Effect of processing (cutter versus continuous emulsifier) and sodium reduction on the physicochemical properties of bologna sausages.

BACKGROUND: Overcoming the impact of sodium reduction in the properties of emulsified sausages is a current challenge in the production of healthier meat products. Because the emulsifying process play a key role in the stability of sausages, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two mechanical emulsifying systems (cutter versus continuous emulsifier) and two levels of sodium chloride (2.50 and 1.25%) on the physicochemical characteristics of bologna sausages. RESULTS: A reduction of sodium increased the L* value and reduced the a* value, and also decreased the protein extraction yield in sausages produced in the cutter system. Moreover, the emulsion stability of reduced sodium batter was increased by cutter emulsification (F50C). On the other hand, the continuous emulsifier process did not decrease the extraction of myofibrillar proteins in F50E (sodium reduced treatment), resulting in minimal impact on emulsion stability and an increase in hardness in reduced-sodium sausages. CONCLUSION: Therefore, to produce low-sodium sausages, the continuous emulsifier was more effective producing batters with increased extracted myofibrillar proteins, improving the structure and functionality of myofibrillar proteins compared to the cutter process. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sodium reduction in enrobed restructured chicken nuggets through replacement of NaCl with CaCl2.

The present study aimed to reformulate chicken nuggets with reduced sodium content, replacing the NaCl with CaCl2 and assessing the physicochemical and sensory properties of the obtained products. Four treatments of chicken nuggets were processed: Control formulation (1.5 g NaCl/100 g) and three treatments containing CaCl2 substituting 25, 50 and 75% of the NaCl, considering an ionic strength equivalent to 1.5% NaCl. The four different chicken nuggets were similar (p > 0.05) for the variables oil absorption, lipid, protein and moisture contents, water activity, cooking yield, pick-up and texture profile analysis. However, a decrease in ash content (2.21-1.75 g/100 g) was observed. The replacement of 75% NaCl could reduce 34% sodium in chicken nuggets with a concomitant increase in the calcium content (10-130 mg/100 g). For objective colour, the brightness (L*) increased from 74.43 to 78.28 as CaCl2 contents increased in the chicken nuggets, but the a* and b*parameters did not show differences (p > 0.05) among all treatments. Sensory acceptance (texture, flavour and overall quality attributes) did not differ between Control and the 75% sodium reduction treatments (all values around 7.5 in the 9-point hedonic scale), despite the decrease in the salty taste observed in the just about right scale test. Thus, the maximum tested replacement of 75% NaCl by CaCl2 produced healthier chicken nuggets, for having provided a reduction in sodium content and increase in calcium content, besides maintaining sensory quality and most of the technological characteristics.

Healthy beef burgers: Effect of animal fat replacement by algal and wheat germ oil emulsions.

The present study aimed to reformulate beef burgers to make them healthier through total replacement of pork backfat by algal (Al) and/or wheat germ (WG) oils emulsions. The addition of oils emulsions increased the protein and decreased the proportions of lipids in the burgers between 26% and 38%. Colour and technological parameters were not affected by the addition of oils, but increased all TPA parameters. α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) increased in reformulated samples. The wheat germ oil reduced the SFA concentration. The use of algal and/or wheat germ oils emulsions increase PUFA concentration. Beef burgers containing algal oil can be claimed as "high omega-3 content". Both oils improved the n-6/n-3 and PUFA/SFA nutritional ratios. Sensory differences were observed in the flavour and overall quality parameters. The formulations containing algal oil emulsion were similar to the Control. As a general conclusion, the use of algal oil emulsion as pork backfat substitute improve nutritional characteristics of burger without affecting technological or sensory properties.

Evolução da proteólise do leite inoculado in vitro pseudomonas fluorescens / Evolution of the inoculated milk proteolysisin vitro with pseudomonas fluorescens

O presente estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia do Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás, visando detectar a proteólise em leite causada por Pseudomonas fluorescens. Foram adquiridas cepas liofilizadas de P. fluorescens ATCC 13525 do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Seção de Coleção de Culturas. Após o crescimento das cepas de P. fluorescens determinaram-se quantidades que correspondessem a 100.000, 500.000 e 1.000.000 de UFC/mL para ser realizada a inoculação in vitro em amostras de leite desnatado reconstituído a 12% (LDR 12%) e esterilizado. Os experimentos de crescimento das cepas de P. fluorescens foram conduzidos em alíquotas de 40 mL de LDR 12%, sendo as amostras incubadas a 4ºC, 7ºC e 10ºC em refrigerador. Durante o período de incubação, as amostras foram avaliadas a cada 24 horas até se atingir o período de 120 horas. As amostras também foram submetidas à análise para verificar a presença de caseinomacropeptídeo (CMP) pela técnica de Cromatografia a Líquido de Alta Eficiência. O crescimento de P. fluorescens no leite desnatado reconstituído a 12% não foi significativo nas temperaturas de estocagem de 4, 7 e 10ºC, verificando-se significância apenas para o tempo de estocagem. Não foi constatada a presença de CMP nas amostras avaliadas.