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The gene for ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 2 (ABCA2) is located at chromosome 9q34.3. Biallelic ABCA2 variants lead to intellectual developmental disorder with poor growth and with or without seizures or ataxia (IDPOGSA). In this study, we identified novel compound heterozygous ABCA2 variants (NM_001606.5:c.[5300-17C>A];[6379C>T]) by whole exome sequencing in a 28-year-old Korean female patient with intellectual disability. These variants included intronic and nonsense variants of paternal and maternal origin, respectively, and are absent from gnomAD. SpliceAI predicted that the intron variant creates a cryptic acceptor site. Reverse transcription-PCR using RNA extracted from a lymphoblastoid cell line of the patient confirmed two aberrant transcripts. Her clinical features are compatible with those of IDPOGSA.
Assuntos
Deficiência Intelectual , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Mutação , Família , Síndrome , Ataxia/genéticaRESUMO
In this pilot study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of whole genome sequencing (WGS) as a first-tier diagnostic test for infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units in the Brazilian healthcare system. The cohort presented here results from a joint collaboration between private and public hospitals in Brazil considering the initiative of a clinical laboratory to provide timely diagnosis for critically ill infants. We performed trio (proband and parents) WGS in 21 infants suspected of a genetic disease with an urgent need for diagnosis to guide medical care. Overall, the primary indication for genetic testing was dysmorphic syndromes (n = 14, 67%) followed by inborn errors of metabolism (n = 6, 29%) and skeletal dysplasias (n = 1, 5%). The diagnostic yield in our cohort was 57% (12/21) based on cases that received a definitive or likely definitive diagnostic result from WGS analysis. A total of 16 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants and 10 variants of unknown significance were detected, and in most cases inherited from an unaffected parent. In addition, the reported variants were of different types, but mainly missense (58%) and associated with autosomal diseases (19/26); only three were associated with X-linked diseases, detected in hemizygosity in the proband an inherited from an unaffected mother. Notably, we identified 10 novel variants, absent from public genomic databases, in our cohort. Considering the entire diagnostic process, the average turnaround time from enrollment to medical report in our study was 53 days. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable utility of WGS as a diagnostic tool, elevating the potential of transformative impact since it outperforms conventional genetic tests. Here, we address the main challenges associated with implementing WGS in the medical care system in Brazil, as well as discuss the potential benefits and limitations of WGS as a diagnostic tool in the neonatal care setting.
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Testes Genéticos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Feminino , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Projetos Piloto , Lactente , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/diagnóstico , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/genéticaRESUMO
Syndromic obesity refers to obesity occurring with additional clinical findings, such as intellectual disability/developmental delay, dysmorphic features, and congenital malformations. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To present a narrative review regarding the genetic etiology, clinical description, and molecular diagnosis of syndromic obesity, which is a rare condition with high phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity. The following syndromes are presented in this review: Prader-Willi, Bardet-Biedl, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Alström, Smith-Magenis, Cohen, Temple, 1p36 deletion, 16p11.2 microdeletion, Kleefstra, SIM1-related, Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann, WAGRO, Carpenter, MORM, and MYT1L-related syndromes. RECENT FINDINGS: There are three main groups of mechanisms for syndromic obesity: imprinting, transcriptional activity regulation, and cellular cilia function. For molecular diagnostic, methods of genome-wide investigation should be prioritized over sequencing of panels of syndromic obesity genes. In addition, we present novel syndromic conditions that need further delineation, but evidences suggest they have a higher frequency of obesity. The etiology of syndromic obesity tends to be linked to disrupted neurodevelopment (central) and is associated with a diversity of genes and biological pathways. In the genetic investigation of individuals with syndromic obesity, the possibility that the etiology of the syndromic condition is independent of obesity should be considered. The accurate genetic diagnosis impacts medical management, treatment, and prognosis, and allows proper genetic counseling.
