Mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics study of non-obese individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

OBJECTIVES: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease characterized by the accumulation of excessive fat in the liver, which can lead to fibrosis and has an increasing prevalence. NAFLD requires non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. While typically observed in overweight individuals, it can also occur in non-obese/non-overweight individuals. Comparative studies on non-obese NAFLD patients are scarce. This study aimed to conduct a using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolic profiling of non-obese NAFLD patients and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient group consisted of 27 individuals with NAFLD, while the healthy control group included 39 individuals. Both groups were between 18 and 40 years old, had a BMI of less than 25 and had alcohol consumption less than 20 g/week for men and 10 g/week for women. Serum samples were collected and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The data were analyzed using the TidyMass and MetaboAnalyst. RESULTS: The LC-MS/MS analyses detected significant changes in D-amino acid metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, apoptosis, mTOR signaling pathway, lysine degradation, and phenylalanine metabolism pathways in non-obese NAFLD patients. Significant changes were also observed in the metabolites D-pantothenic acid, hypoxanthine, citric acid, citramalic acid, L-phenylalanine, glutamine, and histamine-trifluoromethyl-toluidide, ß-hydroxymyristic acid, DL-Lactic acid, and 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the metabolic changes associated with non-obese NAFLD patients and can contribute to the development of non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on the metabolic changes in non-obese NAFLD patients. Further research is needed to better understand the metabolic changes associated with NAFLD and to develop effective treatment options.

Timing of endoscopy in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding: a single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The optimal timing of endoscopy in liver cirrhosis with acute variceal bleeding (AVB) remains controversial in current guidelines and studies. METHODS: Consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis and AVB were screened. The timing of endoscopy was calculated from the last presentation of AVB or the admission to endoscopy. Early endoscopy was defined as the interval < 12 h, < 24 h, or < 48 h. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed. Five-day failure to control bleeding and in-hospital mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 534 patients were included. When the timing of endoscopy was calculated from the last presentation of AVB, PSM analysis demonstrated that the rate of 5-day failure to control bleeding was significantly higher in early endoscopy group defined as < 48 h (9.7% versus 2.4%, P = 0.009), but not < 12 h (8.7% versus 6.5%, P = 1.000) or < 24 h (13.4% versus 6.2%, P = 0.091), and that the in-hospital mortality was not significantly different between early and delayed endoscopy groups (< 12 h: 6.5% versus 4.3%, P = 1.000; <24 h: 4.1% versus 3.1%, P = 1.000; <48 h: 3.0% versus 2.4%, P = 1.000). When the timing of endoscopy was calculated from the admission, PSM analyses did not demonstrate any significant difference in the rate of 5-day failure to control bleeding (< 12 h: 4.8% versus 12.7%, P = 0.205; <24 h: 5.2% versus 7.7%, P = 0.355; <48 h: 4.5% versus 6.0%, P = 0.501) or in-hospital mortality (< 12 h: 4.8% versus 4.8%, P = 1.000; <24 h: 3.9% versus 2.6%, P = 0.750; <48 h: 2.0% versus 2.5%, P = 1.000) between early and delayed endoscopy groups. CONCLUSION: Our study could not support any significant association of timing of endoscopy with cirrhotic patients with AVB.

Telenutrition for the management of inflammatory bowel disease: Benefits, limits, and future perspectives.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) require lifelong and personalized care by a multidisciplinary healthcare team. However, the traditional medical model is not ideal for patients who require continuous close monitoring and whose symptoms may dramatically worsen between regularly scheduled visits. Additionally, close dietary follow-up and monitoring of IBD in a traditional setting are challenging because of the disease complexity, high pressure on outpatient clinics with a small number of IBD specialist dietitians, and rising incidence. Given the significant burden of IBD, there is a need to develop effective dietary management strategies. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused an unprecedented shift from in-person care to delivering health care via technological remote devices. Traditional nutrition therapy and consultation can be provided by telenutrition through remote electronic communication applications that could greatly benefit patient care. Telenutrition might be useful, safe, and cost-effective compared with standard care. It is likely that virtual care for chronic diseases including IBD will continue in some form into the future. This review article summarizes the evidence about telenutrition applications in the management of IBD patients, and we gave an overview of the acceptance and impact of these interventions on health outcomes.

Use of albumin infusion for cirrhosis-related complications: An international position statement.

