Serum level of scorpion toxins, electrolytes and electrocardiogram alterations in Mexican children envenomed by scorpion sting.

The scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus (C.l.l.) is endemic in México, producing hundreds of accidents in humans; children being one of the most susceptible targets. Few studies reported that severe envenoming by scorpion venom induces cardiac damage and electrolytes abnormalities in children, but the relationship of envenoming severity and toxic blood levels is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among clinical status of envenoming, serum electrolyte, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and serum toxin levels in 44 children stung by scorpion over a period of 6 months in the State of Morelos, Mexico. The patients were said to be asymptomatic, when they presented just local symptoms, and were said to be symptomatic when showing local symptoms and at least one systemic symptom. The clinical status was evaluated at the admission at the emergency room of the Hospital, and 30 min after the administration of polyspecific F(ab')2 anti-scorpion therapy to symptomatic children. Forty-one percent of the children were asymptomatic and 59% symptomatic. Potassium and sodium imbalance and an elongation of the QT interval were detected; the rate of hypokalemia was higher in symptomatic than on asymptomatic children (50% and 6%, respectively). Hypokalemia persisted in 19% in symptomatic patients, whereas sodium reached normal levels 30 min after anti-venom therapy. The hypokalemia statistically correlated with elongation of the QT interval. The concentration of the toxic components of C.l.l in serum was significantly higher in symptomatic than asymptomatic children, and the serum levels of the toxic component significantly decreased to undetectable levels after the application of anti-venom therapy. Despite the small size of the sample, this study establishes that severity of envenoming was statistically related to potassium imbalance in serum, QT interval and the concentration of toxic components in serum, which decreased at undetectable levels after specific treatment with the anti-scorpion venom, correlating with clinical disappearance or greatly reduction of symptoms of envenomation.

[Capacity of opsonic recognition of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in malnourished children]. / Capacidad de reconocimiento opsónico de los neutrófilos polimorfonucleares de niños desnutridos.

The opsonic recognition capacity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) was evaluated in 19 noninfected children (13 eutrophic and 6 malnourished) and 22 infected children (10 eutrophic and 12 malnourished) by determining the rosette-formation capacity of the PMNs with sheep erythrocytes. After evaluating the percentage of rosette-forming neutrophils (RFN), we did not observe significant differences between the PMNs from eutrophic children and those from noninfected malnourished children (70.2 +/- 5% vs 67 +/- 3% respectively, P greater than 0.5). In contrast, the opsonic recognition capacity of PMNs from children with acute bacterial infections was significantly lower in the eutrophic (54.4 +/- 5.8%, P less than 0.05) and even more accentuated in the malnourished children (42.8 +/- 5%, P less than 0.01) when compared to the noninfected children. These results indicate that the opsonic recognition capacity of the PMNs decreases during bacterial infections. Due to the critical role of the PMNs as a mechanism of defense against infection, the greater decrease of the opsonic recognition capacity of the PMNs observed in infected malnourished children could be yet another explanation for the greater morbidity and mortality from the infectious processes observed in malnourished children.