Assuntos
Obesidade , Humanos , Obesidade/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Síndrome , Fenótipo , Síndrome de Bardet-Biedl/genética , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/genética , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/diagnóstico , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Síndrome de Alstrom/genéticaRESUMO
Microcephaly is characterized by an occipitofrontal circumference at least two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are commonly associated with microcephaly, due to perturbations in brain development and functioning. Given the extensive genetic heterogeneity of microcephaly, managing patients is hindered by the broad spectrum of diagnostic possibilities that exist before conducting molecular testing. We investigated the genetic basis of syndromic microcephaly accompanied by NDD in a Brazilian cohort of 45 individuals and characterized associated clinical features, as well as evaluated the effectiveness of whole-exome sequencing (WES) as a diagnostic tool for this condition. Patients previously negative for pathogenic copy number variants underwent WES, which was performed using a trio approach for isolated index cases (n = 31), only the index in isolated cases with parental consanguinity (n = 8) or affected siblings in familial cases (n = 3). Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified in 19 families (18 genes) with a diagnostic yield of approximately 45%. Nearly 86% of the individuals had global developmental delay/intellectual disability and 51% presented with behavioral disturbances. Additional frequent clinical features included facial dysmorphisms (80%), brain malformations (67%), musculoskeletal (71%) or cardiovascular (47%) defects, and short stature (54%). Our findings unraveled the underlying genetic basis of microcephaly in half of the patients, demonstrating a high diagnostic yield of WES for microcephaly and reinforcing its genetic heterogeneity. We expanded the phenotypic spectrum associated with the condition and identified a potentially novel gene (CCDC17) for congenital microcephaly.
Assuntos
Microcefalia , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento , Humanos , Microcefalia/genética , Brasil , Masculino , Feminino , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/genética , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Síndrome , Adulto Jovem , Estudos de Coortes , Adulto , LactenteRESUMO
Abstract Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, also known as Hunter syndrome, is a rare X-linked recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme Iduronate-2- Sulfatase (IDS), leading to progressive accumulation of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in several organs. Over the years, Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) has provided significant benefits for patients, retarding the natural progression of the disease. Results: The authors evaluated 17 patients from the same family with a mild form of MPS type II; the proband had developed acute decompensated heart failure refractory to clinical measurements at 23 years and needed a rather urgent heart transplant; however, he died from surgical complications shortly after the procedure. Nevertheless, subsequent to his tragic death, 16 affected male relatives were detected after biochemical tests identifying the low or absent activity of the IDS enzyme and confirmed by molecular analysis of the IDS gene. Following diagnosis, different options of treatment were chosen: 6 patients started ERT with Elaprase® (Idursulfase) soon after, while the other 10 remained without ERT. Eventually, 4 patients in the latter group began ERT with Hunterase® (Idursulfase Beta). None presented adverse effects to either form of the enzyme. Among the 6 individuals without any ERT, two died of natural causes, after reaching 70 years. Despite the variable phenotype within the same family (mainly heart dysfunctions and carpal tunnel syndrome), all 14 remaining patients were alive with an independent lifestyle. Conclusion: Here, the authors report the variable progress of the disease with and without ERT in a large Brazilian family with a slowly progressive form of MPS II, harboring the same missense variant in the IDS gene.
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ABSTRACT Background: Williams-Beuren syndrome is a multisystemic disorder caused by a microdeletion of the 7q11.23 region. Although familial cases with autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported, the vast majority are sporadic. Objective: To investigate the main complaints and clinical findings of patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome. Methods: A total of 757 parents of patients registered in the Brazilian Association of Williams-Beuren Syndrome (ABSW) received a questionnaire via WhatsApp from March to July 2017. Results: In total, 229 parents answered the survey. Age of diagnosis ranged from 2 days to 34 years (median: 3 years). The main clinical findings reported by the parents were abdominal colic (83.3%), failure to thrive (71.5%), feeding difficulty in the first year (68.9%), otitis (56.6%), urinary tract infections (31.9%), precocious puberty (27.1%) and scoliosis (15.9%). Cardiac defects were present in 66% of patients, and the most frequent defect was supravalvular aortic stenosis (36%). Arterial hypertension was reported in 23%. Hypercalcemia was reported in 10.5% of patients, mainly during the first year of life. Hyperacusis and hypersociability were common complaints (both present in 89%). Other behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms reported by the parents included attention deficit (89%), anger crises (83%), excessive fear (66%), depression (64%), anxiety (67%) and hypersexuality (33%). The most common complaints were hypersensitivity to sounds, talkative personality, emotional dependence and learning difficulties. In 98.3%, the parents denied family history. Conclusions: Williams-Beuren syndrome requires close follow-up with different medical specialties due to their variable clinical comorbidities, including language and school learning difficulties, behavioral and psychiatric problems.
