In vivo bioluminescence imaging of labile iron accumulation in a murine model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection.

Iron is an essential metal for all organisms, yet disruption of its homeostasis, particularly in labile forms that can contribute to oxidative stress, is connected to diseases ranging from infection to cancer to neurodegeneration. Iron deficiency is also among the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide. To advance studies of iron in healthy and disease states, we now report the synthesis and characterization of iron-caged luciferin-1 (ICL-1), a bioluminescent probe that enables longitudinal monitoring of labile iron pools (LIPs) in living animals. ICL-1 utilizes a bioinspired endoperoxide trigger to release d-aminoluciferin for selective reactivity-based detection of Fe2+ with metal and oxidation state specificity. The probe can detect physiological changes in labile Fe2+ levels in live cells and mice experiencing iron deficiency or overload. Application of ICL-1 in a model of systemic bacterial infection reveals increased iron accumulation in infected tissues that accompany transcriptional changes consistent with elevations in both iron acquisition and retention. The ability to assess iron status in living animals provides a powerful technology for studying the contributions of iron metabolism to physiology and pathology.

Artefenomel Regioisomer RLA-3107 Is a Promising Lead for the Discovery of Next-Generation Endoperoxide Antimalarials.

Clinical development of the antimalarial artefenomel was recently halted due to formulation challenges stemming from the drug's lipophilicity and low aqueous solubility. The symmetry of organic molecules is known to influence crystal packing energies and by extension solubility and dissolution rates. Here we evaluate RLA-3107, a desymmetrized, regioisomeric form of artefenomel in vitro and in vivo, finding that the regioisomer retains potent antiplasmodial activity while offering improved human microsome stability and aqueous solubility as compared to artefenomel. We also report in vivo efficacy data for artefenomel and its regioisomer across 12 different dosing regimens.

Phosphine-Catalyzed (4+1) Annulation: Rearrangement of Allenylic Carbamates to 3-Pyrrolines through Phosphonium Diene Intermediates.

We have developed a phosphine-catalyzed (4+1) annulative rearrangement for the preparation of 3-pyrrolines from allenylic carbamates via phosphonium diene intermediates. We employed this methodology to synthesize an array of 1,3-disubstituted- and 1,2,3-trisubstituted-3-pyrrolines, including the often difficult to prepare 2-alkyl variants. A mechanistic investigation employing allenylic acetates and mononucleophiles unexpectedly unveiled that a phosphine-catalyzed (4+1) reaction for the construction of cyclopentene products, previously reported by Tong, might not occur through a phosphonium diene, as had been proposed, but rather through multiple mechanisms working in concert. Consequently, our phosphine-catalyzed rearrangement is most likely the first transformation to involve the unequivocal formation of a phosphonium diene intermediate along the reaction pathway. To demonstrate the synthetic utility of this newly developed reaction, we have completed concise formal syntheses of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (±)-trachelanthamidine and (±)-supinidine.

Antimalarial Trioxolanes with Superior Drug-Like Properties and In Vivo Efficacy.

The emergence of artemisinin resistance, combined with certain suboptimal properties of ozonide agents arterolane and artefenomel, has necessitated the search for new drug candidates in the endoperoxide class. Our group has focused on trioxolane analogues with substitution patterns not previously explored. Here, we describe the enantioselective synthesis of analogues bearing a trans-3″ carbamate side chain and find these to be superior, both in vitro and in vivo, to the previously reported amides. We identified multiple analogues that surpass the oral efficacy of arterolane in the Plasmodium berghei model while exhibiting drug-like properties (logD, solubility, metabolic stability) similar or superior to next-generation clinical candidates like E209 and OZ609. While the preclinical assessment of new analogues is still underway, current data suggest the potential of this chemotype as a likely source of future drug candidates from the endoperoxide class.

Orally Bioavailable Small-Molecule CD73 Inhibitor (OP-5244) Reverses Immunosuppression through Blockade of Adenosine Production.

The adenosinergic pathway represents an attractive new therapeutic approach in cancer immunotherapy. In this pathway, ecto-5-nucleotidase CD73 has the unique function of regulating production of immunosuppressive adenosine (ADO) through the hydrolysis of AMP. CD73 is overexpressed in many cancers, resulting in elevated levels of ADO that correspond to poor patient prognosis. Therefore, reducing the level of ADO via inhibition of CD73 is a potential strategy for treating cancers. Based on the binding mode of adenosine 5'-(α,ß-methylene)diphosphate (AOPCP) with human CD73, we designed a series of novel monophosphonate small-molecule CD73 inhibitors. Among them, OP-5244 (35) proved to be a highly potent and orally bioavailable CD73 inhibitor. In preclinical studies, 35 completely inhibited ADO production in both human cancer cells and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, 35 lowered the ratio of ADO/AMP significantly and reversed immunosuppression in mouse models, indicating its potential as an in vivo tool compound for further development.

Targeting Mobilization of Ferrous Iron in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection with an Iron(II)-Caged LpxC Inhibitor.

