RESUMO
Perceiving others' emotions through their body movements and postures is crucial for successful social interaction. While imaging studies indicate that perceiving body emotions relies upon a wide network of subcortico-cortical neural regions, little is known on the causative role of different nodes of this network. We applied event-related repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over nonfacial, body- and action-related extrastriate (EBA), temporal (pSTS), and premotor (vPM) cortices to test their active contribution in perceiving changes between two successive images of either threatening or neutral human body or animal postures. While stimulation of EBA and vPM showed no selective effect on threatening stimuli with respect to neutral ones, rTMS over pSTS selectively impaired neutral posture detection and increased the accuracy in detecting changes of threatening human postures with respect to all other experimental conditions. No such effect was found for animal stimuli. These results support the notion that pSTS is crucially devoted to the detection of socially relevant information concerning others' actions, fostering the notion that amygdalo-temporo-cortical modulatory connections mediate perception of emotionally salient body postures.
Assuntos
Comportamento Agonístico/fisiologia , Percepção de Movimento/fisiologia , Postura/fisiologia , Percepção Social , Lobo Temporal/fisiologia , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana/métodos , Emoções/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Given the presence of massive feedback loops in brain networks, it is difficult to disentangle the contribution of feedforward and feedback processing to the recognition of visual stimuli, in this case, of emotional body expressions. The aim of the work presented in this letter is to shed light on how well feedforward processing explains rapid categorization of this important class of stimuli. By means of parametric masking, it may be possible to control the contribution of feedback activity in human participants. A close comparison is presented between human recognition performance and the performance of a computational neural model that exclusively modeled feedforward processing and was engineered to fulfill the computational requirements of recognition. Results show that the longer the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), the closer the performance of the human participants was to the values predicted by the model, with an optimum at an SOA of 100 ms. At short SOA latencies, human performance deteriorated, but the categorization of the emotional expressions was still above baseline. The data suggest that, although theoretically, feedback arising from inferotemporal cortex is likely to be blocked when the SOA is 100 ms, human participants still seem to rely on more local visual feedback processing to equal the model's performance.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Simulação por Computador , Emoções/fisiologia , Modelos Neurológicos , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Despite initiatives to raise the awareness of patient autonomy among healthcare providers, the use of physical restraints on frail or confused older patients continues to be a common practice in many healthcare settings. This paper examines the relationship between patient autonomy and the use of physical restraints by drawing on the literature contradicting its efficacy and the assumption that its use is necessary to protect the welfare of patients. It argues that the paternalistic use of physical restraints without patient's informed consent is morally unjustified and is an unequivocal violation of their autonomy. The duty to respect individual autonomy should be extended to a duty to respect the autonomy of older people who are being restrained. Only in this way can their human dignity and quality of life be enhanced.
Assuntos
Liberdade , Restrição Física , Idoso , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Feminino , Idoso Fragilizado , Humanos , Masculino , Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida , SegurançaRESUMO
The professional doctorate degree in nursing is a novel approach to gaining a doctoral qualification other than the traditional Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree. This taught programme aims at linking theory and practice innovations in addressing clinical nursing problems. This paper outlines the evolution of the professional doctorate in the USA, the UK and Australia and its differences from the traditional PhD. I argue that nurses enrolled in this course work programme will not only have the opportunity to pursue studies at the doctoral level, but it will also facilitate nurses to challenge and share their experiences in solving practice problems in a collegial manner. By understanding the broader perspective of an environment dominated by scarce resources and intricate socio-political relationship, nurses will be able to influence policy decisions and ultimately improve the standard of health care and enhance the professional status of nursing. It may even reduce the antagonism of the anti-intellectual environment of the workplace through practice-oriented research.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem/tendências , Enfermagem/tendências , Australásia , Currículo/tendências , Humanos , Pesquisa em Enfermagem/tendências , Teoria de Enfermagem , Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas/tendências , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The posterior Superior Temporal Suclus (pSTS) represents a central hub in the complex cerebral network for person perception and emotion recognition as also suggested by its heavy connections with face- and body-specific cortical (e.g., the fusiform face area, FFA and the extrastriate body area, EBA) and subcortical structures (e.g., amygdala). Information on whether pSTS is causatively involved in sustaining conscious visual perception of emotions expressed by faces and bodies is lacking. We explored this issue by combining a binocular rivalry procedure (where emotional and neutral face and body postures rivaled with house images) with off-line, 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We found that temporary inhibition of the right pSTS reduced perceptual dominance of fearful faces and increased perceptual dominance of fearful bodies, while leaving unaffected the perception of neutral face and body images. Inhibition of the vertex had no effect on conscious visual perception of neutral or emotional face or body stimuli. Thus, the right pSTS plays a causal role in shortening conscious vision of fearful faces and in prolonging conscious vision of fearful bodies. These results suggest that pSTS selectively modulates the activity of segregated networks involved in the conscious visual perception of emotional faces or bodies. We speculate that the opposite role of the right pSTS for conscious perception of fearful face and body may be explained by the different connections that this region entertains with face- and body-selective visual areas as well as with amygdalae and premotor regions.