RESUMO Antecedentes: A síndrome de Williams-Beauren é doença de acometimento multisistêmico causado pela microdeleção da região 7q11.23. Apesar de haver casos familiares com herança autossômica dominante, a grande maioria dos casos é esporádica. Objetivo: Investigar as principais queixas e achados clínicos da síndrome. Métodos: 757 pais de pacientes inscritos na Associação Brasileira de Síndrome de Williams-Beuren (ABSW) receberam um questionário pelo WhatsApp, entre março e julho de 2017. Resultados: 229 pais de pacientes responderam à pesquisa. A idade de diagnóstico variou de 2 dias até 34 anos (mediana: 3 anos). Os principais achados reportados pelos pais: cólicas abdominais (83,3%), deficiência ponderoestatural (71,5%), dificuldade de alimentação no primeiro ano (68,9%), otite (56,6%), infecções do trato urinário (31,9%), puberdade precoce (27,1%) e escoliose (15,9%). Cardiopatias estavam presentes em 66%, sendo que a mais frequente era a estenose pulmonar supravalvar (36%). Hipertensão arterial foi reportada em 23%. Hipercalcemia foi reportada em 10,5%, principalmente no primeiro ano de vida. Hiperacusia e hiperssociabilidade foram achados comuns (89%). Os principais achados comportamentais e psiquiátricos reportados pelos pais foram: déficit de atenção (89%), crises de raiva (83%), medo excessivo (66%), depressão (64%), ansiedade (67%) e hiperssexualidade (33%). As queixas principais referidas foram hipersensibilidade a sons, personalidade excessivamente amigável, dependência emocional e dificuldades escolares. Em 98,3% dos casos os pais negaram história familial. Conclusões: A síndrome de Williams-Beuren é requer um seguimento e manejo estritos, com diferentes especialidades médicas devido às comorbidades clínicas variadas, que incluem dificuldades de linguagem e aprendizagem escolar, além de dificuldades comportamentais e psiquiátricas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Síndrome de Williams/epidemiologia , Estenose Aórtica Supravalvular , Brasil , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To characterize the natural history of 39 achondroplastic patients diagnosed by clinical, radiological and molecular assessments. METHODS: Observational and retrospective study of 39 patients who were attended at a public tertiary level hospital between 1995 and 2016. RESULTS: Diagnosis was made prenatally in 11 patients, at birth in 9 patients and within the first year of life in 13 patients. The most prevalent clinical findings were short stature, high forehead, trident hands, genu varum and macrocephaly. The most prevalent radiographic findings were rhizomelic shortening of the long bones and narrowing of the interpediculate distance of the caudal spine. There was motor developmental delay in 18 patients and speech delay in 16 patients. The most common clinical intercurrences were middle ear dysfunction, sleep apnea, limb pain and obesity from 2 to 9 years of age. One patient was large for the gestational age but did not develop obesity. One patient developed hydrocephalus at 10 years old. The current age of the patients varies from 15 months to 36 years. The molecular study performed by Sanger sequencing of the common heterozygous mutation 1138G>A in FGFR3 was positive in all patients. Four cases were inherited, and 35 were sporadic (paternal age from 19 to 66 years). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnoses were made early based on clinical and radiographic findings. All cases were confirmed molecularly. Despite presenting a benign course, it is necessary to establish a systematic protocol for the surveillance of these patients due to the common clinical intercurrences.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Acondroplasia/diagnóstico , Acondroplasia/patologia , Acondroplasia/genética , Radiografia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Seguimentos , Fatores Etários , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Receptor Tipo 3 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
SUMMARY Objective: To describe the most prominent clinical features of a cohort of patients with oculo-auriculo-vertebral (OAV) dysplasia in Brazil. Method: A review of medical records of patients with diagnosis of OAV from 1990 to 2010 was performed in a medical genetics center. Results: 41 patients were included in the study. Their average age at diagnosis was 2y 10mo (34,4±48,8 months) and the female proportion was 53.7%. Mean maternal age at patient’s birth was 28.5y (min: 17, max: 46y) for mothers and 31.4y (min: 21, max: 51y) for fathers. Most patients (97.5%) had auricular involvement, with facial manifestation in 90.2%, spinal in 65.9%, ocular in 53.7%, 36.6% with cardiovascular involvement, 29.3% urogenital, and 17% of the cases with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. The classic OAV triad was present in only 34%. All patients except one had concomitant problems in other organs or systems. Conclusion: Since the diagnosis of OAV dysplasia relies only on a comprehensive medical evaluation, it is imperative that clinicians be aware of the most common presentation of the syndrome. Once suspected, every patient should undergo a complete medical evaluation of multiple systems including complementary exams. Treatment of these patients is based on surgical correction of malformations and rehabilitation.
