Biphenyl/diphenyl ether renin inhibitors: filling the S1 pocket of renin via the S3 pocket.

Structure-based design led to the discovery of a novel class of renin inhibitors in which an unprecedented phenyl ring filling the S1 site is attached to the phenyl ring filling the S3 pocket. Optimization for several parameters including potency in the presence of human plasma, selectivity against CYP3A4 inhibition and improved rat oral bioavailability led to the identification of 8d which demonstrated antihypertensive efficacy in a transgenic rat model of human hypertension.

Optimization of orally bioavailable alkyl amine renin inhibitors.

Structure-guided drug design led to new alkylamine renin inhibitors with improved in vitro and in vivo potency. Lead compound 21a, has an IC(50) of 0.83nM for the inhibition of human renin in plasma (PRA). Oral administration of 21a at 10mg/kg resulted in >20h reduction of blood pressure in a double transgenic rat model of hypertension.

Differential effects of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors in a model of cardiovascular disease.

The evidence is compelling for a role of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases; however, the chronic use of anti-inflammatory drugs for these indications has been disappointing. The recent study compares the effects of two anti-inflammatory agents [cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and p38 inhibitors] in a model of cardiovascular disease. The vascular, renal, and cardiac effects of 4-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-3-phenyl-5H-furan-2-one (rofecoxib; a COX2 inhibitor) and 6-{5-[(cyclopropylamino)carbonyl]-3-fluoro-2-methylphenyl}-N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide [GSK-AHAB, a selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor], were examined in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat (SHR-SP). In SHR-SPs receiving a salt-fat diet (SFD), chronic treatment with GSK-AHAB significantly and dose-dependently improved survival, endothelial-dependent and -independent vascular relaxation, and indices of renal function, and it attenuated dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiac remodeling, plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). In contrast, chronic treatment with a COX2-selective dose of rofecoxib exaggerated the harmful effects of the SFD, i.e., increasing vascular and renal dysfunction, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, PRA, aldosterone, and IL-1beta. The protective effects of a p38 MAPK inhibitor are clearly distinct from the deleterious effects of a selective COX2 inhibitor in the SHR-SP and suggest that anti-inflammatory agents can have differential effects in cardiovascular disease. The results also suggest a method for evaluating long-term cardiovascular efficacy and safety.

Development of dihydropyridone indazole amides as selective Rho-kinase inhibitors.

Rho kinase (ROCK1) mediates vascular smooth muscle contraction and is a potential target for the treatment of hypertension and related disorders. Indazole amide 3 was identified as a potent and selective ROCK1 inhibitor but possessed poor oral bioavailability. Optimization of this lead resulted in the discovery of a series of dihydropyridones, exemplified by 13, with improved pharmacokinetic parameters relative to the initial lead. Indazole substitution played a critical role in decreasing clearance and improving oral bioavailability.

Discovery of aminofurazan-azabenzimidazoles as inhibitors of Rho-kinase with high kinase selectivity and antihypertensive activity.

The discovery, proposed binding mode, and optimization of a novel class of Rho-kinase inhibitors are presented. Appropriate substitution on the 6-position of the azabenzimidazole core provided subnanomolar enzyme potency in vitro while dramatically improving selectivity over a panel of other kinases. Pharmacokinetic data was obtained for the most potent and selective examples and one (6n) has been shown to lower blood pressure in a rat model of hypertension.