Background & Aims: Numerous studies have evaluated the role of human albumin (HA) in managing various liver cirrhosis-related complications. However, their conclusions remain partially controversial, probably because HA was evaluated in different settings, including indications, patient characteristics, and dosage and duration of therapy. Methods: Thirty-three investigators from 19 countries with expertise in the management of liver cirrhosis-related complications were invited to organise an International Special Interest Group. A three-round Delphi consensus process was conducted to complete the international position statement on the use of HA for treatment of liver cirrhosis-related complications. Results: Twelve clinically significant position statements were proposed. Short-term infusion of HA should be recommended for the management of hepatorenal syndrome, large volume paracentesis, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis. Its effects on the prevention or treatment of other liver cirrhosis-related complications should be further elucidated. Long-term HA administration can be considered in specific settings. Pulmonary oedema should be closely monitored as a potential adverse effect in cirrhotic patients receiving HA infusion. Conclusions: Based on the currently available evidence, the international position statement suggests the potential benefits of HA for the management of multiple liver cirrhosis-related complications and summarises its safety profile. However, its optimal timing and infusion strategy remain to be further elucidated. Impact and implications: Thirty-three investigators from 19 countries proposed 12 position statements on the use of human albumin (HA) infusion in liver cirrhosis-related complications. Based on current evidence, short-term HA infusion should be recommended for the management of HRS, LVP, and SBP; whereas, long-term HA administration can be considered in the setting where budget and logistical issues can be resolved. However, pulmonary oedema should be closely monitored in cirrhotic patients who receive HA infusion.

TASL Practice Guidance on the Clinical Assessment and Management of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multisystem disease and is significantly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. NAFLD has become the most prevalent chronic liver disease in Western countries, and the proportion of NAFLD-related cirrhosis among patients on liver transplantation waiting lists has increased. In light of the accumulated data about NAFLD, and to provide a common approach with multi-disciplines dealing with the subject, it has become necessary to create new guidance for diagnosing and treating NAFLD. This guidance was prepared following an interdisciplinary study under the leadership of the Turkish Association for the Study of the Liver (TASL), Fatty Liver Special Interest Group. This new TASL Guidance is a practical application guide on NAFLD and was prepared to standardize the clinical approach to diagnosing and treating NAFLD patients. This guidance reflects many advances in the field of NAFLD. The proposals in this guidance are meant to aid decision-making in clinical practice. The guidance is primarily intended for gastroenterology, endocrinology, metabolism diseases, cardiology, internal medicine, pediatric specialists, and family medicine specialists.

Association of endoscopic variceal treatment with portal venous system thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a case-control study.

Background: The association of endoscopic variceal treatment (EVT) with portal venous system thrombosis (PVST) in liver cirrhosis is still unclear. Methods: PVST was assessed by contrast-enhanced CT or MRI in 406 cirrhotic patients from our prospective database. Case and control groups, which are defined as patients with and without PVST, respectively, were matched at a ratio of 1:1 according to age, gender, Child-Pugh class, and MELD score. History of EVT was reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for PVST. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Subgroup analyses were further performed in terms of degree and location of PVST. Results: Overall, 109 patients each were included in case and control groups. The case group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who had undergone EVT than the control group (53.2% versus 18.3%; p < 0.001). In detail, the case group had significantly higher proportions of patients who had undergone EVT for controlling bleeding (45.9% versus 14.7%; p < 0.001), endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) alone (19.3% versus 9.2%; p = 0.033), and EVL combined with endoscopic cyanoacrylate glue injection (24.8% versus 5.5%; p < 0.001). EVT was independently associated with PVST (OR = 4.258; p < 0.001). In subgroup analyses, EVT remained independently associated with partial PVST (OR = 10.063; p < 0.001), complete PVST/fibrotic cord (OR = 4.889; p = 0.008), thrombosis within main portal vein (OR = 5.985; p < 0.001), and thrombosis within superior mesenteric and splenic veins (OR = 5.747; p < 0.001). Conclusions: EVT may lead to a higher risk of PVST, especially more severe PVST, in liver cirrhosis. Screening for and prophylaxis of PVST after EVT should be further explored.