Assuntos
Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Face , Medo/fisiologia , Lobo Temporal/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Expressão Facial , Humanos , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: We compared the effects of the early-acting growth factors (GF), Flt-3 ligand (FL), c-Kit ligand (KL), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and the late-acting GF, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), added alone in human long-term marrow culture (LTMC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The GF were used in primary cultures of mononuclear cells (MNC) and in cocultures of CD34+ cells on murine preestablished MS-5 stromal layers. GF activity was assessed as nonadherent and adherent progenitor cell production and cobblestone area formation at week 5. RESULTS: In this system, only FL, KL, and MGDF significantly stimulated early stages of hematopoiesis, whereas only G-CSF stimulated the proliferation of mature progenitor cells within the granulo-monocyte lineage and no effect was observed with LIF. FL displayed the strongest activity, and MGDF was more efficient than KL, both in primary cultures of MNC and in cocultures of CD34+ cells. However, the stimulatory effects of these GF used alone were dependent on the presence of a stromal layer. CONCLUSION: These LTMC data emphasize the particular roles for FL and MGDF in the stimulation of primitive hematopoiesis.
Assuntos
Substâncias de Crescimento/farmacologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Interleucina-6 , Animais , Antígenos CD34 , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Cocultura , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/farmacologia , Inibidores do Crescimento/farmacologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Fator Inibidor de Leucemia , Linfocinas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Membrana/farmacologia , Camundongos , Fator de Células-Tronco/farmacologia , Células Estromais/citologia , Trombopoetina/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
An immunohistochemical study was performed on 132 routinely processed trephine biopsies of the bone marrow (40 reactive lymphocytosis, 80 B-cell lymphomas, 7 T-cell lymphomas, 5 Hodgkin's diseases), using 4 monoclonal antibodies, DBB.42, DNA.7, DBA.44, DND.53, which are directed against B-lymphocyte associated antigens, not destroyed by fixation. DBB.42, DNA.7 and DBA.44 are formalin and Bouin resistant. They do not stain myeloid, erythroblastic, histiomonocytic and endothelial cells, and are particularly suitable for bone marrow biopsies. DBB.42 and DNA.7 in association, identify all B-cell lymphomas and no T-cell lymphoma. DBB.42 recognizes respectively 65/65 and 13/15 low and high grade malignancy B-cell lymphomas, and DNA.7, 54/65 and 15/15. In our hands, these 2 antibodies are more reliable than L26 and MB2 on bone marrow biopsies. DBA.44 identifies 15/15 hairy-cell leukemias, and interestingly stains only 10% of other B-cell lymphomas, and no T-cell lymphoma. DND.53 is less specific, but reveals Reed-Sternberg cells. Combined immunostaining with anti T-lymphocyte antibody CD3, let us appreciate the contribution and the limits of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of bone marrow lymphoproliferative diseases, especially for interstitial and nodular lymphoid infiltrates of undetermined significance. These results point out the value of these 4 monoclonal antibodies in routinely processed bone marrow biopsies, particularly of DBB.42 and DBA.44.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Medula Óssea/patologia , Imunofenotipagem , Linfoma de Células B/imunologia , Medula Óssea/imunologia , Humanos , Leucemia de Células Pilosas/imunologia , Leucemia de Células Pilosas/patologia , Linfoma de Células B/patologia , Linfoma de Células T/imunologia , Linfoma de Células T/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Assess eating habits in patients with dyslipidemia taking lipid-lowering drugs and compare the current situation with generally proposed counselling. METHODS: In the framework of a survey on the prevention of cardiovascular risk, we studied eating habits in 337 subjects. Food intake was recorded for 3 consecutive days and data compared among groups of subjects taking different classes of lipid-lowering drugs. RESULTS: Lipid-lowering therapy was relatively effective, giving satisfactory laboratory results. In general, patients followed general counselling concerning hyperlipidemia. However, for more specific aspects such as balanced fatty acid intake, and elements aimed at mid-term prevention, results could still be improved by further explaining desirable eating habits. CONCLUSION: For patients with hyperlipidemia, it is clear that personalized counseling management, in a structured health care unit, is certainly the best way to help these patients and optimize therapeutic results.
