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1.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 172: 408-417, 2021 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33465360

RESUMO

Mushrooms are renewable natural gift for humankind, furnished with unique taste, flavor and medicinal properties. For the last few decades study of mushroom polysaccharides has become a matter of great interest to the researchers for their immunomodulating, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antitumor properties. Molecular mass, branching configuration, conformation of polysaccharides and chemical modification are the major factors influencing their biological activities. The mechanism of action of mushroom polysaccharides is to stimulate T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells, and macrophage dependent immune responses via binding to receptors like the toll-like receptor-2, dectin-1. The present review offers summarized and significant information about the structural and biological properties of mushroom polysaccharides, and their potential for development of therapeutic materials.


Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Carpóforos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Agaricales/metabolismo , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Linfócitos B/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Sequência de Carboidratos , Doenças Transmissíveis/imunologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/patologia , Carpóforos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos/química , Fatores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Células Matadoras Naturais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Lectinas Tipo C/imunologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/imunologia
2.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 151: 305-311, 2020 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32084474

RESUMO

A water soluble heteroglycan (THPS) of an average molecular weight ~1.98 × 105 Da was isolated from the aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom Termitomyces heimii. Structural characterization of THPS was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and 1D/2D NMR studies. Sugar analysis indicated the presence of glucose, mannose, galactose, and fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 6:2:2:1. The repeating unit of the THPS had a backbone consisting of four (1 â†’ 3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, one (1 â†’ 6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1 â†’ 3)-α-D-manopyranosyl, and two (1 â†’ 6)-α-D-galactopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1 â†’ 3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 position with terminal ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue and one (1 â†’ 6)-α-D-galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal α-L-fucopyranosyl residue.


Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Termitomyces/química , Cromatografia Líquida , Estrutura Molecular , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Análise Espectral , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem
3.
Carbohydr Polym ; 157: 1237-1245, 2017 Feb 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27987828

RESUMO

A new water soluble glucan (MGPS), with a molecular weight ∼1.48×105Da, was isolated from the fruit bodies of Meripilus giganteus by hot water extraction followed by purification through dialysis tubing cellulose membrane and sepharose 6B column chromatography. Its structural characteristics were investigated by acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation and 1D/2D NMR experiments. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that MGPS contain only glucose. The backbone of MGPS was composed of two (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1→6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl, and one (1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 position with terminal α-d-glucopyranosyl residue and one (1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl residue branched at O-6 position with terminal ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue. In vitro antioxidant studies showed that the MGPS exhibited hydroxide radical scavenging activity (IC50=390µg/mL), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50=70µg/mL), and ferrous ion chelating activity (IC50=290µg/mL).


Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Antioxidantes/química , Glucanos/química , Sequência de Carboidratos , Quelantes/química , Carpóforos/química , Hidrólise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética
5.
Carbohydr Res ; 374: 59-66, 2013 Jun 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23624346

RESUMO

A water-soluble glucan was isolated from the alkaline extract of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Ramaria botrytis. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR studies, the structure of the repeating unit of the glucan was established as: [structure: see text]. This glucan showed immunostimulating activity by NO production on RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. Splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation were measured using, respectively, single cell suspensions of spleen and thymus obtained from normal mice.


Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Basidiomycota/química , Glucanos/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Animais , Configuração de Carboidratos , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Glucanos/imunologia , Glucanos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Baço/citologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Timócitos/citologia , Timócitos/efeitos dos fármacos
6.
Carbohydr Polym ; 92(1): 345-52, 2013 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23218304

RESUMO

The structure of a water-soluble pectic polysaccharide (PS) isolated from immature onion stick (Allium cepa) was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). The results of the above experiments indicated that the PS contained d-galactose, 6-O-Me-D-galactose, 3-O-acetyl-D-methyl galacturonate and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:1:1 and possesses a backbone of [→4)-α-D-GalpA6Me-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA6Me-(1→] in which one methyl galacturonate was substituted at O-3 position by an acetyl group and the neighboring methyl galacturonate being substituted at O-2 with a side chain, α-D-Galp-(1→4)-6-O-Me-ß-D-Galp-(1→. The probable structure of repeating unit of the pectic polysaccharide was established as: [formula in text] The pectic polysaccharide showed in vitro splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations.