Improvement of Work Productivity and Quality of Life with Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment Used in Crohn's Disease in Routine Clinical Practice in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Crohn's disease experience major deterioration in work productivity and quality of life. We aimed to provide the long-term effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents on work productivity and activity impairment and quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease using the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire and the Short-Form Health Survey-36. METHODS: Patients with Crohn's disease and initiated an anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment were included and followed up for 12 months in this observational study. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were included in this study, and 64.2% of the patients were males. Mean [± standard deviation] age was 36.8 [± 10.9] years. At baseline, mostly perianal fistulas [65.7%] were observed [n = 23]. Intestinal stenosis was detected in 34.9% of the patients [n = 37], and most of the stenosis was located in the ileum [70.6%] followed by the colon [20.6%]. Extraintestinal symp- toms were observed in 24 patients [22.6%]. Most frequent extraintestinal symptom was arthritis with 71.4% [n = 15]. Mean time from first symptom to initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment was 6.3 [± 5.0] years. Improvements in work productivity and activ- ity impairment scores throughout 12 months were -24.1% [P = .003] for work time missed, -18.0% [P = .006] for impairment at work, -8.5% [P = .160] for overall work impairment, and -17.0% [P < .001] for daily activity impairment. Similarly, significant improvements [P < .001] were detected in all components of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire when compared to baseline. Statistically sig- nificant improvements [P < .05] were detected for all components of Short-Form Health Survey-36 except for mental health [P = .095]. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates the significant improvement in work productivity and activity impairment and quality of life of patients with Crohn's disease who receive long-term anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment.

Time course of collagen peak in bile duct-ligated rats.

BACKGROUND: One of the most useful experimental fibrogenesis models is the "bile duct-ligated rats". Our aim was to investigate the quantitative hepatic collagen content by two different methods during the different stages of hepatic fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats on a weekly basis. We questioned whether the 1-wk or 4-wk bile duct-ligated model is suitable in animal fibrogenesis trials. METHODS: Of the 53 male Wistar rats, 8 (Group 0) were used as a healthy control group. Bile duct ligation (BDL) had been performed in the rest. Bile duct-ligated rates were sacrificed 7 days later in group 1 (10 rats), 14 days later in group 2 (9 rats), 21 days later in group 3(9 rats) and 28 days later in group 4 (9 rats). Eight rats underwent sham-operation (Sham). Hepatic collagen measurements as well as serum levels of liver enzymes and function tests were all analysed. RESULTS: The peak level of collagen was observed biochemically and histomorphometricly at the end of third week (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Suprisingly, collagen levels had decreased with the course of time such as at the end of fourth week (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We have shown that fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats is transient, i.e. reverses spontaneously after 3 weeks. This contrasts any situation in patients where hepatic fibrosis is progressive and irreversible as countless studies performed by many investigators in the same animal model.

Prevalence and consultation behavior of self-reported rectal bleeding by face-to-face interview in an Asian community.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although rectal bleeding is a common gastrointestinal symptom, there are very few community-based studies, and all of these studies were conducted in the West. So far the epidemiologic characteristics of rectal bleeding have not been defined in an Asian country. We aimed to characterize self-reported rectal bleeding and its association with functional bowel disorders in Turkey. Factors affecting healthcare-seeking behavior were reviewed as well. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this study, 760 subjects were chosen randomly. Questionnaires were completed by nurses during face-to-face interviews with each participant. RESULTS: Of the 707 (93%) subjects included in this study, 9.5% had functional dyspepsia, 8.6% had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 24.5% had functional constipation, and 13.8% had functional abdominal bloating. The prevalence of rectal bleeding in the previous year was 14.7%. The recent onset of rectal bleeding was 2.7%. Rectal bleeding was more common among subjects younger than 45 years. Subjects who had functional constipation or constipation-dominant IBS reported rectal bleeding more frequently than others. The rate of consultation was only 41.3% among the subjects with rectal bleeding. Subjects aged > or =45 years and who had marked bleeding or bleeding more than twice a day or fear of cancer sought healthcare more frequently than others. CONCLUSION: Rectal bleeding is as common a symptom in Turkey as in Western countries. Advanced age and fear of cancer were independent predictors of consultation behavior in this group.

Analysis of 275 patients with sarcoidosis over a 38 year period; a single-institution experience.

BACKGROUND: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease with unknown etiology. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated seasonal variation, demographic, clinical and diagnostic features of sarcoidosis in recently diagnosed symptomatic patients in the whole cohort (275 patients) and in the subgroups according to the estimated disease course (subacute course group vs. chronic course group). We also developed a prediction model to predict the course of sarcoidosis using simple clinical and demographic variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-five patients with sarcoidosis. MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICS: Roger's test, chi-square, t-test and multiple logistic regression were used. RESULTS: The distribution of cumulative monthly diagnosis was the lowest in November (fall) (p<0.01). Seasonal pattern was influenced by age and gender. Constitutional symptoms, stages 2 and 3 diseases and the absence of erythema nodosum were highly significant parameters for chronic course. Using these variables, the developed model had a specificity of 93.1% and its positive predictive value was 89.5%. Progression of the disease was documented 6.4% in subacute group vs. 32.1% in chronic group (p=0.00001). Preventive effect of smoking was more pronounced in females than in males in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Further well-designed and large prospective studies are required to better understand the importance of these findings, and to validate the prediction model presented here.