Assuntos
Hiperlipidemias/terapia , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Dieta com Restrição de Gorduras , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
This article examines some of the complex factors in the transition of nursing from vocation to profession. These factors include university education, knowledge, gender, and workplace environment. It argues that the conventional definitions and characteristics of the professions and knowledge are tainted with gender bias. The uniqueness of nursing knowledge lies in the combination of scientific and holistic knowledge required for patient care, which is different from other healthcare professions. It suggests an alternative means of recognizing the clinical expertise of frontline nurses so that their contribution to patient care can be acknowledged. Together with the extended and expanded role of specialist nurses and nurse managers, nurses can impose their presence and consolidate their power base in the quest for professionalization.
Assuntos
Papel do Profissional de Enfermagem , Enfermagem , Prática Profissional , Educação em Enfermagem , Feminino , Humanos , Preconceito , Meio Social , Reino Unido , Local de TrabalhoRESUMO
Many research reports have concluded that emotional information can be processed without observers being aware of it. The case for perception without awareness has almost always been made with the use of facial expressions. In view of the similarities between facial and bodily expressions for rapid perception and communication of emotional signals, we conjectured that perception of bodily expressions may also not necessarily require visual awareness. Our study investigates the role of visual awareness in the perception of bodily expressions using a backward masking technique in combination with confidence ratings on a trial-by-trial basis. Participants had to detect in three separate experiments masked fearful, angry and happy bodily expressions among masked neutral bodily actions as distractors and subsequently the participants had to indicate their confidence. The onset between target and mask (Stimulus Onset Asynchrony, SOA) varied from -50 to +133 ms. Sensitivity measurements (d-prime) as well as the confidence of the participants showed that the bodies could be detected reliably in all SOA conditions. In an important finding, a lack of covariance was observed between the objective and subjective measurements when the participants had to detect fearful bodily expressions, yet this was not the case when participants had to detect happy or angry bodily expressions.
Assuntos
Conscientização , Medo/psicologia , Comunicação não Verbal/psicologia , Ira , Inteligência Emocional , Feminino , Felicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Percepção Visual , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Multisensory integration may occur independently of visual attention as previously shown with compound face-voice stimuli. We investigated in two experiments whether the perception of whole body expressions and the perception of voices influence each other when observers are not aware of seeing the bodily expression. In the first experiment participants categorized masked happy and angry bodily expressions while ignoring congruent or incongruent emotional voices. The onset between target and mask varied from -50 to +133 ms. Results show that the congruency between the emotion in the voice and the bodily expressions influences audiovisual perception independently of the visibility of the stimuli. In the second experiment participants categorized the emotional voices combined with masked bodily expressions as fearful or happy. This experiment showed that bodily expressions presented outside visual awareness still influence prosody perception. Our experiments show that audiovisual integration between bodily expressions and affective prosody can take place outside and independent of visual awareness.
Assuntos
Conscientização/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Postura/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Voz/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica , Medo , Feminino , Felicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Estimulação Luminosa , Incerteza , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Social interaction depends on a multitude of signals carrying information about the emotional state of others. But the relative importance of facial and bodily signals is still poorly understood. Past research has focused on the perception of facial expressions while perception of whole body signals has only been studied recently. In order to better understand the relative contribution of affective signals from the face only or from the whole body we performed two experiments using binocular rivalry. This method seems to be perfectly suitable to contrast two classes of stimuli to test our processing sensitivity to either stimulus and to address the question how emotion modulates this sensitivity. METHOD: In the first experiment we directly contrasted fearful, angry, and neutral bodies and faces. We always presented bodies in one eye and faces in the other simultaneously for 60 s and asked participants to report what they perceived. In the second experiment we focused specifically on the role of fearful expressions of faces and bodies. RESULTS: Taken together the two experiments show that there is no clear bias toward either the face or body when the expression of the body and face are neutral or angry. However, the perceptual dominance in favor of either the face of the body is a function of the stimulus class expressing fear.