RESUMO Objetivo: descrever os principais achados clínicos de uma coorte de pacientes com a displasia óculo-aurículo-vertebral (OAV). Método: revisão de prontuários médicos dos pacientes com diagnóstico de OAV no período de 1990 a 2010, acompanhados em um centro de genética médica. Resultados: foram incluídos no estudo 41 pacientes. A média de idade ao diagnóstico foi de 2 anos e 10 meses (34,4±48,8 meses) e a proporção de pacientes do sexo feminino foi de 53,7%. A média de idade dos pais ao nascimento do paciente foi de 28,5±6,9 anos para as mães e 31,4±7,4 anos para os pais. A maioria dos indivíduos (97,5%) possuía acometimento auricular, 90,2% tinham manifestações faciais, 65,9%, vertebrais, 53,7%, oculares, 36,6%, cardiovasculares, 29,3%, urogenitais e 17%, no sistema nervoso central. Além disso, 34% dos pacientes apresentavam a tríade clássica óculo-aurículo-vertebral, e todos os pacientes exceto um apresentavam concomitantemente problemas em outros órgãos ou sistemas. Conclusão: já que o diagnóstico desta entidade é eminentemente clínico, é imprescindível que os médicos das mais diversas especialidades conheçam os achados mais frequentes na OAV. Diante de um paciente com suspeita diagnóstica, deve ser realizada avaliação detalhada de outros órgãos, tanto clínica como por meio de exames complementares. O tratamento é baseado na correção cirúrgica das malformações e na reabilitação.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Síndrome de Goldenhar/patologia , Síndrome de Goldenhar/epidemiologia , Coluna Vertebral/anormalidades , Brasil/epidemiologia , Anormalidades do Olho , Prontuários Médicos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Distribuição por Sexo , Orelha/anormalidades , Face/anormalidades , Síndrome de Goldenhar/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Summary Menkes disease is a congenital disorder caused by changes in copper metabolism derived from mutations in the ATP7A gene. It is characterized by physical and neurological alterations. In the neonatal period, these alterations can be nonspecific, which makes early diagnosis a challenge. Diagnosis can be suspected when there are low levels of ceruloplasmin and serum copper. Molecular analysis confirms the diagnosis. Treatment is parenteral administration of copper histidine. We report a familial case with molecular confirmation. The proband had clinical and biochemical suspicious. Treatment with copper histidine was indicated, but initiated at the age of 2 months and 27 days only. He did not present improvements and died at 6 months. The mother became pregnant again, a male fetus was identified and copper histidine was manufactured during pregnancy. He was born healthy, biochemical markers were reduced and treatment was indicated. Molecular analysis was performed confirming mutation in both the mother and the proband, while the other son did not have mutation, so treatment was discontinued. We support the clinical relevance of molecular confirmation for the correct diagnosis and genetic counseling, once clinical findings in the neonatal period are nonspecific and early treatment with parenteral copper histidine must be indicated.
