School attainment in childhood is an independent risk factor of dementia in late life: results from a Brazilian sample.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to assess whether lower school performance in childhood is a risk factor for dementia in old age. METHODS: Participants aged 60 years or more (n = 111) with documented proof from schools were included. Grades in three subjects - Portuguese, mathematics, and geography - were recorded and the mean final grade in all disciplines were assessed. Dementia was diagnosed using DSM-IV criteria. Sociodemographic data, school performance, and years of education were ascertained by checking documents issued by schools. Health status (hypertension and diabetes) were self reported. Regression models were used to assess the role of school performance and years of education on the risk of dementia. RESULTS: Dementia was diagnosed in 22 subjects. Higher school performance and years of education decreased the chance of dementia by 79% (OR = 0.21; CI 0.08-0.58) and 21% (OR = 0.79; CI 0.69-0.91), respectively. After adjustments for sociodemographic and clinical variables, only school performance remained statistically significant (OR = 0.06; CI 0.01-0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Education in early life should be viewed as a health issue over the life course. School attainment in certain basic disciplines may be important for cognitive reserve and prevention of dementia in the elderly.

Existing predictive methods applied to gait analysis of patients with diabetes: study protocol for a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes can lead to gait abnormalities, including a longer stance phase, shorter steps and improper foot pressure distribution. Quantitative data from objective methods for evaluating gait patterns are accurate and cost-effective. In addition, it can also help predictive methods to forecast complications and develop early strategies to guide treatments. To date, no research has systematically summarised the predictive methods used to assess type 2 diabetic gait. Therefore, this protocol aims to identify which predictive methods have been employed to assess the diabetic gait. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This protocol will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) statement. Electronic searches of articles from inception to January 2022 will be performed, from May 2021 to 31 January 2022, in the Web of Science, MEDLINE, Embase, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, APA PsycInfo, the Cochrane Library and in references of key articles and grey literature without language restrictions. We will include studies that examined the development and/or validation of predictive methods to assess type 2 diabetic gait in adults aged >18 years without amputations, use of assistive devices, ulcers or neuropathic pain. Two independent reviewers will screen the included studies and extract the data using a customised charting form. A third reviewer will resolve any disagreements. A narrative synthesis will be performed for the included studies. Risk of bias and quality of evidence will be assessed using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required because only available secondary published data will be analysed. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and/or presentations at relevant conferences and other media platforms. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CDR42020199495.

[Brief cognitive evaluation and diagnosis of dementia, depression, and psychosis in the elderly]. / Diagnóstico de demência, depressão e psicose em idosos por avaliação cognitiva breve.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cognitive performance of the elderly with psychosis, depression and dementia in a mental health outpatient unit. METHODS: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) were applied to 86 patients above 60 years of age referred for evaluation due to memory complaints. Patients were diagnosed according to DSM IV criteria. Socio-demographic data were expressed as means (standard deviation); MMSE and CAMCOG score of patients with psychosis, dementia and mood disorders were compared using Student's T test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Of the total sample (age: 70.87 (sd=6.61); male=32; female=54; illiterate=41, educated=45; 17 (19.7%) had dementia, 11 (12.8%) psychosis and 58 (67.4%) mood disorders. The MMSE of the total sample was 21.07 (sd=6.61) and the CAMCOG = 61.50 (sd=19.78). MMSE/CAMCOG of each diagnosis: Dementia: 16.76 (sd=6.25)/48(sd=20.49); Psychosis: 20.9 (sd=5.87)/60.09 (sd=13.54); mood disorders: 22.36 (sd=5.49)/66.03 (sd=18.88). The MMSE and CAMCOG scores of patients with dementia were significantly lower than those of patients with mood disorders (ANOVA p < 0.01). The score of patients with psychosis was not different from scores of those with dementia and mood disorders (p >0.05). CONCLUSION: A brief cognitive evaluation permits a differentiation between dementia and depression but not between psychosis and depression in elderly patients of a psychiatric outpatient unit, who had complained of memory impairment. These data may be useful to develop an easy and low cost protocol to attend the population of public health services.

CAMCOG - valores das subescalas em idosos normais com níveis diferentes de escolaridade. Aspectos preliminares / CAMCOG – Subscales values in normal elderly with different educational levels – Preliminary aspects

Introdução: O Exame Cognitivo Cambridge (CAMCOG) é um instrumento breve para avaliação cognitiva. É composto por subescalas que representam diversos domínios cognitivos (orientação, linguagem, memória, atenção, praxia, percepção, cálculo e pensamento abstrato). Escores totais adequados permitem definir comprometimento em nível de demência. Entretanto, tais escores totais nem sempre representam o desempenho real de um indivíduo, pois é possível obter escores baixos em determinado(s) domínio(s) e ainda manter um escore total dentro da variação normal. Objetivo: Obter valores do CAMCOG total e das subescalas de indivíduos idosos normais com diferentes níveis de escolaridade. O interesse crescente na definição de estágios pré-demência é uma razão importante do presente estudo. Métodos: Foram avaliados com CAMCOG idosos normais residindo na comunidade, divididos em três grupos de acordo com o nível de escolaridade. Foi realizada análise estatística para comparar a significância dos escores (total e subescalas) entre os grupos. Resultados: Os valores médios do CAMCOG total mostraram aumento com a escolaridade, o mesmo tendo sido observado em relação aos escores das subescalas. Conclusão: As subescalas do CAMCOG relacionados com os níveis de escolaridade são necessárias para identificar indivíduos que apresentam diminuição de valores em um ou mais domínios cognitivos, apesar de apresentar o escore total dentro da variação da normalidade, o que pode caracterizar um estado de comprometimento cognitivo pré-demência...