Assuntos
Doença de Fabry/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto/genética , alfa-Galactosidase/genética , Adulto , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Doença de Fabry/enzimologia , Ligação Genética/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , População Branca/genética , Cromossomo X/genéticaAssuntos
Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Fosfolipases/análise , Cálcio , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Células Cultivadas , Citoplasma/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Etanol , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Fosfatidilcolinas/metabolismo , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/metabolismo , Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Isótopos de Fósforo , Desnaturação Proteica , Tensoativos , Tripsina , UltrassomAssuntos
Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Fosfolipases/isolamento & purificação , Cálcio , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Centrifugação Zonal , Precipitação Química , Cromatografia em Gel , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica , Citoplasma/enzimologia , Temperatura Alta , Cinética , Métodos , Peso Molecular , Fosfolipases/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Before an established research instrument is adopted for use in a cultural context different from that where it was developed, its validity and reliability must be reassessed so that it is applicable to and congruent with the culture of the population under study. OBJECTIVES: To translate the Parental Stressor Scale: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS:PICU) into Chinese, and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version. METHODS: A prospective study investigated 81 parents of 75 children admitted to a PICU in two hospitals. Parents completed the Chinese versions of the PSS:PICU and the state anxiety scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: Factor analysis and item-subscale correlations supported the conceptual dimensions of the original instrument. The internal consistency of the Chinese version was high. Most of the subscales were moderately correlated with each other and strongly correlated with the total score. The convergent validity with the state anxiety scale in the Chinese version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was reflected by a weak correlation for the overall scale and for the subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Although some satisfactory psychometric properties of the translated instrument were found in this study, they should be used as a reference for studies with larger samples. The current form is not ready for wide dissemination until more concrete research evidence is available.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Pais/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Tradução , Adulto , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Criança Hospitalizada/psicologia , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Ambiente de Instituições de Saúde , Hong Kong , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa em Avaliação de Enfermagem , Relações Profissional-Família , Estudos Prospectivos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicometria , Fatores de Risco , Papel (figurativo) , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Contamination of blood products by white blood cells leads to a risk of transmission of infectious agents, particularly abnormal prion protein, the probable causative agent of new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Blood product filtration could reduce this risk, but the filtration systems might generate potentially infectious membrane fragments. We developed an original flow cytometric method that allows the detection and quantification of membrane fragments in filtered products and the evaluation of the quantity of destroyed cells. METHODS: This method has four technical requirements: cytofluorometric acquisition of forward scatter parameters on a log scale, use of a fluorescent aliphatic reporter molecule (PKH26-GL) to identify membrane fragments, quantification with fluorescent beads, and the drawing up of a standard curve on the basis of cells destroyed by freezing/thawing to generate cell debris (i.e., quantity of membrane fragments measured versus quantity of destroyed cells). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This original method can be used to test new filtration devices and it allows optimization of the filtration process or comparison of different filtration systems. We tested the method with three commercial white cell removal filters. We demonstrated that it is possible to evaluate the filter quality, particularly the likelihood of fragment removal during the filtration process.
Assuntos
Remoção de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Separação Celular/métodos , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Leucócitos/citologia , Compostos Orgânicos , Transfusão de Sangue/normas , Estruturas da Membrana Celular , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/prevenção & controle , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/transmissão , Filtração/instrumentação , Filtração/métodos , Corantes Fluorescentes , Humanos , Leucócitos/microbiologia , Luz , Segurança , Espalhamento de Radiação , Frações Subcelulares , Reação TransfusionalRESUMO
Retinoids, especially all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), are well known for their differentiating activity on HL-60 cells. Moreover ATRA induces CD38 antigen overexpression on these cells. In this study we examined the effects of ATRA on purified normal CD34+ cells from adult human marrows incubated with ATRA (1 microM) or stem cell factor (SCF) after 7 d liquid cultures in serum-deprived medium. Before and after the incubation, CD34+ cells were studied by flow cytometry to evaluate the cell-surface expression of CD38 and c-Kit antigens and the cycle status of these cells using high-resolution analysis (DNA content v Ki-67 antigen expression) to clarify the functional meaning of antigenic variations. When compared with control cultures, ATRA-treated cells displayed changes in their immunophenotypic profile. Particularly relevant was the up-regulation of CD38 antigen with a mean (+/-SEM) fold increase of 21 +/- 0.1 (P=0.028) for geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI), without modulation of c-Kit expression. SCF only down-regulated expression of c-Kit with a fold decrease of 4.6 +/- 0.9 for GMFI (P=0.043). Unlike SCF, ATRA did not induce CD34+ cells to entry into cell cycle despite increased levels of surface CD38 antigen. Moreover morphological and functional assays did not argue for an ATRA-induced maturation process. Contrary to steady-state cells, CD34+ cells treated with pharmacological doses of ATRA alone displayed CD38 over-expression without change in c-Kit levels and cycle status, suggesting an absence of maturation pressure.