RESUMO
Many productive processes are characterized by inadequate protocols of sanitation that increase the possibility of proliferation of microbial contaminants, especially on surfaces. The use of this method for evaluating the degree of floor cleanability in agri-food companies is important not only to reduce the risk of contamination of products, but also to provide companies with a tool to identify critical issues. The method is based on the usage of bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) in a solution at a 1:50 ratio of Cu2+ /BCA, which is ideal for detecting the amount of proteins contained in wheat flour residues on industrial flooring. Spectrophotometric analysis allowed identifying maximum absorbance values at 562 nm for different protein concentrations, although the construction of a regression function led to the definition of the intervals of evaluation corresponding to different degrees of cleanliness from residues of wheat flour. The results of the absorbance curves, obtained by applying the proposed evaluation method to 6 tiles commonly used in agri-food buildings, showed the clear persistence of food material on 2 tiles with surface relief. In particular, such tiles showed a higher presence of proteins, with a level of contamination 440% higher. Furthermore, a robotic system was designed to standardize the cleaning method commonly employed in agri-food companies to remove solid particles from flooring.
Assuntos
Descontaminação/métodos , Farinha/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Triticum/química , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Manipulação de Alimentos , Cloreto de Sódio/análiseRESUMO
A reactive azlactone-based graphene nanoplatform was successfully synthesized by the ligation of azido-azlactone with alkyne-terminated graphene via Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition. The reactive azlactone rings, grafted on graphene sheets, were subjected to highly efficient ring-opening reactions with functionalized primary amine derivatives incorporating an aminosilane coupling agent or a biological fragment.
RESUMO
Three experiments have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of an immunomodulator, Baypamun (Bayer AG) in limiting the spread of Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), the causal agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). In the first experiment, four calves infected with BHV-1 developed severe disease whereas four calves given Baypamun simultaneously with the virus had less severe disease. Four other calves in contact with the infected calves became severely ill but another four given Baypamun were only mildly affected. In the second experiment three calves infected with BHV-1, which reacted with typical disease, were allowed to remain in contact with six calves. All six calves were given Baypamun at various times following the exposure to BHV-1 infection and all showed a much reduced reaction with two treated for 4 days developing no clinical disease. Finally, in the third experiment one calf vaccinated one month before the start of the experiment did not develop any signs of disease when housed together with a calf experimentally infected with BHV-1. Of four other calves, vaccinated when the infected calf showed the first signs of disease, only the two given Baypamun in addition to the vaccine, were protected from clinical disease whereas the two given vaccine only developed classical signs of IBR. In the three experiments the virus shedding by the Baypamun-treated calves resulted to be significantly reduced.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Bovinos , Testes de Neutralização , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
One calf was infected with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and mixed with five other calves, of which one had been vaccinated with a BHV-1 modified live vaccine one month earlier. The other four calves were vaccinated at the time the experimentally infected calf developed the first signs of the disease (fever, depression, nasal discharge), i.e. on post infection day (PID) 2. In addition to the vaccine, two of the four PID 2 vaccinated calves also received a non-specific defence (NSD) inducer (Baypamun, Bayer AG) at the same time as the vaccine. The calf that was vaccinated 1 month before the start of the experiment, as expected, did not show any signs of the disease. Of the remaining four, the two vaccine-only calves experienced a classical form of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. However, the two calves that had also received the NSD inducer remained generally healthy during the entire observation period of 30 days. It was speculated that the use of a NSD inducer once an outbreak of a respiratory disease has started on a farm could be of significant help in an emergency in reducing the clinical manifestations in those animals that may subsequently be infected.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Animais , Bovinos , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/complicações , Fatores de Tempo , Vacinas Atenuadas , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
The efficacy of an immunomodulator, the Baypamun (Bayer AG), was tested in calves which were subsequently exposed to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) infection. Two groups of calves, of 8 animals each, were used for two trials. In one trial, 4 calves were treated with the immunomodulator and the remaining 4 were left as untreated controls. Two hours after the first injection of Baypamun, all calves, i.e. the treated and the untreated ones, were challenged with BHV-1. Comparing them to the untreated controls, the calves which were given the immunomodulator developed milder signs of the disease and shed a significantly lower concentration of virus. In the second experiment, 4 calves were given Baypamun and 4 calves were not, as above, but they were not inoculated with BHV-1; however, they were housed together with the calves of the former group (experimentally infected with BHV-1). The 8 calves all became infected but those that had been treated with Baypamun did not show any clinical signs of the disease, whereas the untreated calves underwent a clinical response which was considered to be typical of BHV-1 respiratory infection, as usually seen under natural conditions. In this case the shedding of virus by the calves treated with the immunomodulator also underwent a significant reduction.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/isolamento & purificação , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Bovinos , Feminino , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/virologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Testes de Neutralização/veterinária , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
Six calves were given the immunomodulator Baypamun and housed together with another six calves of which, three were experimentally infected with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), whereas the remaining three served as untreated controls. The three experimentally infected calves as well as the three controls developed clinical signs of the typical acute form of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). Of the calves treated with Baypamun, those that had only one injection of the immunomodulator, either at the start of the experiment (time 0) or 2 days later, underwent a much milder form of IBR and recovered in a shorter time than the experimentally infected calves or the controls. The calves that received four injections of the immunomodulator, i.e. at time 0 and subsequently for the next 3 days, remained healthy throughout the 30 days of observation. Moreover, the virus shedding by the Baypamun treated calves was significantly reduced. It was speculated that the use of an immunomodulator, eventually associated with a vaccination programme, would be a feasible approach to reduce significantly the onset of outbreaks of BHV-1, one of the main infectious agent initiating the respiratory disease in cattle.