Case study on drug-related adverse effects of hepatitis C therapy.

The case of a 46-year-old woman with chronic hepatitis C who was prescribed subcutaneous pegylated interferon once a week and oral ribavirin once a day is presented. Within 24 h after the first injection to her left arm, the patient developed pruritus and erythematous papules at the injection site and painful papules on her hands. After immediate administration of antihistamines, the pruritus and papules remitted. One wk later, after injection in the right arm, skin lesions and pruritus were seen. After the third injection to the abdomen, the patient developed a rash, and after the fourth and fifth injections to other areas of the abdomen, injection-site papules were seen. The patient had no skin reactions for the next 12 mo, with the exception of injection-site papules. Hepatitis C virus RNA was negative after 12 mo of treatment. Clearly, patience is important during hepatitis C therapy in order to avoid unnecessary examinations and to promote successful outcomes.

Two cases with Plummer-Vinson syndrome in the 21st century.

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (PVS) is characterized by the presence of postcricoid dysphagia, iron deficiency anemia, and upper esophageal web. This syndrome is now a rare condition because of the improvement in nutritional status and increased awareness regarding iron deficiency anemia and the early diagnosis and easy treatment of this anemia or underlying causes. In this presentation, we report two middle-aged female patients with PVS and briefly review the literature.

The seroprevalence of both hepatitis B and hepatitis C at the first-step health organizations and the difference between the urban and rural areas.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are very important infectious agents for public health. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) and anti-HCV test results of patients who admitted to first-step health organizations in central and peripheral districts of Konya, the central region of Turkey during the period 2005-2010. METHODS: In this study, HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HCV screening test results of patients who admitted to first-step health organizations in Konya during the period 2005-2010 were retrospectively investigated from the laboratory records. This study was approved by the Konya Health Directorate. All screening tests were performed on the automatic third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MEIA). This immunoassay method was carried out according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Borderline and positive results were retested. RESULTS: Konya is the largest city of Turkey in terms of surface area and one of the economically developed cities. For HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HCV screening, whole test results of 5 years are given in Table 1 and Figure 1. The differences between the urban and rural for HBsAg (p = 0.062 > 0.05) and anti-HCV(p = 0.874 > 0.05) were not statistically significant. Among the markers only for anti-HBs, the difference between the urban and rural was statistically significant (P = 0.042 < 0.05). Of them, 4.15 % were positive for HBsAg, 36.46 % were positive for anti-HBs and 1.16 % were positive for anti-HCV. CONCLUSION: In this study, Konya has been evaluated as two regions: central and peripheral. Our study showed us that distribution of the diseases vary from one region to another. We consider that difference in social diversity is one of the factors. These infections are major health problems. So the results of immunodiagnostic tests for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HCV will be useful for guiding control actions and for new preventive strategies.

Ovaries are more vulnerable than hepatocytes for insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are common metabolic disorders. We aimed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms in the development of NAFLD and PCOS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty female patients with NAFLD and without PCOS; 12 female patients with PCOS; and a control group with 17 healthy females were included. Pancreatic homeostatic model assessment-Beta cell function was measured by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-B test. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) of the NAFLD patients was higher than that of the PCOS patients (29.4±3.8 kg/m² vs 25.6±5.2 kg/m², p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the PCOS patients and controls with respect to BMI. The fasting insulin levels of the NAFLD patients were higher than those of the PCOS patients (5.06 unit more than PCOS, p<0.05) and 12.8 unit more than controls (p<0.001). The HOMA scores of the NAFLD patients were more than those of the PCOS patients (1.41 unit more than PCOS, p<0.05) and 2.95 unit more than controls (p<0.001). The HOMA-B score was higher in the NAFLD patients than in the PCOS patients. There was no statistical difference among the groups for serum triglyceride (p>.05) and cholesterol (p>.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that rather than pancreatic beta-cell hyperfunction, insulin resistance plays a central role in the development of ovarian abnormalities.

Significant cohort of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with portal vein thrombosis in transplant waiting list.

