Correction to: Economic and operational impact of an improved pathway using rapid molecular diagnostic testing for patients with influenza-like illness in a German emergency department.

The article Economic and operational impact of an improved pathway using rapid molecular diagnostic testing for patients with influenza-like illness in a German emergency department, written by Matthias Brachmann, Katja Kikull, Clemens Kill and Susanne Betz, was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 04 January 2019 without open access.

Economic and operational impact of an improved pathway using rapid molecular diagnostic testing for patients with influenza-like illness in a German emergency department.

To evaluate the economic and operational effects of implementing a shorted diagnostic pathway during influenza epidemics. This retrospective study used emergency department (ED) data from the 2014/2015 influenza season. Alere i influenza A & B rapid molecular diagnostic test (RDT) was compared with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) pathway. Differences in room occupancy time in the ED and inpatient ward and cost differences were calculated for the 14-week influenza season. The process flow was more streamlined with the RDT pathway, and the necessary isolation time in the ED was 9 h lower than for PCR. The difference in the ED examination room occupancy time was 2.9 h per patient on a weekday and 4 h per patient on a weekend day, and the difference in the inpatient room occupancy time was 2 h per patient on a weekday and 3 h per patient on a weekend day. Extrapolated time differences across the influenza season were projected to be 2733 h in the ED examination room occupancy and 1440 h in inpatient room occupancy. In patients with a negative diagnosis, the RDT was also estimated to reduce the total diagnostic costs by 41.52 € per patient compared with PCR. The total cost difference was projected to be 31,892 € across a 14-week influenza season. The improved process and earlier diagnosis with the RDT pathway compared with conventional PCR resulted in considerable savings in ED, inpatient room occupancy time and cost across the influenza season.

Resuscitation (un-)wanted: Does anyone care? A retrospective real data analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In case of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) personnel of the emergency medical services (EMS) are regularly confronted with advanced directives (AD) and do-not-attempt-resuscitation (DNACPR) orders. The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of EMS operation protocols to examine the prevalence of DNACPR in case of OHCA and the influence of a presented DNACPR on CPR-duration, performed Advanced-Life-Support (ALS) measures and decision making. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prehospital medical documentation of all resuscitation incidents in a German county with 250,000 inhabitants from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2022. Combined with data from the structured CPR team-feedback database patients characteristics, measures and course of the CPR were analysed. Statistic testing with significance level p < 0.05. RESULTS: In total n = 1,474 CPR events were analysed. Patients with DNACPR vs. no DNACPR: n = 263 (17.8%) vs. n = 1,211 (82.2%). Age: 80.0 ± 10.3 years vs. 68.0 ± 13.9 years; p < 0.001. Patients with ASA-status III/IV: n = 214 (81.3%) vs. n = 616 (50.9%); p < 0.001. Initial layperson-CPR: n = 148 (56.3%) vs. n = 647 (55.7%); p = 0.40. Airway management: n = 185 (70.3%) vs. n = 1,069 (88.3%); p < 0.001. With DNACPR CPR-duration initiated layperson-CPR vs. no layperson-CPR: 19:14 min (10:43-25:55 min) vs. 12:40 min (06:35-20:03 min); p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: In case of CPR EMS-personnel are often confronted with DNACPR-orders. Patients are older and have more previous diseases than patients without DNACPR. Initiated layperson-CPR might lead to misinterpretation of patients will with impact on CPR-duration and unwanted measures. Awareness of this issue should be created through measures such as training programs in particular to train staff in the interpretation and legal admissibility of ADs.

Early goal-directed management after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: lessons from a certified cardiac Arrest centre.

BACKGROUND: Despite continuous advances in post-resuscitation management, outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is limited. To improve the outcome, interdisciplinary Cardiac Arrest Centers (CACs) have been established in recent years, but survival remains low and treatment strategies vary considerably in clinical and geographical aspects. Here we analyzed a strategy of in-hospital post-resuscitation management while evaluating the outcome. METHODS: A broad spectrum of pre- and in-hospital parameters of 545 resuscitated patients, admitted to the Cardiac Arrest Center of the University Hospital of Marburg (MCAC) between 01/2018 and 12/2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Inclusion criteria were ≥ 18 years, resuscitation by emergency medical services, and non-traumatic cause of OHCA. RESULTS: In the overall patient cohort, the survival rate to hospital discharge was 39.8% (n = 217/545), which is 50.7% higher than in the EuReCa-TWO registry. 77.2% of the survivors had CPC status 1 or 2 (favorable neurological outcome) before and after therapy. A standardized 'therapy bundle' for in-hospital post-resuscitation management was applied to 445 patients who survived the initial treatment in the emergency department. In addition to basic care (standardized antimicrobial therapy, adequate anticoagulation, targeted sedation, early enteral and parenteral nutrition), it includes early whole-body CT (n = 391; 87.9%), invasive coronary diagnostics (n = 322; 72.4%), targeted temperature management (n = 293; 65.8%) and if indicated, mechanical circulatory support (n = 145; 32.6%) and appropriate neurological diagnostics. CONCLUSIONS: Early goal-directed post-resuscitation management in a well-established and highly frequented CAC leads to significantly higher survival rates. However, our results underline the need for a broader standardization in post-resuscitation management to ultimately improve the outcome.

