiátrico de Santiago, en el período 1987-1993. Se relata la organización y funcionamiento de la CTA en el lapso de seis años. Se presenta un estudio retro y prospectivo sobre el curso de los trastornos del ánimo, basado en una muestra de 188 pacientes de los cuales 145 (77,2 por ciento) tienen un trastorno bipolar, 24 (12,7 por ciento) un trastorno monopolar y 19 (10,1 por ciento) un trastorno esquizoafectivo. En un período de evolución promedio de la enfermedad de 18 años, los pacientes bipolares presentaron 5 hospitalizaciones, en 15 años los monopolares 3, y en 15 años los esquizoafectivos 5. La duración promedio de los 5 primeros ciclos expresada en meses, en un grupo de 115 polares es de 51 (ñ 59), 45 (ñ 102), 44 (ñ 84), 30 (ñ 32), 36 (ñ 42), mientras que en un grupo 14 monopolares es de 37 (ñ 34), 69 (ñ 95), 30 (ñ 29), 18 (ñ 12), 9 (ñ 7) y en grupo de 13 esquizoafectivos es de 32 (ñ 32), 47 (ñ 68), 21 (ñ13), 28 (ñ 14) y 30 (ñ 12). En un grupo de 87 pacientes observamos al comparar el promedio de hospitalizaciones 4 años antes y después del ingreso a la CTA una disminución de 1,5 a 0,6 veces, diferencia que es estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Estos resultados apoyan la idea que la CTA es un modelo organizacional que ayuda a disminuir las hospitalizaciones y por ende los costos en el tratamiento de estos pacientes