Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to AIDS-related histoplasmosis and visceral leishmaniasis.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, highly aggressive syndrome involving dysregulated immune response. Most cases are secondary to underlying diseases including infections, autoimmune disorders and malignancies. The burden of disease of histoplasmosis and leishmaniosis associated with advanced HIV is still significant in low-and-middle income countries (LMIC). We present a case of histoplasmosis and leishmaniasis associated HLH in a man with an AIDS diagnosis.

COVID-19 associated with AIDS-related disseminated histoplasmosis: a case report.

Limited information is available concerning the coexistence of COVID-19 and opportunistic infections in people living with HIV. The possible association of COVID-19 with AIDS-related respiratory diseases should be considered, particularly in patients with advance immunosuppression. We report the case of a male patient with AIDS-related disseminated histoplasmosis associated with COVID-19.

Simple clinical score for rational use of lung ultrasound in COVID-19 outpatient settings / Score clínico simple para el uso racional de ecografía pulmonar en pacientes ambulatorios con covid-19

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Debido a la rápida expansión mundial del COVID-19, se crearon Unidades Febriles de Urgencia (UFU) para la atención ambulatoria y estratificación del riesgo clínico de los pacientes. La ecografía pulmonar ha cobrado un interés creciente como método sensible para la detección de neumonía. El objetivo fue desarrollar un score simple y sensible de riesgo clínico de neumonía durante la primera ola de COVID-19. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal sobre una cohorte de adultos con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 asistidos en la UFU de un hospital general de la ciudad de Buenos Aires entre mayo y agosto de 2020. Se efectuó el análisis bivariado y multivariado de variables sociodemográficas y clínicas para la construcción y validación interna de un score predictivo de neumonía. RESULTADOS: El análisis final incluyó a 936 pacientes; 17,6% presentaron ecografía compatible con neumonía. El score incluyó 5 variables estadísticamente significativas: edad ≥50 años (3 puntos), tos (2 puntos), ausencia de odinofagia (1 punto), disnea (2 puntos) y saturación de oxígeno ≤95% (3 puntos). Para un punto de corte ≥3 la sensibilidad fue 80,5% y el valor predictivo negativo 93,3%, con buen desempeño en cohorte de derivación y de validación (área bajo curva ROC 0,79 y 0,76, respectivamente). DISCUSIÓN: Este score podría ser una herramienta útil para estratificar el riesgo clínico de neumonía en el ámbito prehospitalario y evitar la realización de imágenes con <3 puntos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Due to the rapid global expansion of COVID-19, Febrile Emergency Units (FEU) were created in the outpatient setting to stratify the clinical risk of patients. Pulmonary ultrasound has gained a growing interest as a sensitive method for the detection of pneumonia. This study aimed to at developing a simple and sensitive score to assess the risk of pneumonia during the first COVID-19 wave. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, who received care at the FEU of a general hospital in the city of Buenos Aires from May through August 2020. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of sociodemographic and clinical variables were performed to build and internally validate a pneumonia predictive score. RESULTS: The final analysis included 936 patients; 17.6% had ultrasound compatible with pneumonia. The score included 5 statistically significant variables: age ≥50 years (3 points), cough (2 points), absence of odynophagia (1 point), dyspnea (2 points) and oxygen saturation ≤95% (3 points). A cut-off point ≥3 showed a sensitivity of 80.5% and a negative predictive value of 93.3%, with good discriminatory capacity both in derivation and validation cohorts (area under ROC curve 0.79 and 0.76, respectively). DISCUSSION: This score could be a useful tool to stratify the clinical risk of pneumonia in the pre-hospital setting and avoid imaging studies with a score <3.