Microbiological Profiles after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Exploring the Relationship between Infection, Inflammation, and the Potential Effects of Mechanical Circulatory Support.

Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) following an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) poses significant management challenges, exacerbated by inflammatory responses and infectious complications. This study investigates the microbiological profiles and impacts of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) on inflammation and infection in OHCA patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed microbiological data from various specimens of 372 OHCA patients, who were treated at the Cardiac Arrest Center of the University Hospital of Marburg from January 2018 to December 2022. Clinical outcomes were evaluated to investigate the potential impact of MCS on infection and inflammation. Results: Of the study cohort, 115 patients received MCS. The microbiological analysis revealed a higher incidence of positive blood cultures in the MCS group vs. the non-MCS group (39% vs. 27.7%, p = 0.037), with predominantly Gram-positive bacteria. Patients with positive microbiological findings had longer in-hospital stays and prolonged periods of mechanical ventilation. The levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) differed, suggesting a more pronounced inflammatory response in MCS patients, especially in the later ICU stages. Notably, despite the higher infection rate in the MCS group, the survival rates did not significantly differ in the two groups. Conclusions: MCS appears to influence the microbiological and inflammatory landscape in OHCA patients, increasing the susceptibility to certain infections but not affecting the overall mortality. This study underscores the complexity of managing post-resuscitation care and highlights the need for tailored therapeutic strategies to effectively mitigate infectious and inflammatory complications.

EPOS-OHCA: Early Predictors of Outcome and Survival after non-traumatic Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

Background: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) poses significant challenges due to its complex pathomechanisms involving inflammation, ischemia, and reperfusion injury. The identification of early available prognostic indicators is essential for optimizing therapeutic decisions and improving patient outcomes. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, we analyzed real-world data from 463 OHCA patients with either prehospital or in-hospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), treated at the Cardiac Arrest Center of the University Hospital of Marburg (MCAC) from January 2018 to December 2022. We evaluated demographic, prehospital, and clinical variables, including initial rhythms, resuscitation details, and early laboratory results. Statistical analyses included logistic regression to identify predictors of survival and neurological outcomes. Results: Overall, 46.9% (n = 217) of patients survived to discharge, with 70.1% (n = 152) achieving favorable neurological status (CPC 1 or 2). Age, initial shockable rhythm, resuscitation time to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and early laboratory parameters like lactate, C-reactive protein, and glomerular filtration rate were identified as independent and combined Early Predictors of Outcome and Survival (EPOS), with high significant predictive value for survival (AUC 0.86 [95% CI 0.82-0.89]) and favorable neurological outcome (AUC 0.84 [95% CI 0.80-0.88]). Conclusion: Integration of EPOS into clinical procedures may significantly improve clinical decision making and thus patient prognosis in the early time-crucial period after OHCA. However, further validation in other patient cohorts is needed.

European first responder systems and differences in return of spontaneous circulation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A study of registry cohorts.