Hypertensive target organ damage is attenuated by a p38 MAPK inhibitor: role of systemic blood pressure and endothelial protection.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests important relationships among chronic inflammatory processes, endothelial dysfunction, hypertension and target organ damage. The present study examined the effects of chronic treatment with an anti-inflammatory p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor (SB-239063AN) in the N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester-treated spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR+l-NAME) model of severe hypertension and accelerated target organ damage. METHODS: SHRs were divided into control (n=16), l-NAME (n=26) and l-NAME+SB-239063AN (n=24) groups. l-NAME was delivered by the drinking water ad lib (50 mg/L) and SB-239063AN was administered by the diet (1200 ppm) for 4 weeks. Arterial blood pressure (telemetry) and target organ damage (kidney, heart, and vasculature) were examined. RESULTS: The introduction of l-NAME to the drinking water elicited a severe/sustained increase in blood pressure and significant morbidity and mortality. Chronic treatment with SB-239063AN had no effect on the initial blood pressure response (7 days) to l-NAME but attenuated subsequent increases in diastolic blood pressure and significantly reduced morbidity/mortality (42% vs. 5%, p<0.002). Renal dysfunction characterized by increased total protein and albumin excretion was apparent within 2 weeks in the SHR+l-NAME groups. Treatment with SB-239063AN delayed the onset of proteinuria and albuminuria. SB-239063AN treatment also significantly reduced l-NAME-induced interstitial fibrosis in the kidney and restrictive concentric hypertrophy in the left ventricle (end-diastolic volume 0.24+/-0.05 vs. 0.41+/-0.05 ml; p<0.05). Endothelial dysfunction was also not altered by SB-239063AN treatment (Rmax 49+/-6% vs. 45+/-9%). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that morbidity/mortality and accelerated target organ damage induced by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in SHR was attenuated by treatment with a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB-239063AN. The organ protection observed in the heart and kidney was not associated with preservation of endothelial function.

Factor XII full and partial null in rat confers robust antithrombotic efficacy with no bleeding.

This report aims at exploring quantitatively the relationship between FXII inhibition and thromboprotection. FXII full and partial null in rats were established via zinc finger nuclease-mediated knockout and siRNA-mediated knockdown, respectively. The rats were subsequently characterized in thrombosis and hemostasis models. Knockout rats exhibited complete thromboprotection in both the arteriovenous shunt model (∼100% clot weight reduction) and the FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis model (no reduction in blood flow), without any increase in cuticle bleeding time compared with wild-type control rats. Ex-vivo aPTT and the ellagic acid-triggered thrombin generation assay (TGA) exhibited anticoagulant changes. In contrast, ex-vivo PT or high tissue factor-triggered TGA was indistinguishable from control. Rats receiving single doses (0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/kg) of FXII siRNA exhibited dose-dependent knockdown in liver FXII mRNA and plasma FXII protein (95 and 99%, respectively, at 1 mg/kg) at day 7 post dosing. FXII knockdown was associated with dose-dependent thromboprotection (maximal efficacy achieved with 1 mg/kg in both models) and negligible change in cuticle bleeding times. Ex-vivo TGA triggered with low-level (0.5 µmol/l) ellagic acid tracked best with the knockdown levels and efficacy. Our findings confirm and extend literature reports of an attractive benefit-to-risk profile of targeting FXII for antithrombotic therapies. Titrating of FXII is instructive for its pharmacological inhibition. The knockout rat is valuable for evaluating both mechanism-based safety concerns and off-target effects of FXII(a) inhibitors. Detailed TGA analyses will inform on optimal trigger conditions in studying pharmacodynamic effects of FXII(a) inhibition.

Titrating haemophilia B phenotypes using siRNA strategy: evidence that antithrombotic activity is separated from bleeding liability.

Haemophilia A and B are characterised by a life-long bleeding predisposition, and several lines of evidence suggest that risks of atherothrombotic events may also be reduced. Establishing a direct correlation between coagulation factor levels, thrombotic risks and bleeding propensity has long been hampered by an inability to selectively and specifically inhibit coagulation factor levels. Here, the exquisite selectivity of gene silencing combined with a gene knockout (KO) approach was used to define the relative contribution of factor IX (fIX) to thrombosis and primary haemostasis in the rat. Using a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation, we successfully delivered fIX siRNAs to the liver by intravenous administration. The knockdown (KD) of target gene mRNA was achieved rapidly (within 24 hour post-siRNA dosing), sustained (maintained for at least 7 days post dosing) and not associated with changes in mRNA expression levels of other coagulation factors. We found that intermediate levels of liver fIX mRNA silencing (60-95 %) translating into a 50-99 % reduction of plasma fIX activity provided protection from thrombosis without prolonging the cuticle bleeding time. Over 99 % inhibition of fIX activity was required to observe increase in bleeding, a phenotype confirmed in fIX KO rats. These data provide substantial evidence of a participation of fIX in the mechanisms regulating thrombosis prior to those regulating primary haemostasis, therefore highlighting the potential of fIX as a therapeutic target. In addition, hepatic mRNA silencing using LNP-encapsulated siRNAs may represent a promising novel approach for the chronic treatment and prevention of coagulation-dependent thrombotic disorders in humans.