Iron is essential to all life, and competition for this vital nutrient is central to host-pathogen interactions during infection. The opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes a diverse array of iron-acquisition strategies, including those enabling import of extracellular ferrous iron. We hypothesize that soluble and redox-active ferrous iron can be employed to activate caged antibiotics at sites of infection in vivo. Here we describe new chemistry that expands the application of our laboratory's Fe2+-activated-prodrug chemistry to cage hydroxamic acids, a class of drugs that present manifold development challenges. We synthesize the caged form of a known LpxC inhibitor and show that it is efficacious in an acute P. aeruginosa mouse-lung infection model, despite showing little activity in cell-culture experiments. Overall, our results are consistent with the Fe2+-promoted uncaging of an antibacterial payload at sites of infection in an animal and lend support to recent reports indicating that extracellular pools of ferrous iron can be utilized by bacterial pathogens like P. aeruginosa during infection.

Enantioselective Synthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of Regioisomeric Analogues of the Antimalarial Arterolane.

We describe the first systematic study of antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxolanes bearing a substitution pattern regioisomeric to that of arterolane. Conformational analysis suggested that trans-3″-substituted trioxolanes would exhibit Fe(II) reactivity and antiparasitic activity similar to that achieved with canonical cis-4″ substitution. The chiral 3″ analogues were prepared as single stereoisomers and evaluated alongside their 4″ congeners against cultured malaria parasites and in a murine malaria model. As predicted, the trans-3″ analogues exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity remarkably similar to that of their cis-4″ comparators. In contrast, efficacy in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model differed dramatically for some of the congeneric pairs. The best of the novel 3″ analogues (e.g., 12i) outperformed arterolane itself, producing cures in mice after a single oral exposure. Overall, this study suggests new avenues for modulating Fe(II) reactivity and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of 1,2,4-trioxolane antimalarials.

High Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA loads in HIV-infected patients: correlation with antiretroviral therapy and quantitative EBV serology.

OBJECTIVE: To study Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA loads in peripheral blood of HIV carriers to determine base-line values and diagnostic relevance of viral load in relation to quantitative serology; to compare EBV presence in parallel plasma and unfractionated whole blood samples; and to correlate EBV DNA load to HIV, CD4 T-cell counts and HAART. DESIGN: One-hundred and nine random patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during 1999 and 99 patients on anti-HIV monotherapy during 1993-1996 were included. METHODS: EBV DNA load was determined by quantitative competitive PCR. EBV serology was determined by immunoblot profile and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for responses against VCA-p18 and EBNA-1. RESULTS: Twenty-two out of 109 patients receiving HAART and 28 out of 99 of patients on anti-HIV monotherapy showed elevated EBV DNA loads in whole blood (> 2000 copies/ml), without elevated loads in parallel plasma. EBV DNA load distribution did not differ between the two groups (P = 0.78) and did not correlate with HIV or CD4 T-cell count. In three patients with high EBV DNA loads EBV RNA was virtually absent. Patients with high EBV DNA loads (3610-89 400 copies/ml) had higher anti-VCA-p18 IgG levels than patients with undetectable EBV DNA (P < 0.0001) but lower anti-EBNA-1 IgG levels (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Absolute values of EBV DNA load may have poor diagnostic value for defining HIV patients at risk for developing EBV-associated disease. Elevated EBV DNA loads are cell-associated and are not influenced by HAART. Increased anti-p18-VCA and decreased anti-EBNA-1 IgG levels in patients with high EBV loads indicate impaired latency control and increased lytic replication suggesting disturbed overall immunosurveillance against EBV.

Phosphine-catalyzed intramolecular γ-umpolung addition of α-aminoalkylallenic esters: facile synthesis of 3-carbethoxy-2-alkyl-3-pyrrolines.

An array of N-tosylated α-aminoalkylallenic esters was prepared and their cyclization under the influence of nucleophilic phosphine catalysts was explored. The α-aminoalkylallenic esters were prepared through aza-Baylis-Hillman reactions or novel DABCO-mediated decarboxylative rearrangements of allenylic carbamates. Conversion of these substrates to 3-carbethoxy-2-alkyl-3-pyrrolines was facilitated through Ph(3)P-catalyzed intramolecular γ-umpolung addition.

N-substituted glutamyl sulfonamides as inhibitors of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP2).

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP2) is a membrane-bound cell-surface peptidase which is implicated in several neurological disorders and is also over-expressed in prostate tumor cells. There is a significant interest in the inhibition of GCP2 as a means of neuroprotection, while GCP2 inhibition as a method to treat prostate cancer remains a topic of further investigation. The key zinc-binding functional group of the well-characterized classes of GCP2 inhibitors (phosphonates and phosphoramidates) is tetrahedral and negatively charged at neutral pH, while glutamyl urea class of inhibitors possesses a planar and neutral zinc-binding group. This study introduces a new class of GCP2 inhibitors, N-substituted glutamyl sulfonamides, which possess a neutral tetrahedral zinc-binding motif. A library containing 15 secondary sulfonamides and 4 tertiary (N-methyl) sulfonamides was prepared and evaluated for inhibitory potency against purified GCP2 enzyme activity. While most inhibitors lacked potency at 100 µm, short alkyl sulfonamides exhibited promising low micromolar potency, with the optimal inhibitor in this series being glutamyl N-(propylsulfonamide) (2g). Lastly, molecular docking was used to develop a model to formulate an explanation for the relative inhibitory potencies employed for this class of inhibitors.