BACKGROUND: In Europe, survival-rates after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary widely between regions. Whether a system dispatching First Responders (FRs; main FR-types: firefighters, police officers, citizen-responders) is present or not may be associated with survival-rates. This study aimed to assess the association between having a dispatched FR-system and rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival across Europe. METHODS: Results of an inventory of dispatched FR-systems for OHCA in Europe were combined with aggregate ROSC and survival data from the EuReCa-TWO study and additionally collected data. Regression analysis (weighted on number of patients included per region) was performed to study the association between having a dispatched FR-system and ROSC and survival-rates to hospital discharge in the total population and in patients with shockable initial rhythm, witnessed OHCA and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR; Utstein comparator group). For regions without a dispatched FR-system, the theoretical survival-rate if a dispatched FR-system would have existed was estimated. FINDINGS: We included 27 European regions. There were 15,859 OHCAs in the total group and 2,326 OHCAs in the Utstein comparator group. Aggregate ROSC and survival-rates were significantly higher in regions with an FR-system compared to regions without (ROSC: 36% [95%CI 35%-37%] vs. 24% [95%CI 23%-25%]; P<0.001; survival in total population [N=15.859]: 13% [95%CI 12%-15%] vs. 5% [95%CI 4%-6%]; P<0.001; survival in Utstein comparator group [N=2326]: 33% [95%CI 30%-36%] vs. 18% [95%CI 16%-20%]; P<0.001), and in regions with more than one FR-type compared to regions with only one FR-type. All main FR-types were associated with higher survival-rates (all P<0.050). INTERPRETATION: European regions with dispatched FRs showed higher ROSC and survival-rates than regions without. FUNDING: This project/work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under acronym ESCAPE-NET, registered under grant agreement No 733381 (IO, HLT and MTB) and the European Union's COST programme under acronym PARQ, registered under grant agreement No CA19137 (IO, DC, HLT, MTB). HLT and MTB were supported by a grant from the Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of University Medical Centres, Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences - CVON2017-15 RESCUED (HLT), and CVON2018-30 Predict2 (HLT and MTB).

C-Peptide induces vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation: involvement of SRC-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2.

Increased levels of C-peptide, a cleavage product of proinsulin, circulate in patients with insulin resistance and early type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent data suggest a potential causal role of C-peptide in atherogenesis by promoting monocyte and T-lymphocyte recruitment into the vessel wall. The present study examined the effect of C-peptide on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and evaluated intracellular signaling pathways involved. In early arteriosclerotic lesions of diabetic subjects, C-peptide colocalized with VSMCs in the media. In vitro, stimulation of human or rat VSMCs with C-peptide induced cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximal 2.6+/-0.8-fold induction at 10 nmol/L human C-peptide (P<0.05 compared with unstimulated cells; n=9) and a 1.8+/-0.2-fold induction at 0.5 nmol/L rat C-peptide (P<0.05 compared with unstimulated cells; n=7), respectively, as shown by [H3]-thymidin incorporation. The proliferative effect of C-peptide on VSMCs was inhibited by Src short interference RNA transfection, PP2, an inhibitor of Src-kinase, LY294002, an inhibitor of PI-3 kinase, and the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Moreover, C-peptide induced phosphorylation of Src, as well as activation of PI-3 kinase and ERK1/2, suggesting that these signaling molecules are involved in C-peptide-induced VSMC proliferation. Finally, C-peptide induced cyclin D1 expression as well as phosphorylation of Rb in VSMCs. Our results demonstrate that C-peptide induces VSMC proliferation through activation of Src- and PI-3 kinase as well as ERK1/2. These data suggest a novel mechanism how C-peptide may contribute to plaque development and restenosis formation in patients with insulin resistance and early type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Impella support compared to medical treatment for post-cardiac arrest shock after out of hospital cardiac arrest.

AIMS: To compare survival outcomes of Impella support and medical treatment in patients with post-cardiac arrest cardiogenic shock related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: Retrospective single center study of patients resuscitated from out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) due to AMI with post-cardiac arrest cardiogenic shock between September 2014 and September 2016. Patients were either assisted with Impella or received medical treatment only. Survival outcomes were compared using propensity score-matched analysis to account for differences in baseline characteristics between both groups. RESULTS: A total of 90 consecutive patients with post-cardiac arrest shock due to AMI were included; 27 patients in the Impella group and 63 patients in the medical treatment group. Patients with Impella support had a longer duration of low-flow time (29.54 ±â€¯10.21 versus 17.57 ±â€¯8.3 min, p < 0.001), higher lactate levels on admission (4.75 [IQR 3.8-11] versus 3.6 [IQR 2.6-3.9] mmol/L, p = 0.03) and lower baseline systolic LVEF (25% [IQR 25-35] versus 45% [IQR 35-51.25], p < 0.001) as compared to patients without circulatory support. After propensity score matching, patients with Impella support had a significantly higher survival to hospital discharge (65% versus 20%, p = 0.01) and 6-months survival (60% versus 20%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The results from our study suggest that Impella support is associated with significantly better survival to hospital discharge and at 6 months compared to medical treatment in OHCA patients admitted with post-cardiac arrest cardiogenic shock and AMI.