Constructivist Approaches to First Language Acquisition.

Constructivist approaches to language acquisition predict that form-function mappings are derived from distributional patterns in the input, and their contextual embedding. This requires a detailed analysis of the input, and the integration of information from different contingencies. Regarding the acquisition of morphology, it is shown which types of information leads to the induction of (lexical) categories, and to paradigm building. Regarding the acquisition of word order, it is shown how languages with fixed or variable word order profit from stable syntactic hyperschemas, but require a more detailed analyses of the form-function contingencies to identify the underlying, more specific semantic, syntactic and morphological patterns. At a theoretical level, it is shown how findings from acquisition and processing converge into new linguistic theories that aim to account for regular as well as irregular phenomena in language.

Patient involvement in clinical trials: motivation and expectations differ between patients and researchers involved in a trial on urinary tract infections.

PLAIN ENGLISH SUMMARY: Patients should be involved in the design, conduct and dissemination of research that affects them. Patient involvement leads to empowerment and enhances the quality of research. Differing motives and expectations between researchers and patients involved can hamper involvement. We wanted to learn more about patients' and researchers' motives and expectations in order to improve the benefits of involvement for all parties. We implemented a patient board with ten patients and five researchers for a trial on urinary tract infections (UTIs). We asked each patient and researcher about his or her motivation and expectations regarding the patient board. We found that patients' motivations included the wish to improve the treatment of UTIs, to support patient involvement as a principle, and to enhance the benefit of others. Furthermore they were interested in learning how a patients' board works and in exchanging with peers and scientists. In addition, a (modest) monetary incentive for involvement was welcomed.Researchers were motivated by the possibility to improve research and to contribute to the empowerment of patients. They also wanted to enhance their career opportunities, to learn more about patient involvement and to meet the increasing demand for it. Some patients expressed insecurity about their roles and tasks in the patient board. Among the researchers, some envisaged a rather passive role for themselves in the patient board while others expected to take over a more active role. Researchers emphasized that the ways and the means of communication between the researchers and the patients should be explicitly discussed. ABSTRACT: Background It has been increasingly recognized that patients should be actively involved in the design, conduct and dissemination of research. Besides empowering patients and democratizing research, involvement can enhance the quality of research and the development of equitable healthcare solutions. Differing motives and expectations between researchers and involved patients can hamper the conduct of involvement. However, little is known about patients' and researchers' motivations for involvement. Our aim was to study the motivation and expectations of patients and researchers towards patient and public involvement (PPI). Methods We implemented a patient board comprising ten patients and five researchers for a randomized controlled trial on the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). Prior to the first board meeting, we conducted telephone interviews with all researchers and patients regarding their motivation for involvement in the patient board and their expectations. The interviews were analyzed using thematic qualitative text analysis. Results Patients' motivations included interest in improving UTI treatment, in supporting PPI, engaging for the benefit of others, exchanging with peers and scientists as well as in the methods of the board and the monetary incentive. Researchers wanted to improve research, enhance their professional development, empower patients, meet the formal demand for PPI, and learn about PPI. Regarding expectations, patients expressed insecurities about their roles, tasks and topics of discussion. They wished for an open exchange and hoped their involvement would make an impact. Researchers' expectations for their own roles ranged between being a rather passive supporting force and active engagement in the board. The question of how to ensure the communication between the trial team and the patient board was of high importance for the researchers. Conclusions Patients' and researchers' motives and expectations were similar in some aspects but differed regarding agenda setting and understanding of their roles. Getting to know patients' and researchers' motivations and expectations at the beginning allowed us to anticipate potential conflicts or disappointments early on and to take them into consideration during the conduct of our PPI.

Patients' and researchers' experiences with a patient board for a clinical trial on urinary tract infections.