Assuntos
Galactose , Cebolas/química , Pectinas/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Animais , Galactose/análogos & derivados , Galactose/química , Galactose/isolamento & purificação , Galactose/farmacologia , Ativação de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação de Macrófagos/imunologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Polissacarídeos/imunologia , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Timócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Timócitos/imunologia , Água
7.
Fitoterapia ; 84: 15-21, 2013 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23116897

RESUMO

An immunostimulating water-insoluble ß-glucan isolated from hot alkaline extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible somatic hybrid mushroom of Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica var. APK2 showed significant macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activations. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, DEPT-135, and HSQC), the repeating unit of the polysaccharide is established.


Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Agaricales/genética , Macrófagos Peritoneais/efeitos dos fármacos , beta-Glucanas/metabolismo , beta-Glucanas/farmacologia , Animais , Configuração de Carboidratos , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Células Cultivadas , Carpóforos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Camundongos , Baço/citologia , Timócitos/citologia , Timócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , beta-Glucanas/química
8.
Carbohydr Res ; 357: 83-9, 2012 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22652093

RESUMO

Two immunostimulating ß-glucans, PS-I (water soluble) and PS-II (water insoluble) isolated from hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom Termitomyces robustus var. showed significant macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activation. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, DEPT-135, HSQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharides is established as: PS-I: ->6)ß-D-Glcp-(1→ (Water-soluble glucan) PS-II: →3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1→3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1→ 6↑1 ß-D-Glcp (Water-insoluble glucan, Termitan).


Assuntos
Carpóforos/química , Imunomodulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/efeitos dos fármacos , Termitomyces/química , beta-Glucanas/farmacologia , Animais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Precipitação Química , Etanol/química , Macrófagos Peritoneais/imunologia , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Baço/citologia , Timócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Timócitos/imunologia , beta-Glucanas/isolamento & purificação
9.
Carbohydr Res ; 362: 1-7, 2012 Nov 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23047547

RESUMO

An immunoenhancing water-soluble hetero polysaccharide was isolated from an alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom, Tricholoma crassum (Berk.) Sacc. The structure of the molecule was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation study, and NMR spectroscopy techniques ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This polysaccharide exhibited splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations.


Assuntos
Misturas Complexas/química , Carpóforos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Tricholoma/química , Álcalis , Animais , Sequência de Carboidratos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Hidrólise , Fatores Imunológicos/química , Fatores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Ativação de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Metilação , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Oxirredução , Baço/citologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/imunologia , Timócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Timócitos/metabolismo
10.
Carbohydr Res ; 346(15): 2451-6, 2011 Nov 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21924407

RESUMO

Three polysaccharide fractions (PS-I, PS-II, and PS-III) were isolated from the aqueous extract of a hybrid mushroom obtained through backcross mating of a somatic hybrid mushroom PfloVv12 (Sterile line) with Volvariella volvacea. PfloVv12 was obtained through protoplast fusion of Pleurotus florida and V. volvacea. PS-I was identified as 1,6-ß glucan. PS-II and PS-III were identified as mannoglucogalactan but differing in molecular weights only. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR experiment ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) the structures of these polysaccharides were established as;


Assuntos
Quimera/metabolismo , Galactanos/metabolismo , Glucanos/metabolismo , Pleurotus , Volvariella , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Quimera/genética , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/isolamento & purificação , Glucose/química , Endogamia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Manose/química , Dados de Sequência Molecular
11.
Carbohydr Res ; 344(11): 1365-70, 2009 Jul 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19500779

RESUMO

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from hot aqueous extracts of fruits of Psidium guajava. The polysaccharide was found to contain 2-O-methyl-l-arabinose, 2-O-acetyl-D-galactose, and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:1. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as [carbohydrate structure: see text].


Assuntos
Frutas/química , Temperatura Alta , Extratos Vegetais/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Psidium/química , Água/química , Sequência de Carboidratos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Dados de Sequência Molecular
12.
Carbohydr Res ; 343(18): 3120-2, 2008 Dec 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18851845

RESUMO

A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the hot aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Agaricus bitorquis, was found to consist of d-glucose only. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit was established as -->6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->.


Assuntos
Agaricus/química , Alimentos , Temperatura Alta , Água/química , beta-Glucanas/química , beta-Glucanas/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Solubilidade
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