Resumo A doença de Menkes é causada por uma alteração genética no metabolismo do cobre, por mutações no gene ATP7A. Caracteriza-se por alterações neurológicas e no exame físico. No período neonatal, essas alterações podem ser inespecíficas, o que torna o diagnóstico precoce um desafio. O diagnóstico pode ser suspeitado quando há baixos níveis séricos de cobre e ceruloplasmina. A análise molecular confirma o diagnóstico, e o tratamento deve ser feito com histidina de cobre. Nós relatamos um caso familial de doença de Menkes. O probando apresentava quadro clínico e alterações bioquímicas compatíveis com a doença de Menkes, em consulta com 1 mês de vida. O tratamento foi indicado, mas apenas iniciado com 2 meses e 27 dias. Ele não apresentou melhora clínica e veio a óbito com 6 meses. A mãe teve uma nova gestação, foi identificado um feto do sexo masculino e foi solicitada a manipulação da histidina de cobre ainda durante a gestação. O bebê nasceu saudável, os marcadores bioquímicos estavam diminuídos e o tratamento com histidina de cobre foi indicado. Realizamos a análise molecular, que confirmou mutação no gene ATP7A na mãe e no probando; porém, o outro filho não apresentava mutação e o tratamento foi interrompido. Nós defendemos a importância clínica da confirmação molecular para o correto diagnóstico e o aconselhamento genético da doença de Menkes, uma vez que os achados clínicos e as alterações bioquímicas no período neonatal são inespecíficos, e o tratamento com histidina de cobre parenteral deve ser rapidamente instituído.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez , Histidina/análogos & derivados , Síndrome dos Cabelos Torcidos/genética , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/genética , Ceruloplasmina/análise , Cobre/análise , Evolução Fatal , Doenças do Cabelo/diagnóstico , Histidina/uso terapêutico , Síndrome dos Cabelos Torcidos/diagnóstico , Síndrome dos Cabelos Torcidos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Noonan and Noonan-related syndromes are common autosomal dominant disorders with neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous and developmental involvement. The objective of this article is to describe the most relevant tegumentary findings in a cohort of 41 patients with Noonan or Noonan-related syndromes and to detail certain aspects of the molecular mechanisms underlying ectodermal involvement. METHODS: A standard questionnaire was administered. A focused physical examination and a systematic review of clinical records was performed on all patients to verify the presence of tegumentary alterations. The molecular analysis of this cohort included sequencing of the following genes in all patients: PTPN1, SOS1, RAF1, KRAS, SHOC2 and BRAF. RESULTS: The most frequent tegumentary alterations were xeroderma (46%), photosensitivity (29%), excessive hair loss (24%), recurrent oral ulcers (22%), curly hair (20%), nevi (17%), markedly increased palmar and plantar creases (12%), follicular hyperkeratosis (12%), palmoplantar hyperkeratosis (10%), café-au-lait spots (10%) and sparse eyebrows (7%). Patients with mutations in PTPN11 had lower frequencies of palmar and plantar creases and palmar/plantar hyperkeratosis compared with the other patients. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that patients with mutations in genes directly involved in cell proliferation kinase cascades (SOS1, BRAF, KRAS and RAF1) had a higher frequency of hyperkeratotic lesions compared with patients with mutations in genes that have a more complex interaction with and modulation of cell proliferation kinase cascades (PTPN11). .
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Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Síndrome de Noonan/patologia , Dermatopatias/patologia , Pele/patologia , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/genética , Mutação , Síndrome de Noonan/genética , Estudos Prospectivos , /genética , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Dermatopatias/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Prader-Willi Syndrome is a common etiology of syndromic obesity that is typically caused by either a paternal microdeletion of a region in chromosome 15 (microdeletions) or a maternal uniparental disomy of this chromosome. The purpose of this study was to describe the most significant clinical features of 35 Brazilian patients with molecularly confirmed Prader-Willi syndrome and to determine the effects of growth hormone treatment on clinical outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed based on the medical records of a cohort of 35 patients diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome. The main clinical characteristics were compared between the group of patients presenting with microdeletions and the group presenting with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15. Curves for height/length, weight and body mass index were constructed and compared between Prader-Willi syndrome patients treated with and without growth hormone to determine how growth hormone treatment affected body composition. The curves for these patient groups were also compared with curves for the normal population. RESULTS: No significant differences were identified between patients with microdeletions and patients with maternal uniparental disomy for any of the clinical parameters measured. Growth hormone treatment considerably improved the control of weight gain and body mass index for female patients but had no effect on either parameter in male patients. Growth hormone treatment did not affect height/length in either gender. CONCLUSION: The prevalence rates of several clinical features in this study are in agreement with the rates reported in the literature. Additionally, we found modest benefits of growth hormone treatment but failed to demonstrate differences between patients with microdeletions and those with maternal uniparental disomy. The control of weight gain in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome is complex and does not depend exclusively on growth hormone treatment.