BACKGROUND: Patient and public involvement (PPI) has become an essential part of the design, conduct, and dissemination of research. While researchers who employed PPI mainly report on the positive aspects, in practice PPI is still an exception in clinical trials in Germany. There are specific challenges in the process of involvement that can jeopardize the conduct of involvement. The aim of our study was to analyze the experience of patients and researchers with PPI in a clinical trial in Germany, so we could learn more about potential challenges and how they could be addressed. METHODS: We established a patient board for a randomized controlled trial on urinary tract infections, where patients and researchers regularly met to discuss relevant aspects of the trial. Minutes were taken for each meeting and the moderator also noted her observations in a postscript. After four meetings, we conducted two focus groups, one each with the patients and researchers. We analyzed and categorized the minutes, postscripts, and focus group transcripts using thematic qualitative text analysis. RESULTS: Patients and researchers felt comfortable with the composition of the patient board and its' atmosphere. In terms of challenges, patients and researchers needed time to get familiar with PPI. Both parties saw a need for training in PPI but differed in their views on the relevant topics. Patients wished to learn more about their role and tasks within the board at the onset of the PPI. They also preferred to meet more frequently and get more intensely involved in the trial. In contrast, researchers perceived that they were already highly involved. They further felt that the involvement was of benefit to them, the trial and future research. Patients described benefits for themselves, but also wondered if their involvement had had an impact on the trial. CONCLUSIONS: To facilitate effective PPI, resources, adequate structures, and training are needed. Patients and researchers need to agree on their respective roles, training needs, and the mode of cooperation right at the beginning. The parties involved should continuously reflect on the actual benefits of PPI, describe them explicitly and make them transparent for all.

How known constructions influence the acquisition of other constructions: the german passive and future constructions.

This article suggests evidence for and reasons why prior acquisition may either facilitate or inhibit acquisition of a new construction. It investigates acquisition of the German passive and future constructions which contain a lexical verb with either the auxiliary sein "to be" or werden "to become", and are related through these to potential supporting constructions. We predicted that a supported construction should be acquired earlier, faster, and unusually rapidly. An inhibited construction should show an extended depressed usage. We analyzed a dense corpus of a German boy between 2;0 and 5;0. He acquired the sein- before the werden-passive. The former was supported by his prior acquisition of the sein copula, whereas the werden-passive itself supported one werden copula construction. He acquired the werden-future extremely slowly due to the hindrance of a semantically identical construction. These results fit with an emergentist approach in which apparently "sudden" acquisition is still due to gradual learning mechanisms.

The relationship between prosodic and syntactic organization in early multiword speech.

Several descriptions of the transition from single to multiword utterances use prosody as an important diagnostic criterion. For example, in contrast to successive single-word utterances, 'real' two-word utterances are supposed to be characterized by a unifying intonation contour and a lack of an intervening pause. Research on the acquisition of prosody, however, revealed that control of the phonetic parameters pitch, loudness, and duration is far from complete at such an early stage. In this study, we examine the interaction between the development of different types of syntactic structures and their prosodic organization. Data from a detailed production record of a monolingual German-learning boy is analysed both auditorily and acoustically with a focus on four different types of two-word utterances produced between 2;0 and 2;3. Two major findings are reported here. First, the different types of two-word utterances undergo individual trajectories of prosodic (re-)organization, in part depending on the time course in which they become productive. This suggests that different types of multiword utterances become prosodically fluent at different points in time. Second, the variability of prosodic features such as pauses and stress pattern is very high at the onset of combinatorial speech. Consequently, fluency or disfluency of individual examples should not be used as a reliable criterion for their syntactic status and we recommend caution when taking prosody as a cue for syntactic development.

Early syntactic creativity: a usage-based approach.

The aim of the current study was to determine the degree to which a sample of one child's creative utterances related to utterances that the child previously produced. The utterances to be accounted for were all of the intelligible, multi-word utterances produced by the child in a single hour of interaction with her mother early in her third year of life (at age 2;1.11). We used a high-density database consisting of 5 hours of recordings per week together with a maternal diary for the previous 6 weeks. Of the 295 multi-word utterances on tape, 37% were 'novel' in the sense that they had not been said in their entirety before. Using a morpheme-matching method, we identified the way(s) in which each novel utterance differed from its closest match in the preceding corpus. In 74% of the cases we required only one operation to match the previous utterance and the great majority of these consisted of the substitution of a word (usually a noun) into a previous utterance or schema. Almost all the other single-operation utterances involved adding a word onto the beginning or end of a previous utterance. 26% of the novel, multi-word utterances required more than one operation to match the closest previous utterance, although many of these only involved a combination of the two operations seen for the single-operation utterances. Some others were, however, more complex to match. The results suggest that the relatively high degree of creativity in early English child language could be at least partially based upon entrenched schemas and a small number of simple operations to modify them. We discuss the implications of these results for the interplay in language production between strings registered in memory and categorial knowledge.