Introduction: The Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) is a brief tool for cognitive assessment. It is composed of subscales that represent various cognitivedomains (orientation, language, memory, attention, praxis, perception, calculation and abstract thinking). Appropriate total scores permit to define impairment in the dementia level. However, such total scores do not always represent the real performance of the subject as it is possible to obtain low scores in certain domain(s) yet maintaining a total score in the normal range. Objective: To obtain data of CAMCOG total and subscales scores of normal elderly subjects with different educational levels. The growing interest in defining pre-dementia stages is an important reason of the present study. Methods: Community living normal elderly, divided in three groups according to their education level were assessed with CAMCOG. Statistic analysis was performed to compare significance of the scores (total and subscales) among the groups. Results: Total CAMCOG mean values increased with education, and the same was observed in relation to the subscales scores. Conclusion: CAMCOG subscales related to education levels are necessary to identify subjects who present decreased values on one or more cognitive domain despite total scores within normal range, which may characterize a pre-dementia cognitive impairment state...

Diagnóstico de demência, depressão e psicose em idosos por avaliação cognitiva breve / Brief cognitive evaluation and diagnosis of dementia, depression, and psychosis in the elderly

OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho cognitivo de idosos com psicose, depressão e demência em um ambulatório de saúde mental. MÉTODOS: Aplicou-se o miniexame do estado mental (MEEM) e o Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) em 86 pacientes com mais de 60 anos de idade encaminhados para avaliação por queixas de memória. Os pacientes foram diagnosticados seguindo os critérios da DSM IV. Os dados sociodemográficos foram expressos em média (desvio padrão). Comparou-se os escores do MEEM e CAMCOG dos pacientes com psicose, demência e transtorno do humor utilizando-se o teste t de Student e Anova. RESULTADOS: Da população total - idade: 70,87 (dp=6,61); m=32; f=54; analfabetos=41, escolarizados=45 - 17 (19,7 por cento) tinham demência, 11 (12,8 por cento) psicose e 58 (67,4 por cento) transtorno do humor. O MEEM do grupo total foi de 21,07 (dp=6,61) e CAMCOG de 61,50 (dp=19,78). MEEM/CAMCOG por diagnósticos: Demência: 16,76 (dp=6,25) / 48 (dp=20,49); Psicose: 20,9 (dp=5,87) / 60,09 (dp=13,54); Transtornos do humor: 22,36 (dp=5,49) / 66,03 (dp=18,88). A pontuação do MEEM e CAMCOG de demenciados foi significativamente menor que a dos pacientes com transtorno do humor (Anova p < 0,01). A pontuação de pacientes com psicose não se diferenciou da dos pacientes com demência e da dos pacientes com transtornos do humor (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação cognitiva breve permite uma diferenciação sindrômica entre depressão e demência, mas não entre depressão e psicose, em pacientes idosos de um ambulatório psiquiátrico que apresentam queixas de memória. Estes dados podem servir para a organização de um protocolo simples e de baixo custo para o atendimento da população em serviços de saúde pública.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cognitive performance of the elderly with psychosis, depression and dementia in a mental health outpatient unit. METHODS: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) were applied to 86 patients above 60 years of age referred for evaluation due to memory complaints. Patients were diagnosed according to DSM IV criteria. Socio-demographic data were expressed as means (standard deviation); MMSE and CAMCOG score of patients with psychosis, dementia and mood disorders were compared using Student's T test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Of the total sample (age: 70.87 (sd=6.61); male=32; female=54; illiterate=41, educated=45; 17 (19.7 percent) had dementia, 11 (12.8 percent) psychosis and 58 (67.4 percent) mood disorders. The MMSE of the total sample was 21.07 (sd=6.61) and the CAMCOG = 61.50 (sd=19.78). MMSE/CAMCOG of each diagnosis: Dementia: 16.76 (sd=6.25)/48(sd=20.49); Psychosis: 20.9 (sd=5.87)/60.09 (sd=13.54); mood disorders: 22.36 (sd=5.49)/66.03 (sd=18.88). The MMSE and CAMCOG scores of patients with dementia were significantly lower than those of patients with mood disorders (ANOVA p < 0.01). The score of patients with psychosis was not different from scores of those with dementia and mood disorders (p >0.05). CONCLUSION: A brief cognitive evaluation permits a differentiation between dementia and depression but not between psychosis and depression in elderly patients of a psychiatric outpatient unit, who had complained of memory impairment. These data may be useful to develop an easy and low cost protocol to attend the population of public health services.