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Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Etários , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil , Deleção Cromossômica , /genética , Seguimentos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/genética , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/genética , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Sexuais , Convulsões/genética , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS; OMIM 194050) is caused by a hemizygous contiguous gene microdeletion at 7q11.23. Supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental retardation, overfriendliness, and ocular and renal abnormalities comprise typical symptoms in WBS. Although fluorescence in situ hybridization is widely used for diagnostic confirmation, microsatellite DNA markers are considered highly informative and easily manageable. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to test the microsatellite markers for the diagnosis of Williams-Beuren syndrome, to determine the size and parental origin of microdeletion, compare the clinical characteristics between patients with different sizes of the deletion and parental origin. METHODS: We studied 97 patients with clinical diagnosis of Williams-Beuren syndrome using five microsatellite markers: D7S1870, D7S489, D7S613, D7S2476 and D7S489_A. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Using five markers together, the result was informative in all patients. The most informative marker was D7S1870 (78.4 percent), followed by D7S613 (75.3 percent), D7S489 (70.1 percent) and D7S2476 (62.9 percent). The microdeletion was present in 84 (86.6 percent) patients and absent in 13 (13.4 percent) patients. Maternal deletions were found in 52.4 percent of patients and paternal deletions in 47.6 percent of patients. The observed size of deletions was 1.55 Mb in 76/ 84 patients (90.5 percent) and 1.84 Mb in 8/84 patients (9.5 percent). SVAS as well as ocular and urinary abnormalities were more frequent in the patients with a deletion. There were no clinical differences in relation to either the size or parental origin of the deletion. CONCLUSION: Using these five selected microsatellite markers was informative in all patients, thus can be considered an alternative method for molecular diagnosis in Williams-Beuren syndrome.
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Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , /genética , Deleção de Genes , Repetições de Microssatélites , Síndrome de Williams/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Genético , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Síndrome de Williams/diagnósticoRESUMO
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder, with variable phenotypic expression, characterized by short stature, facial dysmorphisms and heart disease. Different genes of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway are responsible for the syndrome, the most common are: PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, and KRAS. The objective of this study was to report a patient with Noonan syndrome presenting mutations in two genes of RAS/MAPK pathway in order to establish whether these mutations lead to a more severe expression of the phenotype. We used direct sequencing of the PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, and KRAS genes. We have identified two described mutations in heterozygosity: p.N308D and p.R552G in the genes PTPN11 and SOS1, respectively. The patient has typical clinical features similar to the ones with NS and mutation in only one gene, even those with the same mutation identified in this patient. A more severe or atypical phenotype was not observed, suggesting that these mutations do not exhibit an additive effect.
A síndrome de Noonan (SN) é uma doença gênica autossômica dominante, com expressão clínica variável, caracterizada por baixa estatura, dismorfismos faciais e cardiopatia. Diferentes genes da via de sinalização RAS/MAPK são responsáveis pela síndrome, sendo as mais frequentes: PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1 e KRAS. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um paciente com SN que apresenta mutações em dois genes da via RAS/MAPK a fim de estabelecer se essas mutações levam a uma expressão mais grave do fenótipo. Utilizou-se sequenciamento direto dos genes PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1 e KRAS. Foram identificadas duas mutações em heterozigose previamente descritas: p.N308D e p.R552G nos genes PTPN11 e SOS1, respectivamente. A paciente apresenta quadro clínico típico semelhante ao dos pacientes com SN e mutação em um único gene, mesmo naqueles com a mesma mutação identificada na paciente. Não foi observado um fenótipo mais grave ou atípico na paciente, sugerindo que as mutações não apresentam um efeito aditivo.