Discovery of a Potent and Selective ROMK Inhibitor with Pharmacokinetic Properties Suitable for Preclinical Evaluation.

A new subseries of ROMK inhibitors exemplified by 28 has been developed from the initial screening hit 1. The excellent selectivity for ROMK inhibition over related ion channels and pharmacokinetic properties across preclinical species support further preclinical evaluation of 28 as a new mechanism diuretic. Robust pharmacodynamic effects in both SD rats and dogs have been demonstrated.

Discovery of an orally efficacious inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa which incorporates a neutral P1 ligand.

The discovery and SAR of ketopiperazino methylazaindole factor Xa inhibitors are described. Structure-activity data suggesting that this class of inhibitors does not bind in the canonical mode were confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure showing the neutral haloaromatic bound in the S(1) subsite. The most potent azaindole, 33 (RPR209685), is selective against related serine proteases and attains higher levels of exposure upon oral dosing than comparable benzamidines and benzamidine isosteres. Compound 33 was efficacious in the canine AV model of thrombosis.

SB 234551 selective ET(A) receptor antagonism: perfusion/diffusion MRI used to define treatable stroke model, time to treatment and mechanism of protection.

Mismatches between tissue perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI; an index of blood flow deficit) and cellular diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI; an index of tissue injury) provide information on potentially salvageable penumbra tissue in focal stroke and can identify "treatable" stroke patients. The present pre-clinical studies were conducted to: a.) Determine PWI (using perfusion delay) and DWI measurements in two experimental stroke models, b.) Utilize these measurements to characterize selective ET(A) receptor antagonism (i.e., determine efficacy, time-to-treatment and susceptibility to treatment in the different stroke models), and c.) Determine if increasing the reduced blood flow following a stroke is a mechanism of protection. Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham surgeries were produced in Sprague Dawley rats (SD; proximal MCAO; hypothesized to be a model of slowly evolving brain injury with a significant penumbra) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; distal MCAO; hypothesized to be a model of rapidly evolving brain injury with little penumbra). Infusions of vehicle or SB 234551 (3, 10, or 30 microg/kg/min) were initiated at 0, 75, and/or 180 min post-surgery and maintained for the remainder of 24 h post-surgery. Hyper-intense areas of perfusion delay (PWI) in the forebrain were measured using Gadolinium (Gd) bolus contrast. DWI hyper-intense areas were also measured, and the degree of forebrain DWI-PWI mismatch was determined. Region specific analyses (ROI) were also conducted in the core ischemic and low perfusion/penumbra areas to provide indices of perfusion and changes in the degree of tissue perfusion due to SB 234551 treatment. At 24 h post-surgery, final infarct volume was measured by DWI and by staining forebrain slices. Following SD proximal MCAO, there was a significant mismatch in the ischemic forebrain PWI compared to DWI (PWI>DWI) at 60 min which was maintained up to 150 min (all p<0.05). By 24 h post-stroke, infarct volume was identical to the area of early perfusion deficit/PWI, suggesting a slow progression of infarct development that expanded into the significant, earlier cortical penumbra (i.e., model with salvageable tissue with potential for intervention). When SB 234551 was administered within the period of peak mismatch (i.e., at 75 min post-stroke), SB 234551 provided significant dose-related reductions in cortical (penumbral) progression to infarction (p<0.05). Cortical protection was related to an increased/normalization of the stroke-induced decrease in tissue perfusion in cortical penumbra areas (p<0.05). No SB 234551-induced changes in reduced tissue perfusion were observed in the striatum core ischemic area. Also, when SB-234551 was administered beyond the time of mismatch, no effect on cortical penumbra progression to infarct was observed. In comparison and strikingly different, following SHR distal MCAO there was no mismatch between PWI and DWI (PWI=DWI) as early as 60 min post-stroke, with this early change in SHR DWI being identical to the final infarct volume at 24 h, suggesting a rapidly occurring brain injury with little cortical penumbra (i.e., model with little salvageable tissue or potential for intervention). In distal MCAO, SB 234551 administered immediately at the time of stroke did not have any effect on infarct volume in SHR. These data demonstrate that selective blockade of ET(A) receptors is protective following proximal MCAO in SD (i.e. a model similar to "treatable" clinical patients). The protective mechanism appears to be due to enhanced collateral blood flow and salvage of penumbra. Therefore, the use of PWI-DWI mismatch signatures can identify treatable stroke models characterized by a salvageable penumbra and can define appropriate time to treatment protocols. In addition, tissue perfusion information obtained under these conditions might clarify mechanism of protection in the evaluation of protective compounds for focal stroke.