AIM: To characterize non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presentation with esophageal varices. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study on 258 patients with esophageal varices at a single tertiary referral center. These patients underwent diagnosis of several liver diseases, including: NAFLD-associated cirrhosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Wilson disease, autoimune liver diseases, and others. RESULTS: Of the 258 patients, 39% of patients exhibited esophageal varices due to NAFLD-associated cirrhosis. Of the 38 (14.7%) patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma during follow-up, 52% were due to hepatitis B, 26% due to hepatitis C and 13.2% due to NAFLD. Of the 258 patients, 50.0% with NAFLD, 33.3% with hepatitis B, 26.3% with hepatitis C, and 58.3% with other diseases were alive at the end of the 5-year period with a significant difference according to the Kaplan-Meier log Rank test (P = 0.040). Portal vein thrombosis was detected in 47.5% of patients with NAFLD, in 29% of patients with hepatitis B, in 17% of patients with hepatitis C, and in 62% of patients with other related diseases (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study showed a proportionally greater elevation in liver transplant candidacy in patients with NAFLD and portal vein thrombosis. Older patients were more prone to developing cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and a high mortality rate. However, younger patients exhibited more portal vein thrombosis and gastric varices.

Low lipase levels as an independent marker of pancreatic cancer: a frequently neglected condition in clinical setting.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Low lipase levels, which may be an indication of low production due to organ failure, are frequently encountered in a clinical setting, but are usually overlooked. This study examined the values of low serum lipase levels and other clinical parameters in the diagnosis of several clinical conditions, such as in pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with low lipase levels (≤8 U/L) were included in this retrospective study. Clinical data, including diagnostic category, demographic properties, and biochemical and hematological measurements, including serum lipase levels, were extracted. A multivariate analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of certain diagnostic categories. RESULTS: A total of 198 patients with low lipase levels were included. Among these patients with low lipase levels, 45 (22.7%) were diagnosed with pancreas cancer. Multivariate analysis identified low lipase level as a significant predictor of pancreas cancer (OR 0.70 [%95 CI, 0.52-0.93], p=0.02). For predicting pancreatic cancer, an optimal cut-off value of ≤5.5 U/L for lipase was utilized, which had a sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 37%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Low lipase levels close to zero may be an indication of pancreatic cancer and should not be underestimated in the clinical setting. However, large studies are warranted to delineate the exact diagnostic significance of such low lipase levels.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver may increase the risk of operation in patients with fatty liver and the frequency of cancer in their first-degree relatives.

BACKGROUND: Fatty liver is a common disease in developed countries. We investigated the frequency of operation in patients with fatty liver and the frequency of cancer in their first-degree relatives. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated 105 patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 121 patients with hepatitis C (61 patients with fatty liver and 60 patients without fatty liver), 50 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and 109 patients with dyspepsia as a control group. RESULTS: There was no difference for sex, mean age, and marital status among the groups, except that patients with IBD were younger than others (p < 0.001). The frequency of cancer in family was as follows: 18 % in IBD, 9 % in dyspepsia, 28 % in hepatitis C with hepatic steatosis, 21.5 % in hepatitis C without steatosis, and 27 % in NAFLD (p = 0.006). Then, we divided the study group into two groups-group 1: IBD + dyspepsia + hepatitis C without hepatic steatosis, and group 2: hepatitis C with hepatic steatosis + NAFLD-and performed the same analysis. We found that the frequency of cancer in family was 16 % in group 1 (the patients without fatty liver) vs. 24.4 % in group 2 (those with fatty liver; p = 0.037). We also investigated the rate of operation in patients. The results were as follows: 33 % in group 1 vs. 43 % in group 2 (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Independently of the underlying chronic diseases, occurrence of fat in the liver increased the frequency of operation in patients with fatty liver and the rate of cancer in their first-degree relatives. Understanding the underlying causes of fatty liver forms might decrease the cancer frequency in the population and number of operation in patients with fatty liver.

Rate and Predictors of Endoscopic Mucosal Healing in Biologic Naive Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Azathioprine Treatment: A Real World, 10 Years' Experience from a Single Centre in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that endoscopic mucosal healing (EMH) is a key target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. However, there is limited evidence of EMH rates with conventional IBD therapy outside of Western population groups. AIM: To evaluate the role of azathioprine (AZA) in inducing EMH in IBD patients. METHODS: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease were evaluated in terms of endoscopic mucosal healing and the incidence of surgical interventions during the azathioprine treatment between 1995 to 2014. RESULTS: A total of 120 inflammatory bowel disease patients were enrolled. Endoscopic mucosal healing was found in 37% patients with inflammatory bowel disease (42% in chronic ulcerative colitis and 33% in Crohn's disease). Male gender had a negative impact on the efficacy of azathioprine (P<0.05). Responder inflammatory bowel disease patients were older (age at the IBD diagnose) than the nonresponder (P<0.05). Azathioprine therapy reduced the number of the surgical interventions (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We showed that azathioprine therapy significantly induced endoscopic mucosal healing in biologic naïve patients with active inflammatory bowel disease as well as decreasing the surgical interventions, with negative predictive factors identified by a younger age at IBD presentation and male gender.