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Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Mutação , Síndrome de Noonan/genética , Fenótipo , /genética , Proteína SOS1/genética , Heterozigoto , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
OBJETIVO: Sistematizar os achados radiológicos dos pacientes com mucopolissacaridose VI atendidos na Unidade de Genética e no Serviço de Diagnóstico por Imagem do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Cinco pacientes com mucopolissacaridose VI (dois meninos e três meninas) foram incluídos no estudo, e em todos foi realizado estudo radiológico completo. RESULTADOS: A idade variou de oito anos e um mês a 20 anos e cinco meses (idade média de 14 anos e dois meses). Os achados radiológicos observados em todos os pacientes foram: macrocefalia, fechamento precoce das suturas, costelas " em forma de remo", fossa glenóidea hipoplásica, úmero proximal "em forma de machado", teto acetabular hipoplásico e irregular, colo femoral afilado, ossos do carpo pequenos e irregulares. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes apresentaram achados radiológicos compatíveis com a doença. O paciente de maior idade, em estágio mais evoluído, apresentou achados mais acentuados, comprovando ser uma doença progressiva. O estudo radiológico é um auxílio para o diagnósltico e evolução clínica.
OBJECTIVE: To systematize the radiological findings in patients diagnosed with mucopolysaccharidosis VI examined at the Genetic Unit and at the Image Diagnostic Service of "Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo". MATERIAL AND METHOD: Five patients with mucopolysaccharidosisVI (two boys and three girls) were included in this study. A complete X-Ray survey was performed in all patient. RESULTS: The patients age rangedfrom 8y1mo to 20y5mo (mean age 14y2mo). The radiological findings observed in all patients were: macrocephaly, premature closure of the sutures, oar shaped ribs, hypoplastic glenoid fossae, hatchet-like aspect of the proximal humerus, irregular and hypoplastic acetabular roofs, thin femoral neck and small and irregular carpal bones. CONCLUCION: The radiographic findings seen on patients were consistent with the disease. Marked findings that confirmed the progression of the disease were seen in the oldest patient with the most advanced stage of the disease. X-ray survey was an important supportive method for the diagnosis and follow-up of clinical progress.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Evolução Clínica , Disostoses , Mucopolissacaridose VI/diagnósticoRESUMO
Williams-Beuren syndrome is characterized by typical facies, supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental retardation, hyperacusis, and behavioral abnormalities with overfriendly personality and anxiety disorders. It is caused by a microdeletion of contiguous genes located in the 7q11.23 region. We studied 31 patients with the Williams-Beuren syndrome (19 men and 12 women), whose ages ranged from 9 to 26 years-old (median 14 years-old). The Williams-Beuren syndrome diagnosis was confirmed by FISH or microsatellite markers analysis in all patients. The objectives were to evaluate cognitive ability, verbal and total intelligence quotient execution, frequency of visual-spatial deficits, and autistic traits and to compare the results of molecular findings. The tests used were the WISC-III, WAIS-III, Rey Complex Figure and a scale of autistic traits. Their total intelligence quotient scores ranged from 51 to 86 (median of 63): 22 with mild mental retardation, 4 with moderate retardation, 4 classified as borderline and 1 as below average. All patients had marked visual-spatial deficit. The frequency of autistic traits was found in 13 of 31 patients (41.94%), with a predominance in males (ten men and three women). There was no correlation with the incidence of autistic traits in relation to the size of the deletion. This study reinforces the importance of the systematic assessment of cognitive function in Williams-Beuren syndrome patients, and it alerts researchers to the presence of a high frequency of autistic traits, as opposed to the overfriendly personality traits, which is typically showed by Williams-Beuren syndrome patients. These latter data are preliminary and further studies are necessary to confirm this specific finding in Williams-Beuren syndrome patients.