Potent, selective and orally bioavailable dihydropyrimidine inhibitors of Rho kinase (ROCK1) as potential therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases.

Recent studies using known Rho-associated kinase isoform 1 (ROCK1) inhibitors along with cellular and molecular biology data have revealed a pivotal role of this enzyme in many aspects of cardiovascular function. Here we report a series of ROCK1 inhibitors which were originally derived from a dihydropyrimidinone core 1. Our efforts focused on the optimization of dihydropyrimidine 2, which resulted in the identification of a series of dihydropyrimidines with improved pharmacokinetics and P450 properties.

Effects of p38 MAPK Inhibitor on angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, organ damage, and superoxide anion production.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the nature of the relationship in vivo is not fully understood. We assess the effect of SB239063AN, a highly selective, orally active, p38 MAPK inhibitor, on Ang II-dependent hypertension, target-organ damage and ROS production. Sprague-Dawley rats and MAPKAP kinase-2 knockout mice were infused with Ang II. Ang II infusion increased the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the heart and aorta. Production of superoxide anion and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91 in the aorta were increased 4- and 5-fold, respectively. In addition, Ang II infusion led to endothelial dysfunction, progressive and sustained hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. Treatment with SB239063AN (800 ppm in the diet) significantly attenuated the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the heart and aorta, reduced superoxide anion generation by 57% (P < 0.01), markedly suppressed gp91 mRNA expression, prevented endothelial dysfunction, and blunted both the hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Ang II-dependent hypertension was also significantly attenuated in MAPKAP kinase-2 knockout mice. The results suggest that Ang II induced hypertension, organ damage, and ROS production are possibly mediated by p38 MAPK and inhibition of p38 MAPK may offer a therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disease.

Novel Rho kinase inhibitors with anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory activities.

Increased Rho kinase (ROCK) activity contributes to smooth muscle contraction and regulates blood pressure homeostasis. We hypothesized that potent and selective ROCK inhibitors with novel structural motifs would help elucidate the functional role of ROCK and further explore the therapeutic potential of ROCK inhibition for hypertension. In this article, we characterized two aminofurazan-based inhibitors, GSK269962A [N-(3-{[2-(4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4, 5-c]pyridin-6-yl]oxy}phenyl)-4-{[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-oxy}benzamide] and SB-7720770-B [4-(7-{[(3S)-3-amino-1-pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl}-1-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-amine], as members of a novel class of compounds that potently inhibit ROCK enzymatic activity. GSK269962A and SB-772077-B have IC50 values of 1.6 and 5.6 nM toward recombinant human ROCK1, respectively. GSK269962A also exhibited more than 30-fold selectivity against a panel of serine/threonine kinases. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes, these inhibitors blocked the generation of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, both SB-772077-B and GSK269962A induced vasorelaxation in preconstricted rat aorta with an IC50 of 39 and 35 nM, respectively. Oral administration of either GSK269962A or SB-772077-B produced a profound dose-dependent reduction of systemic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. At doses of 1, 3, and 30 mg/kg, both compounds induced a reduction in blood pressure of approximately 10, 20, and 50 mm Hg. In addition, administration of SB-772077-B also dramatically lowered blood pressure in DOCA salt-induced hypertensive rats. SB-772077-B and GSK269962A represent a novel class of ROCK inhibitors that have profound effects in the vasculature and may enable us to further evaluate the potential beneficial effects of ROCK inhibition in animal models of cardiovascular as well as other chronic diseases.

Optimization of the beta-aminoester class of factor Xa inhibitors. Part 2: Identification of FXV673 as a potent and selective inhibitor with excellent In vivo anticoagulant activity.

Further optimization of the beta-aminoester class of factor Xa (fXa) inhibitors is described culminating in the identification of 9c (FXV673), a potent and selective factor Xa inhibitor with excellent in vivo anticoagulant activity. An X-ray structure of FXV673 bound to human fXa is also presented. Based on its selectivity, potent in vivo activity and favorable pre-clinical safety profile, FXV673 was selected for further development and is currently undergoing clinical trials.