A síndrome de Williams-Beuren é caracterizada por fácies típicos, estenose aórtica supravalvar, retardo mental, hiperacusia e anormalidades comportamentais com personalidade amigável e distúrbios de ansiedade. É causada por microdeleção de genes contíguos localizados na região 7q11.23. Foram estudados 31 pacientes com a síndrome de Williams-Beuren (19 homens e 12 mulheres), cujas idades variaram de 9 a 26 anos (mediana de 14 anos). O diagnóstico da síndrome de Williams-Beuren foi confirmado pelo FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hibridisation) ou por análise de marcadores microssatélites em todos os pacientes. Os objetivos foram: avaliar a capacidade cognitiva, o quociente de inteligência de execução verbal e total, a frequência de déficits visoespaciais, traços autistas; e comparar os resultados dos achados moleculares. Os testes utilizados foram: WISC-III, WAIS-III, Figuras Complexas de Rey e Escala de Traços Autísticos. Os pacientes apresentaram déficit cognitivo em todos os testes, o quociente de inteligência total variou de 51 a 86 (mediana de 63): 22 com deficiência mental leve, 4 com deficiência mental moderada; 4 limítrofes e 1 com média inferior. Os pacientes apresentaram déficit visoespacial. A frequência de traços autistas foi encontrada em 13 dos 31 pacientes (41,94%), com predomínio no sexo masculino (dez homens e três mulheres). Não foi encontrada correlação entre a presença de traços autísticos em relação ao tamanho da deleção. O presente estudo reforça a importância da avaliação sistemática da função cognitiva em pacientes com a síndrome de Williams-Beuren e alerta para a presença da alta frequência de traços autistas, que é o oposto da personalidade amigável tipicamente encontrada em pacientes com síndrome de Williams-Beuren. Estes últimos dados são preliminares e novos estudos serão necessários para confirmar este achado específico na síndrome de Williams-Beuren.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Deleção de Genes , Transtorno Autístico/epidemiologia , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Transtornos CognitivosRESUMO
Noonan syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome, inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. We studied 31 patients (18 males and 13 females) affected by this disorder regarding their clinical and genetic characteristics. The most frequent clinical findings were short stature (71 percent); craniofacial dysmorphisms, especially hypertelorism, ptosis, downslanting of the palpebral fissures; short or webbed neck (87 percent); cardiac anomalies (65 percent), and fetal pads in fingers and toes (70 percent). After studying the probands' first-degree relatives, we made the diagnosis of Noonan syndrome in more than one family member in three families. Therefore, the majority of our cases were sporadic
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Síndrome de Noonan/complicações , Síndrome de Noonan/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Noonan/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiac findings in 31 Noonan syndrome patients. METHODS: Thirty-one (18 males and 13 females)patients from 26 families affected with Noonan's syndrome were evaluated from the cardiac point of view with electrocardiography and echodopplercardiography. RESULTS: Twenty patients had some type of cardiac abnormality. The most frequent was pulmonary valve stenosis followed by hypertrophic myocardiopathy, commonly associated with valve defects. Upper deviation of the QRS axis was observed in 80 percent of these patients. CONCLUSION: In view of the high frequency and diversity of cardiac abnormalities present in Noonan syndrome, cardiac evaluation with electrocardiography and echocardiography should be performed in all patients diagnostically suspected of having this disease
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Noonan/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Cardiovasculares/genética , Ecocardiografia , Eletrocardiografia , Síndrome de Noonan/genética , Estenose da Valva Pulmonar/diagnósticoRESUMO
A sindrome de Melnick-Needles e uma displasia esqueletica ligada ao X e letal no sexo masculino. Caracteriza-se pela presenca de um facies tipico e dos seguintes achados radiologicos : esclerose dos ossos da base do cranio e mastoide, tibia em forma de "S", irregularidades corticais e costelas com aspecto de fita ("ribbon-like"). A maioria dos 48 casos ja relatados na literatura (bem documentados), eram esporadicos, observando-se transmissao parenteral em apenas 11 familias...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Hipertensão Pulmonar/etiologia , Osteocondrodisplasias , Osteocondrodisplasias/genéticaRESUMO
Objetivo: apresentar o quadro clínico de pacientes com trissomia, tetrassomia e pentassomia do cromossomo X...
Objective: to present the clinical findings featured by patients bearing chromossome X trisomy, tetrasomy and pentasomy...